56-599: The A n angu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 ( APYLRA or APY Land Rights Act ) grants certain land and other rights to the A n angu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people) in South Australia . It began its life as the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act and commenced operation on 2 October 1981. Its long name title is "An Act to provide for
112-607: A Parliamentary Committee to investigate the feasibility of a separate lands trust to cover the North-West Reserve. The Pit Council wanted title to be vested in a new entity of which all Pitjantjatjara people would be members. They wanted something more than the communal title arrangements which had been granted by the Fraser government under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 (NT). Negotiations became drawn out, with
168-645: A Mobile Dialysis Unit, a specially designed truck fitted with three dialysis chairs started operation, visiting remote Aboriginal communities across South Australia, including Pukatja, Mimili, Kaltjiti and Amata in the APY Lands, as well as Marla , Yalata , Coober Pedy , and Leigh Creek . It is run from Purple House, a renal health clinic in Alice Springs , over 400 kilometres (250 mi) away. In July 2018, Health Minister Greg Hunt and Ken Wyatt , then Minister for Indigenous Health, announced increased funding for
224-838: A leading and personal role. The new bill finally passed through both Houses in March 1981, as the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (SA), later renamed as the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjarra Land Rights Act 1981 (SA) (APYLRA). Symbolically, the Act came into force on 2 October 1981, the one-year anniversary of the date when Premier David Tonkin and the Chairman of the Pitjantjatjara Council, Mr Kawaki Thompson , signed their agreement to
280-633: A number of health initiatives, including expanding renal health units in remote parts, through the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In November 2019, a four-bed dialysis clinic was opened in Pukatja, named after Kinyin Mckenzie, who died in Alice Springs while receiving dialysis. The first such clinic in remote South Australia, it was funded mostly by the federal government, but boosted by
336-528: A select committee led by Minister for Aboriginal Affairs Terry Roberts examined the shortcomings of the 1981 Act, which had not addressed entrenched social and economic problems in the Lands. The review noted shortcomings in the delivery of human services and infrastructure, and identified a "need to address the issue of the overall governance of the AP Lands and to formalise arrangements within an Act of Parliament and/or
392-530: A year in March 2023, despite opposition by some councillors. The statutory functions of the APY body corporate, a land council , are: The area is usually referred to as the APY Lands. A permit is required for visitors to any community on the APY Lands, as they are freehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people. The Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016 determined
448-579: Is a long strip of limestone breaking through red soil near Fregon/Kaltjiti , where a new water source was found in 2019. The area is one of two places in the world which have landlocked tectonic plates , and drilling samples have been estimated to be between 5 and 10 million years old. To the north of the APY Lands, the MacDonnell Shire Council was created by the Northern Territory in 2008, renamed MacDonnell Region in 2014, spanning
504-474: Is a project of the APY, commenced in 1994 to identify, copy and electronically record historical materials about the Anangu (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara people). Its purpose is to prevent the loss of the history, and to allow the teaching of it to others in the community . By 2007 the peoples of the region had not had any major economic development, apart from tourism , but there had been proposals to mine in
560-520: Is expected to deliver safer road travel, better access to employment opportunities, improved delivery of food supplies, improved living standards, etc. In January 2019 it was reported that construction started in 2017, and should be completed by 2021. Based in Umuwa, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Services (AP Services), an incorporated body established in 1993, provides essential services such as roads and housing. Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation (RASAC)
616-589: The British began to colonise the Australian continent from 1788 onwards, and the colonisation of South Australia from 1836, the aṉangu remained more or less undisturbed for many more years, apart from very occasional encounters with a variety of European explorers. In 1921, with white settlement now beginning to encroach on the aṉangu ' s traditional land, the South Australian Government proclaimed
