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Piping

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A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder , usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section , used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases ( fluids ), slurries , powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; a hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than the solid members.

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97-498: Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids ( liquids and gases ) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood , fiberglass , glass , steel , aluminum , plastic , copper , and concrete . The in-line components, known as fittings , valves , and other devices, typically sense and control

194-431: A Mill Test Report (MTR). These tests can be used to prove that the alloy conforms to various specifications (e.g. 316 SS ). The tests are stamped by the mill's QA/QC department and can be used to trace the material back to the mill by future users, such as piping and fitting manufacturers. Maintaining the traceability between the alloy material and associated MTR is an important quality assurance issue. QA often requires

291-429: A bar code and the ends are capped (plastic) for protection. The pipe and pipe spools are delivered to a warehouse on a large commercial/industrial job and they may be held indoors or in a gridded laydown yard. The pipe or pipe spool is retrieved, staged, rigged, and then lifted into place. On large process jobs the lift is made using cranes and hoist and other material lifts. They are typically temporarily supported in

388-533: A standard size of measure , referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK and Ireland, a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of 36 imperial gallons (160 L; 43 US gal), and is distinguished from other unit measurements, such as firkins , hogsheads , and kilderkins . Wine was shipped in barrels of 119 litres (31 US gal; 26 imp gal). A barrel of oil, defined as 42 US gallons (35 imp gal; 160 L),

485-464: A barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation , a portion known as the "angels' share". In an environment with 100% relative humidity , very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune and sherry are not. Beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of

582-803: A bulging center, longer than it is wide. They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. The word vat is often used for large containers for liquids, usually alcoholic beverages; a small barrel or cask is known as a keg . Barrels have a variety of uses, including storage of liquids such as water, oil, and alcohol. They are also employed to hold maturing beverages such as wine , cognac , armagnac , sherry , port , whiskey , beer , arrack , and sake . Other commodities once stored in wooden casks include gunpowder , meat , fish, paint, honey, nails, and tallow . Modern wooden barrels for wine-making are made of French common oak ( Quercus robur ), white oak ( Quercus petraea ), American white oak ( Quercus alba ), more exotic

679-522: A cask. The modern US beer barrel is 31 US gallons (117.34777 L), half a gallon less than the traditional wine barrel (26 U.S.C. §5051 ). Barrels are also used as a unit of measurement for dry goods (dry groceries), such as flour or produce. Traditionally, a barrel is 196 pounds (89 kg) of flour (wheat or rye), with other substances such as pork subject to more local variation. In modern times, produce barrels for all dry goods, excepting cranberries, contain 7,056 cubic inches, about 115.627 L. In

776-488: A compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult. Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded some insulating properties to

873-549: A convex shape and bulge at their center, called bilge. This facilitates rolling a well-built wooden barrel on its side and allows the roller to change directions with little friction, compared to a cylinder . It also helps to distribute stress evenly in the material by making the container more curved. Barrels have reinforced edges to enable safe displacement by rolling them at an angle (in addition to rolling on their sides as described). Casks used for ale or beer have shives and keystones in their openings. Before serving

970-435: A cooper and tubs made of staves in use at the grape harvest. Herodotus ( c.  484 – c.  425 BC) allegedly reports the use of "palm-wood casks" in ancient Babylon , but some modern scholarship disputes this interpretation. In Europe, buckets and casks dating to 200 BC have been found preserved in the mud of lake villages . A lake village near Glastonbury dating to the late Iron Age has yielded one complete tub and

1067-501: A cost advantage over LSAW pipes, as the process uses coils rather than steel plates. As such, in applications where spiral-weld is acceptable, SSAW pipes may be preferred over LSAW pipes. Both LSAW pipes and SSAW pipes compete against ERW pipes and seamless pipes in the diameter ranges of 16”-24”. Tubing for flow, either metal or plastic, is generally extruded . Pipe is made out of many types of material including ceramic , glass , fiberglass , many metals , concrete and plastic . In

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1164-501: A fluidized bed reactor) or from a natural phenomenon such as an earthquake (design basis event or DBE). Pipe hanger assembles are usually attached with pipe clamps. Possible exposure to high temperatures and heavy loads should be included when specifying which clamps are needed. Pipes are commonly joined by welding , using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection with a pipe thread compound, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Thread seal tape , oakum , or PTFE string, or by using

