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100-521: The formal effort to build Ping Yuen started in 1939 after Chinatown was called "the worst [slum] in the world"; it was the first public housing project completed in the neighborhood, and unlike the typical single room occupancy housing of Chinatown, featured private bathrooms and kitchens for each apartment when the first building opened in 1951. Like most buildings in Chinatown, it was designed by western architects with Chinese thematic elements. Although it

200-415: A Rasmussen aneurysm , resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due to either better air flow, or poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs. In 15–20% of active cases,

300-563: A Los Angeles–based artist, completed the 1,400 sq ft (130 m) Ping Yuen Mural on the Stockton Street-facing side of Central Ping Yuen in 1995, with the assistance of Darren Acoba, Joyce Lu, and Tonia Chen. It is dedicated to "Sing Kan Mah and those who have struggled to make America their home"; the faces depicted in the mural are actual people, drawn from photographs of congregation members at Mar's church, Chang Jok Lee (a Ping Yuen resident since 1952 and longtime leader in

400-560: A common ancestor, remains unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as researchers previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution . Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC ) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in

500-476: A cost of US$ 380,800 (equivalent to $ 6,705,000 in 2023) and offer a total (gross) floor area of 237,838 sq ft (22,095.9 m). West and East Ping Yuen have one elevator each, Central Ping Yuen has two elevators, and North Ping Yuen has three elevators. The original three-building Ping Yuen completed in 1951 cost $ 3.5 million, which collectively contained 234 apartments. Bedrooms and living rooms were designed to face south. Priority for applicants

600-402: A cost of $ 3.4 million. Bidding for the construction contract was opened in late May 1950, and the construction contract was awarded to Theodore G. Meyer and Sons in early August. Central Ping Yuen was the first building to be completed and was dedicated in a ceremony held on October 21, 1951. East and West Ping Yuen followed and were completed by 1956. When Ping Yuen opened, it also included

700-454: A daycare and tenant association offices. North Ping Yuen consists of a single twelve-story building that is within the block defined by Pacific, Stockton, Cordelia, and Broadway. They are informally and collectively called the "Pings". In total, there is 160,000 square feet (15,000 m) of residential floor space in the four Ping Yuen buildings; the three original Pings occupy a site with a total area of 2.617 acres (1.059 ha), acquired at

800-616: A location was proposed in Hunters Point , although that site was unacceptable due to its distance and poor transit connections. An even more prominent supporter would soon emerge: Following her visit to San Francisco and Chinatown in March 1938 and another guided tour in April 1939, conducted by Dr. Theodore C. Lee and members of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was given

900-525: A medical investigator hired by the Call concluded "there is not the remotest danger of contagion in San Francisco if the proper radical measures recommended are carried out. ... You must not make an excuse to clean the spot because there is plague here, but you must act solely on the ground that the district is in a filthy condition". By 1904, parts of Chinatown were being demolished to improve sanitation. However,

1000-680: A microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus . The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain , which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used. The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria : M. bovis , M. africanum , M. canettii , and M. microti . M. africanum

1100-400: A parent. At the same time, Chinatown was rebuilt but remained geographically limited by restrictive racial covenants that prevented Chinese residents from purchasing or renting outside its boundaries; the transformation from what used to be a largely bachelor society of Chinese laborers through the immigration of women and the growth of families, combined with the hard borders of Chinatown, meant

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1200-450: A quote credited to Confucius is on the back of the entrance monolith to North Ping Yuen at 838 Pacific: 四海之內，皆兄弟也 ; Sìhǎi zhī nèi, jiē xiōngdì yě. ; Sei3 hoi2 zi1 noi6, gaai1 hing1 dai6 jaa5. ; 'Within the four seas', 'all men are brothers.' The original 1955 plans for the expansion annex (eventually constructed as North Ping Yuen) were modest, at approximately 100 apartments. Bolles and Ernest Born are credited with

1300-479: A report entitled "Living Conditions in Chinatown" in July 1939, which detailed the challenges to everyday life in Chinatown and led her to push for funds to improve housing in the area. The report said that Chinatown was "a slum, a confined area largely unfit for human habitation ... [and] comparable to the worst in the world." The San Francisco Junior Chamber of Commerce announced they would perform an independent study, which

1400-407: A small decrease in case numbers. Some countries have legislation to involuntarily detain or examine those suspected to have tuberculosis, or involuntarily treat them if infected. The only available vaccine as of 2021 is bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%. It

1500-401: A tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e., they remain asymptomatic). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or