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#1732844485216672-774: The Premier of South Australia . The APY's administration centre is located at Umuwa . A large portion of the APY Lands was formerly the North-West Aboriginal Reserve . Due to its links with the Northern Territory and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time ( UTC+9:30 ), in line with Darwin rather than Adelaide . The Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people ( aṉangu ) had lived in this area for many thousands of years. Even after
728-675: The Ramsay Art Prize , the Sir John Sulman Prize , the Hazelhurst Art on Paper Award the John Fries Award, and others. Nici Cumpston , artistic director of Tarnanthi Festival at Art Gallery of South Australia , regularly visits the APY art centres. The APY Art Centre Collective is a group of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed enterprises which supports artists from across the Lands and helps to market their work. The idea
784-496: The 2009 Amendment as well as other problems occurring in the settlement of Mintabie. It recommended closure of the township, with control reverting to APY. After an appeal by residents failed, the final eviction date for the township was set at 31 December 2019. In March 2024, the Kulilaya Festival was held at Umuwa to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 1981 APY Land Rights Act . It had been delayed for three years owing to
840-597: The APY Lands as part of his "whole-of-government" plan which aims to measure SA's progress on improving services to Aboriginal communities. He reported afterwards that employment, especially for young people, was a major issue that needed addressing; and the other one was housing. His government was working on a new funding agreement for remote housing with the federal government , after the 10-year National Partnership Agreement on Remote Housing had ended on 30 June. Susan Tilley, Uniting Communities Aboriginal policy and advocacy manager, said that there were about 75 families still on
896-529: The APY Lands was formerly the North West Aboriginal Reserve , first proclaimed in 1921. Other former pastoral lease land, formerly known as Everard Park , Kenmore Park and Granite Downs , are included in the lands. The mining township of Mintabie was leased back to the state government, for an initial period of 21 years, as part of the agreement which became the Bill passed in parliament. The lease
952-650: The APY Lands. In early August 2007, the Rann South Australian Labor Government announced a$ 34 million package to "improve well-being of Aboriginal people" in the APY Lands. $ 25m was to be spent on improving housing and most of the remaining $ 8m on law enforcement in Amata and Pukatja . In November, SA Police Commissioner Mal Hyde announced the signing of a new enterprise agreement for South Australia Police that would include incentive packages to lure police to work in rural and remote areas such as
1008-515: The Act as: a special measure for the purpose of adjusting the law of the State to grant legal recognition and protection of the claims of the Anunga [sic] Pitjantjatjara to the traditional homelands on which they live and as the legal means by which present and future generations may take up and rebuild their relationship with their country in accordance with tradition, free of disturbance from others In 2001,
1064-531: The Constitution of Anangu Pitjantjatjara". After wide consultation and consideration of many submissions, the committee made 15 recommendations. One of these was the establishment of a permanent police presence, as one of several strategies used to combat the problems of petrol sniffing and family violence . In July 2007 South Australia Police in co-operation with liquor outlets in Coober Pedy (250 km to
1120-540: The Ernabella Mission, while many others lived at camps on pastoral leases on what are now the Lands, or nearby, where they would work. Those pastoral leases included Granite Downs , Everard Park, Victory Downs, De Rose Hill, Kenmore Park, and Mount Cavanagh. In 1961, to prevent overcrowding at Ernabella Mission, the Church established what became the community of Amata , but which was originally known as Musgrave Park. At
1176-686: The Lands , is a large, sparsely-populated local government area (LGA) for Aboriginal people , located in the remote north west of South Australia . Some of the Aṉangu (people) of the Western Desert cultural bloc , in particular Pitjantjatjara , Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, inhabit the Lands. Governance of the area is determined by the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (or APYLRA), whereby an elected executive board reports to
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#17328444852161232-813: The Lands. In May 2008, retired Supreme Court judge the Hon Ted Mullighan QC delivered his supplementary report to his Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry , entitled the "Children on Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Commission of Inquiry – a Report into Sexual Abuse" (aka "the Mullighan report"). In December 2009 the South Australian Parliament passed the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Mintabie) Amendment Bill, which