1261-632: A grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware . Some wines are fermented "on barrel", as opposed to in a neutral container like steel or wine-grade HDPE (high-density polyethylene) tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large wooden tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called "open-tops". Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, with either elliptical or round heads. The tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas. To retain

1358-421: A level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose (or hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed with the use of fittings such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be formed or bent into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be formed, or where construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also constructed with

1455-481: A little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards instead of steel. Many different standards exist for pipe sizes, and their prevalence varies depending on industry and geographical area. The pipe size designation generally includes two numbers; one that indicates

1552-531: A mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal. The most common pipe thread in North America is the National Pipe Thread (NPT) or

1649-558: A metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS. For NPS larger than 14, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25. (Not 25.4) This is documented by EN 10255 (formerly DIN 2448 and BS 1387) and ISO 65:1981, and it is often called DIN or ISO pipe. Japan has its own set of standard pipe sizes, often called JIS pipe. The Iron pipe size (IPS) is an older system still used by some manufacturers and legacy drawings and equipment. The IPS number

1746-422: A number of pipes together, and for other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are generally broken down into either a tee, an elbow, a branch, a reducer/enlarger, or a wye. Valves control fluid flow and regulate pressure. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss them further. Barrel A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with

1843-411: A number of processes that may be used to produce ERW pipes. Each of these processes leads to coalescence or merging of steel components into pipes. Electric current is passed through the surfaces that have to be welded together; as the components being welded together resist the electric current, heat is generated which forms the weld. Pools of molten metal are formed where the two surfaces are connected as

1940-602: A number of standards, including API 5L, ANSI / ASME B36.10M (Table 1) in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United Kingdom. Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I.D.) is allowed to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12.5 percent. In the rest of Europe pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as Nominal Pipe Size , but labels them with

2037-885: A number of wooden staves. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder (died 79 AD) reported that cooperage in Europe originated with the Gauls in Alpine villages who stored their beverages in wooden casks bound with hoops. Pliny identified three different types of coopers: ordinary coopers, wine coopers and coopers who made large casks. Large casks contain more and bigger staves and are correspondingly more difficult to assemble. Roman coopers tended to be independent tradesmen, passing their skills on to their sons. The Greek geographer Strabo ( c. 64 BC to c. 24 AD) recorded that wooden pithoi (barrels or wine-jars) were lined with pitch to stop leakage and preserve

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2134-402: A pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include: Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center. Later wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes have the advantage that they are easily transported as

2231-470: A process that is known as solera . Laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels. The law in the United States requires that " straight whiskey " (with the exception of corn whiskey ) must be stored for at least two years in new, charred oak containers. Other forms of whiskey aged in used barrels cannot be called "straight". International laws require any whisky bearing

2328-416: A strong electric current is passed through the metal; these pools of molten metal form the weld that binds the two abutted components. ERW pipes are manufactured from the longitudinal welding of steel. The welding process for ERW pipes is continuous, as opposed to welding of distinct sections at intervals. ERW process uses steel coil as feedstock. The High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process

2425-401: A test of chemical composition and a series of mechanical strength tests for each heat of pipe. A heat of pipe is all forged from the same cast ingot, and therefore had the same chemical composition. Mechanical tests may be associated to a lot of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports

2522-416: A whisky branded as "Jameson Caskmates". Cask ale is aged in the barrel (usually steel) for a short time before serving. Extensive barrel aging is required of many sour beers . Traditional balsamic vinegar is aged in a series of wooden barrels. The pepper mash used to make Tabasco sauce is aged for three years in previously used oak whiskey barrels since its invention in 1868. Vernors ginger ale

2619-428: Is 42 US gallons (35.0  imp gal ; 159.0  L ). This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields , and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce . Earlier, another size of whiskey barrel was the most common size; this was the 40 US gallons (33.3 imp gal; 151.4 L) barrel for proof spirits, which

2716-423: Is a gasket style where the flanges of the adjoining pipes are bolted together, compressing the gasket into a space between the pipe. Mechanical grooved couplings or Victaulic joints are also frequently used for frequent disassembly and assembly. Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can operate up to 120 pounds per square inch (830 kPa) working pressures and available in materials to match

2813-584: Is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage , and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport nonpotable or potable water , or other fire-suppression fluids. Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of

