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30-516: It is located in the east of the Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula) , the heart of peninsula. It borders Yantai and Weifang , and it has an area of 3,166 km (1,222 sq mi) and a population of 1,191,348 people in 2020. The administrative divisions of Pingdu have undergone a relatively large number of changes in the past thirty years. As of 2016, Pingdu had five subdistricts , 12 towns and one other area: As 2016, this city

60-482: A monsoon climate with four distinct seasons (Köppen: Cwa / Dwa ). Due to maritime influence, the climate is relatively mild, in both summer and winter. The Shandong Peninsula is fictionalized as the "Chinese Peninsula" in the Japanese manga and anime series, Fire Force . 37°N 121°E  /  37°N 121°E  / 37; 121 Washington Naval Conference The Washington Naval Conference

90-515: A needless, expensive, and possibly dangerous arms race, the major countries signed a series of naval disarmament agreements. The American delegation, led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes , included Elihu Root , Henry Cabot Lodge and Oscar Underwood , the last being the Democratic minority leader in the Senate. The conference's primary objective was to restrain Japanese naval expansion in

120-707: Is a peninsula in Shandong in eastern China , between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers to the east and Jiaozhou . The waters bordering the peninsula are Laizhou Bay to the northwest, which opens into the Bohai Sea to the north, which in turn passes through the Bohai Strait to the northeast into the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The peninsula's territory comprises three prefecture-level cities of Shandong : Qingdao in

150-679: Is divided to 5 subdistricts, 12 towns and 1 other. The Pingdu Olympic Sports Centre Stadium , which has a capacity of 15,000, is the largest sports venue by capacity in Pingdu. Pingdu West railway station opened in 2015 on the Haitian−Qingdao railway . There are two departures and two arrivals per day. A second station, Pingdu railway station , opened with the Weifang–Laixi high-speed railway in 2020. Shandong Peninsula The Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula or Jiaodong (Chiaotung) Peninsula

180-743: The Korean Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula , but was split starting around 27 Ma ago, resulting in the formation of the Yellow Sea . In the Paleolithic , the Shandong Peninsula area was covered by forest. In the Neolithic , about 7,000 years ago, a large number of Dongyi people inhabited the peninsula. The Dongyi had their own kingdom called the State of Lai . The peninsula later belonged to

210-555: The State of Qi . The Qi built the Great Wall of Qi , which is partially on the peninsula. During the Han dynasty , the peninsula belonged to the feudatory Jiaodong Kingdom . The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a leased territory of the German Empire from 1898 to 1914 located around Jiaozhou Bay , where the village of Qingdao (Tsingtao) developed into a major seaport. Japan seized

240-677: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom , and the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America . The Washington Conference exactly captured the worldwide popular demand for peace and disarmament. Without an agreement, the US, Britain and Japan likely would have engaged in a naval arms race much like that experienced between Britain and Germany before the First World War . However, even with

270-472: The Japanese government to its delegation. The message revealed the lowest naval ratio that would be acceptable to Tokyo ; US negotiators used that knowledge to push the Japanese. This success, one of the first in the US government's budding eavesdropping and cryptology efforts, led eventually to the growth of such agencies. The head of the Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Conference

300-672: The Japanese officially accept a continuation of the Open Door Policy in China. The British, however, took a more cautious and tempered approach. Indeed, the British officials brought certain general desires to the conference: to achieve peace and stability in the West Pacific; avoid a naval arms race with the United States; thwart Japanese encroachment into areas under their influence; and preserve

330-634: The Japanese were rapidly building expensive new warships. Britain and Japan were allies in a treaty that was due to expire in 1922. Although there were no immediate dangers, observers increasingly pointed to the American-Japanese rivalry for control of the Pacific Ocean as a long-term threat to world peace. By then, considering their colonial interests in Asia, the British decided that it was better for them to cast their lot with Washington than Tokyo . To stop

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360-560: The Northeast "return" to the Shandong Peninsula. After the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, a large number of South Korean companies also set up factories in the region. There are more than 200,000 Koreans living in the Shandong Peninsula. South Korea has a consulate-general in Qingdao. Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by sea on three sides and has

390-492: The US and Britain, at 53,000 tons each. (Submarines typically displaced 1,000–2,000 tons each.) The US Navy maintained an active building program that replaced obsolescent warships with technically more sophisticated new models in part because its construction yards were important sources of political patronage and so were well protected by Congress. During the New Deal , relief funds were used to build more warships. "The naval program

420-546: The United States and to obtain official recognition of Japan's special interests in Manchuria and Mongolia . Japanese officials also brought other issues to the conference: a strong demand to remain in control of Yap , Siberia , and Tsingtao as well as more general concerns about the growing presence of American fleets in the Pacific. The American hand was strengthened by the interception and decryption of secret instructions from