1288-626: The NT to the Petermann Ranges , and in Western Australia . There is a large palaeovalley , a geological term for an ancient, buried river, underneath the APY Lands. A map of the geological formation, complete with scientific and technical terminology, has been translated into Pitjantjatjara by a team of translators, based on the English-language map developed by government agencies. There
1344-560: The North-West Aboriginal Reserve . This Reserve consisted of most of what is now known as the APY Lands, with the exception of the eastern part of the APY Lands, which was given over to pastoral leases to Europeans. In 1937, the Presbyterian Church council, spearheaded by Charles Duguid , established the Ernabella Mission on the Lands at the place now known as Pukatja . By the 1950s, many aṉangu were living at
1400-550: The Paper Tracker website. The main communities include Indulkana (Iwantja), Mimili , Kaltjiti (Fregon), Pukatja (Ernabella), Amata , Pipalyatjara , and Watarru ; the larger homelands are Kalka , Kanpi , Nyapari and Yunyarinyi (homeland). The APY administration centre of the Lands is located at Umuwa. Mintabie was an opal -mining town, leased back to the Government of South Australia between 1981 and 2019, when
1456-726: The Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Bill. The new law was enacted to acknowledge Anangu ownership of the land; to establish the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Management (APY) as a body corporate; and to "provide for efficient and accountable administration and management of lands by Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjarra". However it did not give the people the power of veto over mining activities; any disputes would need to be resolved by an independent arbitrator. The Act, which introduced new concepts of land holding and land control for
1512-562: The South Australian Department for Environment and Water began a five-day cull of the camels, the first mass cull of camels in the area. Professional shooters would kill between 4,000 and 5,000 (or up to 10,000 ) camels from helicopters, "...in accordance with the highest standards of animal welfare". The APY is renowned for its artists, who are always well-represented in any exhibitions and awards for Indigenous Australian artists . In 2017, APY artists earned 25 nominations in
1568-701: The Uniting Church, and a similar percentage rented their homes. The upgrade to the Main Access Road is a major project, originally scheduled to begin in 2015 and be completed in 2019, at a cost of A$ 106.25 m (split 80/20 between federal and state governments). It is an upgrade to 210 kilometres (130 mi) of the main access road between the Stuart Highway and Pukatja/Ernabella, and 21 kilometres (13 mi) of community and airstrip access roads in Pukatja, Umuwa, Kaltjiti/Fregon, Mimili and Iwantja/Indulkana. It
1624-479: The above-mentioned) as well as other large areas (63% of the state in total), to "manage the provision of public services and facilities to outback communities" which are widely dispersed across the region. The APY LGA encompasses a number of settlements of a range of sizes, many of them being located in the Musgrave Ranges. An interactive map shows the location of communities and further information about each on
1680-477: The area. The opal fields of Mintabie came under separate governance that time. The Musgrave Block in the Lands has been viewed as having billions of dollars in potential mineral deposits and petroleum . But a n angu have been wary of opening up the area to mining, concerned about the impact on sacred sites and the environment . In 2003 mining companies were conducting discussions to try to allay these worries. A 2004 parliamentary report on an inquiry by
1736-465: The benefit of Indigenous Australians , was an important milestone in the struggle for land rights not only for Anangu but for Indigenous communities worldwide. During discussion of the Bill, state Premier David Tonkin described it as "very much one of the most significant pieces of legislation which has come before this Parliament in its entire history". In 1984, the High Court of Australia described
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-501: The border with the Northern Territory , 320 km (200 mi) south of Alice Springs . Yunyarinyi started as a cattle station called Kenmore Park . It officially became an Indigenous community when the land rights were granted in 1981 by the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 . Due to its links with the Northern Territory and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike
1848-554: The boundaries of seven APY electorates to elect the executive board of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. The electorates would be: The 2016 census identified the following statistics: The 2006 ABS census figures were not vastly different. The total number of residents was slightly lower, at 2,230, but with a higher percentage born in Australia, at 98%. There were fewer speakers of Pitjantjatjara (58.6%), and more Yankuntjatjara (14.3%). More (46.1%) identified as being affiliated with
1904-623: The change of government from the Dunstan government to the Liberal government under David Tonkin after the 1979 state election. After the government proposed major changes to the legislation, over 100 Pitjantjatjara people camped at Victoria Park Racecourse in February 1980 in protest. In October 1980, the Tonkin government introduced an amended bill after a long period of negotiations, in which Premier Tonkin took