2910-451: Is aged for at least three years. Like with other spirits, longer aging results in a more pronounced flavor. Beers are sometimes aged in barrels which were previously used for maturing wines or spirits. This is most common in darker beers such as stout, which is sometimes aged in oak barrels identical to those used for whiskey. Whisky distiller Jameson notably purchases barrels used by Franciscan Well brewery for their Shandon Stout to produce

3007-418: Is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam (usually by Electric resistance welding ("ERW"), or Electric Fusion Welding ("EFW")). The weld flash can be removed from both inner and outer surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat-treated to make the seam less visible. Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than the seamless type, and can be cheaper to manufacture. There are

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3104-506: Is generally available in diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 inches (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, and 61 cm). The manufacture and installation of pressure piping is tightly regulated by the ASME "B31" code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) . This code has

3201-490: Is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern; aluminum is also used for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems. Copper tubing is popular for domestic water (potable) plumbing systems; copper may be used where heat transfer is desirable (i.e. radiators or heat exchangers). Inconel , chrome moly , and titanium steel alloys are used in high temperature and pressure piping in process and power facilities. When specifying alloys for new processes,

3298-509: Is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is most often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of OD, inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of several international and national industrial standards. While similar standards exist for specific industry application tubing, tube

3395-424: Is marketed as having a "barrel-aged" flavor, and the syrup used to produce the beverage was originally aged in oak barrels when first manufactured in the 19th century. Whether the syrup continues to be aged in oak is unclear. "Angels' share" is a term for the portion (share) of a wine or distilled spirit 's volume that is lost to evaporation during aging in oak barrels. The ambient humidity tends to affect

3492-498: Is mizunara oak ( Quercus crispula ), and recently Oregon oak ( Quercus garryana ) has been used. Someone who makes traditional wooden barrels is called a cooper . Today, barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum , stainless steel , and different types of plastic , such as HDPE . Early casks were bound with wooden hoops and in the 19th century these were gradually replaced by metal hoops that were stronger, more durable and took up less space. Barrel has also been used as

3589-414: Is neither the inside nor outside diameter. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also has different sizing standards . Agricultural applications use PIP sizes, which stands for Plastic Irrigation Pipe . PIP comes in pressure ratings of 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), and 125 psi (860 kPa) and

3686-562: Is never the same as SCH 160. XXS is in fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8" to 6" inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for NPS 8" and larger. Another old system is the Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), which generally has larger ODs than IPS. Copper plumbing tube for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system in America, often called Copper Tube Size (CTS); see domestic water system . Its nominal size

3783-538: Is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480, GOST 32388, RD 10-249 or any other applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water hammer. This evaluation

3880-428: Is not typically considered necessary elsewhere, whiskey made elsewhere is usually aged in used barrels that previously contained American whiskey (usually bourbon whiskey ). The typical bourbon barrel is 53 US gallons (200 L; 44 imp gal) in size, which is thus the de facto standard whiskey barrel size worldwide. Some distillers transfer their whiskey into different barrels to "finish" or add qualities to

3977-424: Is often made to custom sizes and a broader range of diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United States. Both "pipe" and "tube" imply

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4074-413: Is often used in the gravity-flow transport of storm water. Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied at installation. When the alloys for piping are forged, metallurgical tests are performed to determine material composition by % of each chemical element in the piping, and the results are recorded in a material test report, also known as

4171-509: Is selected because of its ability to transfer certain aromas to the spirit. Cognac is aged only in oak casks made from wood from the Forest of Tronçais and more often from the Limousin forests. Some types of tequila are aged in oak barrels to mellow its flavor. "Reposado" tequila is aged for a period of two months to one year, "Añejo" tequila is aged for up to three years, and "Extra Añejo" tequila

4268-414: Is spectrographically analyzed. Pipe sizes can be confusing because the terminology may relate to historical dimensions. For example, a half-inch iron pipe does not have any dimension that is a half inch. Initially, a half inch pipe did have an inner diameter of 1 ⁄ 2 inch (13 mm)—but it also had thick walls. As technology improved, thinner walls became possible, but the outside diameter stayed

4365-408: Is still used as a measure of volume for oil, although oil is no longer shipped in barrels. The barrel has also come into use as a generic term for a wooden cask of any size. An Egyptian wall-painting in the tomb of Hesy-Ra , dating to 2600 BC, shows a wooden tub used to measure wheat and constructed of staves bound together with wooden hoops. Another Egyptian tomb painting dating to 1900 BC shows