450-463: The United States, practically all the major Protestant denominations and highly-visible Protestant spokesmen were strong supporters of international peace efforts. They collaborated to work to educate their local congregations on the need for peace and disarmament. At the end of World War I , the British still had the largest navy afloat, but its big ships were becoming obsolete, and the Americans and

480-658: The Washington Naval Treaty), the Nine-Power Treaty , and a number of smaller agreements. These treaties preserved the peace during the 1920s but were not renewed in the increasingly hostile world of the Great Depression . The global appetite for peace and disarmament was aplenty throughout the 1920s. Women had just won the right to vote in many countries, and they helped convince politicians that money could be saved, votes won, and future wars avoided by stopping

510-530: The agreement were exchanged in Beijing on June 2, 1922, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 7, 1922. The Washington Naval Treaty led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets, and the few ships that were built were limited in size and armament. Many existing capital ships were scrapped or sunk. Some ships under construction were turned into aircraft carriers instead. Even with

540-639: The arms race. Across the world, leaders of the women's suffrage movement formed international organizations such as the International Council of Women and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance . Historian Martin Pugh writes that they achieved the greatest influence in the 1920s, "when they helped to promote women's contribution to the anti-war movement throughout the Western world." In

570-642: The newly-developed aircraft carriers . While the admirals were unhappy, peace activists strongly supported the results and successfully worked for ratification. In the United States they included the World Peace Foundation ; the American Association for International Conciliation ; the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ; the Women's Peace Society ; the Women's World Disarmament Committee;

600-500: The quality of warships, the conferees adopted a standard based on the tonnage displacement, a simple measure of the size of a ship. A ten-year agreement fixed the ratio of battleships at 5:5:3: 525,000 tons for the US, 525,000 tons for Britain, and 315,000 tons for Japan. Smaller limits with a ratio of 1.67 applied to France and Italy. Battleships, the dominant weapons systems of the era, could be no larger than 35,000 tons. The major powers allowed themselves 135,000:135,000:81,000 tons for

630-565: The restrictions, the agreement solidified Japan's position as a great power and was treated as a colonial power with equal diplomatic interests, a first for a non-Western nation. The naval treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924. Japan agreed to revert Shandong to Chinese control by an agreement concluded on February 4, 1922. Ratifications of

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660-425: The security of Singapore , Hong Kong , and Dominion countries, but they did not enter the conference with a specific laundry list of demands. Rather, they brought with them a vague vision of what the West Pacific should look like after an agreement. Japanese officials were more focused on specifics than the British, and they approached the conference with two primary goals: to sign a naval treaty with Britain and

690-510: The southwest, Yantai in the north and centre, and Weihai at the eastern tip. Shandong Peninsula is the largest peninsula in China. Stretching into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is 290 kilometers long from east to west, 190 kilometers wide from north to south, and 50 kilometers narrow. The total area of Shandong Peninsula is 73,000 square kilometers. Geologically it was once connected to

720-664: The territory from Germany in 1914 in the First World War . In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. Instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area, the treaty transferred the leased territory to the Empire of Japan . This resulted in popular dissatisfaction in China with the outcome, known as the Shandong Problem , and led to the May Fourth Movement . Eventually, Shandong

750-483: The treaty, the major navies remained suspicious of one another and briefly (1927–1930) engaged in a race to build heavy cruisers , which had been limited in size (10,000 tons) but not numbers. That oversight was resolved on value of cruisers by the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which specified a 10:10:7 ratio for cruisers and destroyers. For the first time, submarines were also limited, with Japan given parity with

780-544: The waters of the West Pacific , especially with regard to fortifications on strategically-valuable islands. Its secondary objectives were intended to obtain an ultimate limit to Japanese expansion and also an alleviation of concerns over possible antagonism with the British. They were to eliminate Anglo-American tension by abrogating the Anglo-Japanese alliance, to agree upon a favorable naval ratio vis-à-vis Japan, and to have

810-642: Was Prince Iyesato Tokugawa , who during the first four decades of the twentieth century led a political movement in Japan that promoted democracy and international goodwill with the U.S., Europe and Asia. His influence was significant in the negotiations and ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty. US President Warren Harding called the Washington Conference a deal that all countries thought best for themselves. To resolve technical disputes about

840-649: Was a disarmament conference called by the United States and held in Washington, D.C. , from November 12, 1921, to February 6, 1922. It was conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations . It was attended by nine nations (the United States , Japan , China , France , the United Kingdom , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands , and Portugal ) regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia . Germany

870-607: Was not invited to the conference, as restrictions on its navy had already been set in the Versailles Treaty . Soviet Russia was also not invited to the conference. It was the first arms control conference in history, and is still studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Held at Memorial Continental Hall , in Downtown Washington , it resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty , Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known as

900-478: Was reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference . However, Japan retained economic influence in the area. Due to geographical reasons, the Shandong Peninsula is closely connected with Northeast China and South Korea . Historically, a large number of people migrated to the Northeast by boat, whereas in the present day many people from

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