1960-511: The collective. The individual art centres saw collaboration as a natural progression, because "We're telling the same story, and when we work together it makes us stronger"; in addition, exploitation by third parties is reduced. Kenmore Park Yunyarinyi is an Aboriginal homeland on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia . It is located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of
2016-406: The completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of A$ 4.28 million . SA Water operates desalination plants at Indulkana , Mimili , Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Yunyarinyi (Kenmore Park), which treat the water from local bores . In early 2019, at a site near Kaljiti/Fregon, a new water source was found in a "palaeo-valley", where groundwater is held about 90 metres (300 ft) below
2072-676: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic . Artists, musicians, and dancers presented their history and stories to commemorate the occasion. The word kulilaya approximates to the meaning of "listen", and was the name of a land rights protest song that was sung frequently in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and since then sung regularly by the Ernabella Choir, the APY Choir, and the Iwiri Choir. Several inma ceremonies were performed, politicians from across
2128-413: The ongoing significance of the Act was recognised in a major centenary of Federation project charting the development of Australian democracy through key documents. The land grant of all A n angu Pitjantjatjara Yankunyjatjara land is dated 30 October 1981 and covers an area of about 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi), or about 10.4% of the State. The westerly section that comprises over half
2184-649: The origin of the water was yet to be established, but the water is pure, with low salinity . Government experts were working with Flinders University and the CSIRO to learn more about the source. In January 2020, the government of South Australia declared that due to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season and drought, feral camels in large numbers were destroying infrastructure and putting families and communities in danger as they searched for water sources. They were also destroying native vegetation, contaminating water supplies and destroying cultural sites. On 8 January 2020
2240-485: The prestigious Telstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards ; two were named as finalists in the Archibald Prize (which was won by one of them, Vincent Namatjira ); 14 APY artists' work made the shortlist for the 2019 A$ 50,000 Wynne Prize for landscape painting ; Peter Mungkuri from Iwantja Arts won the inaugural Hadley's Art Prize ; and in 2019, APY artists also won or were shortlisted for
2296-511: The residents were evicted. The list of Aboriginal communities (c) and homelands (h): Governance of the area is determined by the APY Land Rights Act 1981 (amended 2017), whereby an elected executive board reports to the Premier of South Australia . The board appoints a general manager for a fixed term. Richard King was elected by the board in April 2015, and his term was extended for
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-476: The rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time ( UTC+9:30 ), in line with Darwin rather than Adelaide . Yunyarinyi is located in South Australia about 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of the Northern Territory border. It lies about 320 kilometres (200 mi) directly south of Alice Springs (longer by road), and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from
2408-418: The sale of paintings by Ernabella Arts , which raised A$ 170,000 towards the centre. At full capacity, the clinic can provide dialysis for up to 16 patients, but there is still a need for some short-stay housing to accommodate those who travel from elsewhere for treatment at Pukatja. As of 2018, the APY Lands were served by police stations situated at Amata , Ernabella , Mimili , Murputja , Umuwa and
2464-411: The same time the Church also established what is now the community of Kaltjiti , but which was then known as Fregon. In 1968, what is now the community of Indulkana was established by the South Australian Government, as a base from which to provide welfare services to aṉangu living in camps on pastoral leases, where work was becoming increasingly difficult to find. At that time, the surrounding area
2520-519: The south of the Territory from west to east. Western Australia lies to the west. The South Australian LGA to the south of APY Lands is Maralinga Tjarutja (with the District Council of Coober Pedy to the east of that, but not adjoining APY). The Outback Communities Authority is not an LGA, but is the statutory authority responsible for the development of areas adjoining the APY Lands (excluding