4462-418: Is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive, and indicates .375" wall thickness for NPS 12 and larger. XS is identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and indicates .500" wall thickness for NPS 8 and larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, however it

4559-606: Is used for manufacturing ERW pipes. In this process, the current to weld the pipe is applied by means of an induction coil around the tube. HFI is generally considered to be technically superior to "ordinary" ERW when manufacturing pipes for critical applications, such as for usage in the energy sector, in addition to other uses in line pipe applications, as well as for casing and tubing. Large-diameter pipe (25 centimetres (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW, or Submerged Arc Welded ("SAW") pipe. There are two technologies that can be used to manufacture steel pipes of sizes larger than

4656-507: Is usually delivered to a customer or jobsite as either "sticks" or lengths of pipe (typically 20 feet (6.1 m), called single random length) or they are prefabricated with elbows, tees and valves into a prefabricated pipe spool [A pipe spool is a piece of pre-assembled pipe and fittings, usually prepared in a shop so that installation on the construction site can be more efficient.]. Typically, pipe smaller than 2 inches (5.1 cm) are not pre-fabricated. The pipe spools are usually tagged with

4753-474: Is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized ( finite element ) pipe stress analysis computer programs such as AutoPIPE, CAEPIPE, CAESAR, PASS/START-PROF, or ROHR2 . In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in

4850-669: The Dryseal (NPTF) version. Other pipe threads include the British Standard Pipe Thread (BSPT), the garden hose thread (GHT), and the fire hose coupling (NST). Copper pipes are typically joined by soldering , brazing , compression fittings , flaring , or crimping . Plastic pipes may be joined by solvent welding , heat fusion , or elastomeric sealing. If frequent disconnection will be required, gasketed pipe flanges or union fittings provide better reliability than threads. Some thin-walled pipes of ductile material, such as

4947-552: The Napoleonic Wars Birmingham gunmakers tried to use rolling mills to make iron musket barrels. One of them, Henry Osborne, developed a relatively effective process in 1817 with which he started to make iron gas tubes ca. 1820, selling some to gas lighting pioneer Samuel Clegg . When steel pipes were introduced in 19th century, they initially were riveted, and later clamped with H-shaped bars (even though methods for making weldless steel tubes were known already in

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5044-456: The age of sail . Its viscous nature made sperm whale oil a particularly difficult substance to contain in staved containers. Oil coopers were probably the most skilled coopers in pre-industrial cooperage. Olive oil , seed oils and other organic oils were also placed in wooden casks for storage or transport. Wooden casks were also used to store mineral oil. The standard size barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl)

5141-410: The heat number to be written on the pipe. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the introduction of counterfeit materials. As a backup to etching/labeling of the material identification on the pipe, positive material identification (PMI) is performed using a handheld device; the device scans the pipe material using an emitted electromagnetic wave ( x-ray fluorescence/XRF ) and receives a reply that

5238-403: The pressure , flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of piping design (or piping engineering), though the sensors and automatic controlling devices may alternatively be treated as part of instrumentation and control design. Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by

5335-447: The tube cleaning process. Piping sometimes refers to piping design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called drafting , technical drawing , engineering drawing , and design, but is today commonly performed by designers that have learned to use automated computer-aided drawing or computer-aided design (CAD) software. Plumbing

5432-416: The 1870s ), until by the early 1930s these methods were replaced by welding , which is still widely used today. There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture. Centrifugal casting of hot alloyed metal is one of the most prominent process. Ductile iron pipes are generally manufactured in such a fashion. Seamless pipe (SMLS) is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercing rod to create

5529-455: The UK this is strictly correct only if the container holds 36 imperial gallons. The terms " keg " and "cask" refer to containers of any size, the distinction being that kegs are used for beers intended to be served using external gas cylinders. Cask ales undergo part of their fermentation process in their containers, called casks. Casks are available in several sizes, and it is common to refer to "a firkin " or "a kil" ( kilderkin ) instead of

5626-402: The US, BS 1600 and BS EN 10255 in the United Kingdom and Europe. There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). The North American method is called NPS (" Nominal Pipe Size ") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB ("Nominal Bore")). The European version is called DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") and is based on millimetres. Designating

5723-458: The US, the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches being the standard gallon for liquids (the corn gallon of 268.8 cubic inches for solids). In Britain, the wine gallon was replaced by the imperial gallon . The tierce later became the petrol barrel. The tun was originally 256 gallons , which explains from where the quarter, 8 bushels or 64 (wine) gallons, comes. Although it is common to refer to draught beer containers of any size as barrels, in

5820-488: The beer, a spile is hammered into the shive and a tap into the keystone. The wooden parts that make up a barrel are called staves , the top and bottom are both called heads or headers , and the rings that hold the staves together are called hoops . These are usually made of galvanized iron, though historically they were made of flexible bits of wood called withies . While wooden hoops could require barrels to be "fully hooped", with hoops stacked tightly together along

5917-481: The center of a barrel is called a bung hole and the stopper used to seal it is a bung . The latter is generally made of white silicone . A barrel is one of several units of volume , with dry barrels, fluid barrels (UK beer barrel, US beer barrel), oil barrel, etc. The volume of some barrel units is double others, with various volumes in the range of about 100–200 litres (22–44 imp gal; 26–53 US gal). Pre-1824 definitions continued to be used in

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6014-500: The composition in a mill traceability report and the mechanical tests in a material test report , both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called traceable . For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be required; in this case an independent lab will produce a certified material test report (CMTR), and the material will be called certified . Some widely used pipe standards or piping classes are: API 5L

6111-404: The composition of this share. Drier conditions tend to make the barrels evaporate more water, strengthening the spirit. However, in higher humidities, more alcohol than water will evaporate, therefore reducing the alcoholic strength of the product. This alcoholic evaporate encourages the growth of a darkly colored fungus, the angels' share fungus, Baudoinia compniacensis , which tends to appear on

6208-491: The compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins . The presence of these compounds depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried, and the degree of "toast" applied during manufacture. Barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak , but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages (e.g., Japanese sake ) use Japanese cedar , which imparts an unusual, minty-piney flavor. In Peru and Chile,

6305-412: The corrosion. There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include: Pipe (fluid conveyance) In common usage the words pipe and tube are usually interchangeable, but in industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to which it

6402-403: The dead as grave goods . An "ageing barrel" is used to age wine ; distilled spirits such as whiskey , brandy , or rum ; beer ; tabasco sauce ; or (in smaller sizes) traditional balsamic vinegar . When a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately added). Oxygen enters

6499-498: The design, or inclusions in the material. When 3D pipe stress is analyzed, it (3D Pipes) will be considered as 3D beams with supports on both sides. Moreover, the 3D pipe stress determines the bending moments of the pipes. Allowable (ASME) Pipe grades permitted for Oil and gas industries are : Carbon Steel Pipes and tubes (A53 Grade [A & B], A106 Grade [B & C]), Low & Intermediate alloy steel Pipes (A333 Grade [6], A335 Grade [P5, P9, P11, P12, P91]) The material with which

6596-413: The desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, although this can vary from 5 to 100%. Some winemakers use "200% new oak", where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are sometimes more cheaply flavored by soaking in oak chips or added commercial oak flavoring instead of being aged in a barrel because of

6693-470: The entire top and bottom third of a barrel, iron-hooped barrels only require a few hoops on each end. Wine barrels typically come in two hoop configurations. An American barrel features six hoops, from top to center: head- or chime hoop , quarter hoop and bilge hoop (times two), while a French barrel features eight, including a so-called French hoop , located between the quarter- and bilge hoops (see "wine barrel parts" illustration). The opening at

6790-438: The exterior surfaces of most things in the immediate area. Water barrels are often used to collect the rainwater from dwellings (so that it may be used for irrigation or other purposes). This usage, known as rainwater harvesting , requires (besides a large rainwater barrel or water butt ) adequate (waterproof) roof-covering and an adequate rain pipe . Wooden casks of various sizes were used to store whale oil on ships in

6887-454: The final product. These finishing barrels frequently aged a different spirit (such as rum) or wine. Other distillers, particularly those producing Scotch, often disassemble five used bourbon barrels and reassemble them into four casks with different barrel ends for aging Scotch, creating a type of cask referred to as a hogshead . Maturing is very important for a good brandy , which is typically aged in oak casks. The wood used for those barrels

6984-477: The force of law in Canada and the US. Europe and the rest of the world has an equivalent system of codes. Pressure piping is generally pipe that must carry pressures greater than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although definitions vary. To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards. Manufacturing standards for pipes commonly require