2576-626: The south-east entrance to the Lands) agreed to create a register of alcohol purchases, to enable police to identify persons who purchased large quantities of alcohol in Coober Pedy potentially for transportation into Aboriginal lands. Also in July, Commonwealth Indigenous Affairs Minister Mal Brough offered federal help for a "drug and alcohol crackdown" in South Australian Aboriginal lands – such as
2632-640: The spectrum attended the festival, and performers included Dem Mob , Docker River Band , the Iwiri Choir, Mala, the Pukatja Band, and Desert Rain. The Musgrave Ranges , straddling the border between South Australia and the Northern Territory and the Mann Ranges and Tomkinson Ranges , both in the north-west of South Australia, stretch from east to west on the southern side of the NT border. The APY area includes isolated ranges and hills and large sandhill plains, and APY people also have affiliations with land in
2688-443: The surface (existing sources being about 30 metres [100 ft] down). Core drill samples have been dated at 5–10 million years old. Pipes were temporarily capped, but elder Witjiti George said that he hoped the water could be used to support a cattle herd, helping to create jobs and an ongoing industry for isolated communities. The new source could also provide much needed drinking water. APY Lands general manager Richard King said
2744-687: The town of Marla . Specialist policing support is located at Umuwa, including CIB and domestic violence investigators. The station at Umuwa has not been permanently staffed. As of 2020 a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umawa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Fregon/Kaljiti, Indulkana and Pipalytjara. The service will work closely with child protection service agencies address child abuse and family violence issues. The 2019–2020 Government of South Australia agency budget estimates
2800-563: The vesting of title to certain lands in the people known as Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara; and for other purposes". The Act has since had several amendments, the latest in 2017. In 1976, the Pitjantjatjara Council ("Pit Council") was formed to lobby for freehold title to their reserve land, which, since the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 had been vested in the Minister for Community Welfare. Premier Don Dunstan established
2856-624: The waiting list for housing, and that maintenance of existing stock and new housing had to be continued. The Nganampa Health Council (NHC), an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation, runs all of the clinics in the APY Lands and runs a wide range of services, such as the Tjilpi Pampaku Ngura Aged Care facility and health-related programs "including aged care, sexual health, environmental health, health worker training, dental, women's health, male health, children's health, immunisation, eye health and mental health". In 2014,
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#17328444852162912-580: Was an amendment to the APY Land Rights Act 1981 , the Opal Mining Act 1995 , and by-laws under the APY Land Rights Act 1981 , affecting the mainly non- Indigenous residents of the opal-mining town, Mintabie . This amendment changed the licensing system for residential and commercial premises effective 1 July 2012, allowing the Minister responsible for the Opal Mining Act to grant licences. A 2017 report found many instances of non-compliance with
2968-426: Was born in 2013, when artists from seven remote art centres got together to look for ways to help the Anangu artists create a network around Australia. It was initially funded from the proceeds of art sales only, but in July 2017 was registered as a public benevolent institution , and as of 2019 was receiving support from the Australia Council , federal and state governments . However the artists themselves manage
3024-483: Was established in early 2010 as an offshoot of AP Services, and is now the biggest employer of APY people, with headquarters in Alice Springs and seven community depots. It delivers services such as rental accommodation, aerodromes, building repairs and maintenance, civil works, community patrols, fuel supplies, homeland services and municipal services. A few months after his election in early 2018, Premier Steven Marshall , also responsible for Aboriginal Affairs, visited
3080-414: Was excised from pastoral leases and declared the Indulkana Aboriginal Reserve. The body now known as Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara was formed in 1981 by the passing of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 by the Parliament of South Australia under Premier Don Dunstan , and includes the Pitjantjatjara , Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra groups. "Ara Irititja"
3136-537: Was later extended to 30 June 2027; however, after a 2017 report finding that the settlement had become a centre for illegal distribution of drugs and alcohol into the APY Lands, the lease was terminated, with a final eviction date of 31 December 2019. There were amendments to the Act in 1987, 2004, 2005 and several in 2006; minor amendments in 2009, 2013 and 2014. The more significant amendments include: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara , also known as APY , APY Lands or
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