7081-497: The hollow shell in a process called rotary piercing . As the manufacturing process does not include any welding, seamless pipes are perceived to be stronger and more reliable. Historically, seamless pipe was regarded as withstanding pressure better than other types, and was often more available than welded pipe. Advances since the 1970s, in materials, process control, and non-destructive testing, allow correctly specified welded pipe to replace seamless in many applications. Welded pipe

7178-399: The known issues of creep and sensitization effect must be taken into account. Lead piping is still found in old domestic and other water distribution systems , but is no longer permitted for new potable water piping installations due to its toxicity . Many building codes now require that lead piping in residential or institutional installations be replaced with non-toxic piping or that

7275-491: The label " Scotch " to be distilled and matured in Scotland for a minimum of three years and one day in oak casks. By Canadian law, Canadian whiskies must "be aged in small wood for not less than three years", and "small wood" is defined as a wood barrel not exceeding 700 litres (150 imp gal; 180 US gal) capacity. Since the U.S. law requires the use of new barrels for several popular types of whiskey, which

7372-407: The more exotic materials used in pipe construction are Inconel , titanium , chrome-moly and various other steel alloys . Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major sub-fields: Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress

7469-406: The much lower cost. Sherry is stored in 600-litre (130 imp gal; 160 US gal) casks made of North American oak, which is slightly more porous than French or Spanish oak. The casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving "the space of two fists" empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. Sherry is also commonly swapped between barrels of different ages,

7566-410: The outage. After the pipe is installed it will be tested for leaks. Before testing it may need to be cleaned by blowing air or steam or flushing with a liquid. Pipes are usually either supported from below or hung from above (but may also be supported from the side), using devices called pipe supports. Supports may be as simple as a pipe "shoe" which is akin to a half of an I-beam welded to the bottom of

7663-492: The outside (OD) or nominal diameter, and the other that indicates the wall thickness. In the early twentieth century, American pipe was sized by inside diameter. This practice was abandoned to improve compatibility with pipe fittings that must usually fit the OD of the pipe, but it has had a lasting impact on modern standards around the world. In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) and schedule (SCH). Pipe sizes are documented by

7760-637: The outside diameter allows pipes of the same size to be fit together no matter what the wall thickness. Since the outside diameter is fixed for a given pipe size, the inside diameter will vary depending on the wall thickness of the pipe. For example, 2" Schedule 80 pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2" Schedule 40 pipe. Steel pipe has been produced for about 150 years. The pipe sizes that are in use today in PVC and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem

7857-431: The past, wood and lead ( Latin plumbum , from which comes the word ' plumbing ') were commonly used. Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel, carbon steel , stainless steel , galvanized steel , brass , and ductile iron . Iron based piping is subject to corrosion if used within a highly oxygenated water stream. Aluminum pipe or tubing may be utilized where iron

7954-491: The pipe grade. Another type of mechanical coupling is a flareless tube fitting (Major brands include Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker); this type of compression fitting is typically used on small tubing under 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter. When pipes join in chambers where other components are needed for the management of the network (such as valves or gauges), dismantling joints are generally used, in order to make mounting/dismounting easier. Fittings are also used to split or join

8051-400: The pipe. Under buried conditions, gasket-joint pipes allow for lateral movement due to soil shifting as well as expansion/contraction due to temperature differentials. Plastic MDPE and HDPE gas and water pipes are also often joined with Electrofusion fittings. Large above ground pipe typically uses a flanged joint, which is generally available in ductile iron pipe and some others. It

8148-641: The pipe; they may be "hung" using a clevis , or with trapeze type of devices called pipe hangers. Pipe supports of any kind may incorporate springs, snubbers, dampers, or combinations of these devices to compensate for thermal expansion , or to provide vibration isolation, shock control, or reduced vibration excitation of the pipe due to earthquake motion. Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active hydraulic devices that have sophisticated systems that act to dampen peak displacements due to externally imposed vibrations or mechanical shocks. The undesired motions may be process derived (such as in

8245-655: The pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water pipes also does not rot very easily. Electrolysis does not affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much better electrical insulator. In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up with

8342-399: The same so it could mate with existing older pipe, increasing the inner diameter beyond half an inch. The history of copper pipe is similar. In the 1930s, the pipe was designated by its internal diameter and a 1 ⁄ 16 -inch (1.6 mm) wall thickness. Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 -inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter

8439-413: The smaller copper or flexible plastic water pipes found in homes for ice makers and humidifiers, for example, may be joined with compression fittings . Underground pipe typically uses a "push-on" gasket style of pipe that compresses a gasket into a space formed between the two adjoining pieces. Push-on joints are available on most types of pipe. A pipe joint lubricant must be used in the assembly of

8536-534: The staves were 38 mm (1.5 in) thick and featured grooves where the heads fitted. They had Roman numerals scratched on the surface of each stave to help with re-assembly. In Anglo-Saxon Britain, wooden barrels were used to store ale, butter, honey and mead . Drinking-containers were also made from small staves of oak , yew or pine . These items required considerable craftsmanship to hold liquids and might be bound with finely-worked precious metals. They were highly valued items and were sometimes buried with

8633-526: The steel pipes that can be produced by seamless and ERW processes. The two types of pipes produced through these technologies are longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) and spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) pipes. LSAW are made by bending and welding wide steel plates and most commonly used in oil and gas industry applications. Due to their high cost, LSAW pipes are seldom used in lower value non-energy applications such as water pipelines. SSAW pipes are produced by spiral (helicoidal) welding of steel coil and have

8730-462: The steel structure using beam clamps, straps, and small hoists until the pipe supports are attached or otherwise secured. An example of a tool used for installation for a small plumbing pipe (threaded ends) is the pipe wrench . Small pipe is typically not heavy and can be lifted into place by the installation craft laborer. However, during a plant outage or shutdown, the small (small bore) pipe may also be pre-fabricated to expedite installation during

8827-620: The tubes' interiors be treated with phosphoric acid . According to a senior researcher and lead expert with the Canadian Environmental Law Association , "[...] there is no safe level of lead [for human exposure]". In 1991 the US EPA issued the Lead and Copper Rule , a federal regulation which limits the concentration of lead and copper allowed in public drinking water, as well as the permissible amount of pipe corrosion occurring due to

8924-546: The use of tube fittings. Additionally, pipes are used for many purposes that do not involve conveying fluid. Handrails , scaffolding, and support structures are often constructed from structural pipes, especially in an industrial environment. The first known use of pipes was in Ancient Egypt . The Pyramid of Sahure , completed around the 25th century BC, included a temple with an elaborate drainage system including more than 380 m (1,247 ft) of copper piping. During

9021-1139: The water itself. In the US it is estimated that 6.5 million lead service lines (pipes that connect water mains to home plumbing) installed before the 1930s are still in use. Plastic tubing is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and ease of making connections. Plastic materials include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fibre reinforced plastic (FRP), reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), cross-linked high-density polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), for example. In many countries, PVC pipes account for most pipe materials used in buried municipal applications for drinking water distribution and wastewater mains. Pipe may be made from concrete or ceramic , usually for low-pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage. Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or vitrified clay . Reinforced concrete can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction, and

9118-535: The wine. Barrels were sometimes used for military purposes. Julius Caesar (100 to 44 BC) used catapults to hurl burning barrels of tar into besieged towns to start fires. The Romans also used empty barrels to make pontoon bridges to cross rivers. Empty casks were used to line the walls of shallow wells from at least Roman times. Such casks were found in 1897 during archaeological excavations of Roman Silchester in Britain. They were made of Pyrenean silver fir and

9215-462: Was changed in the second half of 2008 to edition 44 from edition 43 to make it identical to ISO 3183. It is important to note that the change has created the requirement that sour service, ERW pipe, pass a hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) test per NACE TM0284 in order to be used for sour service. Pipe installation is often more expensive than the material and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. Pipe

9312-511: Was of the same volume as five US bushels. However, by 1866, the oil barrel was standardized at 42 US gallons. Oil has not been shipped in barrels since the introduction of oil tankers , but the 42 US gallon size is still used as a unit of measurement for pricing and tax and regulatory codes. Each barrel is refined into about 20 US gallons (17 imp gal; 76 L) of gasoline , the rest becoming other products such as jet fuel and heating oil, using fractional distillation . Barrels have

9409-537: Was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than 1 ⁄ 16 -inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only "nominal" rather than a controlling dimension. Newer pipe technologies sometimes adopted a sizing system as its own. PVC pipe uses the Nominal Pipe Size . Pipe sizes are specified by a number of national and international standards, including API 5L, ANSI / ASME B36.10M and B36.19M in

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