1600-474: A wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze . People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke . Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays , as well as microscopic examination and culture of bodily fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on

1700-398: Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a small, aerobic , nonmotile bacillus . The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain

1800-491: Is a growing problem, with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was thought to have a latent infection of TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people developed active TB, resulting in 1.3 million deaths, making it the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease after COVID-19 . As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in

1900-445: Is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell. The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the Ghon focus , is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe . Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in

2000-653: Is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated. Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae , M. avium , and M. kansasii . The latter two species are classified as " nontuberculous mycobacteria " (NTM) or atypical mycobacteria. NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy , but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB. When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 μm in diameter. A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Each one of these droplets may transmit

2100-404: Is at the corner of Powell and Pacific; Central is at Stockton and Pacific, and East is at Beckett (parallel to and just east of Grant) and Pacific. Central Ping Yuen is the size of East and West Ping Yuen combined and has two street addresses, so it is sometimes counted as two buildings. The east side of Central Ping Yuen has more units than the west side (64 versus 53) because the west side includes

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2200-444: Is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in most of

2300-500: Is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canettii is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa , although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti

2400-479: Is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis , Hodgkin's lymphoma , malnutrition , and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays , on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to

2500-501: Is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory . Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called sputum), scientists can identify MTB under

2600-423: Is poor as of 2019 . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stopped recommending yearly testing of health care workers without known exposure in 2019. Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and

2700-464: Is termed caseous necrosis . If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues. This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis. People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%). In many people,

2800-476: Is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, Western Europe, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing

2900-475: The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire destroyed immigration records, resulting in the immigration of paper sons and daughters: many Chinese American residents of San Francisco claimed to have been born in the city to gain citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment ; their offspring would then be citizens as well. Numerous emigrants from China purchased papers attesting they had an American citizen as

3000-552: The FBI , Kuomintang , and Chinese Communist Party each suspected there were hidden messages in the mural. One Hundred Years is currently on display at the Chinese Historical Society of America museum in the former Chinatown YWCA on Clay. An enlarged version was temporarily wrapped around a building near Stockton and Washington in 2012; the building was later demolished to make way for the new Chinatown station . Darryl Mar,

3100-657: The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development after receiving 54 out of 100 possible points during an audit. Mayor Ed Lee responded by removing all but one of the SFHA Commission members, Patricia Thomas, a Ping Yuen resident appointed by Lee in December 2012. San Francisco decided to implement the Rental Assistance Demonstration program for SFHA properties in 2014, and by October 2016,

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3200-647: The Wah Ching and the Joe Boys ) on July 4, 1977, over the sale of illegal fireworks left one Joe Boy dead and two wounded. One of those wounded, Melvin Yu, was one of the three gunmen who participated in the Golden Dragon massacre two months later on September 4. The next year, during the night of August 23, 1978, Julia Wong, a 19-year old resident of North Ping Yuen, was raped and murdered. Returning from her shift late at night, she

3300-454: The lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis ), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis"; it is also known as miliary tuberculosis . Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases. The main cause of TB

3400-420: The tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests. Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Antibiotic resistance

3500-616: The " white death ", or historically as consumption , is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria . Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis . Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus , fever , night sweats , and weight loss . Infection of other organs can cause

3600-547: The 1986 mural overlooking Willie "Woo Woo" Wong playground in Chinatown. Single room occupancy Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.151 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 391054732 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:32:39 GMT Tuberculosis Tuberculosis ( TB ), also known colloquially as

3700-557: The Chinatown Housing Bill on October 30, 1939, providing almost $ 1.4 million to build new housing for Chinatown. Although federal funding had been approved, the unnamed project (then known as Cal-1-15) was unable to proceed, as the cost of land exceeded guidelines; the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed Resolution No. 852 on March 4, 1940, pledging to support the nascent project with $ 75,000 in local funds. This

3800-693: The Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria , so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai , M. marinum , and M. kansasii . IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or interferon-gamma release assays . While some have recommend testing health care workers, evidence of benefit for this

3900-711: The North East Health Center (NEHC), a community health clinic operated by the San Francisco Department of Public Health . NEHC was at 799 Pacific on the ground floor of Central Ping Yuen, serving the Chinatown, Russian Hill , and North Beach neighborhoods. The clinic moved one block northwest to a new building at the eastern portal of the Broadway Tunnel and was renamed the Chinatown-North Beach Health Center in 1970. Anna Yuke Lee,

4000-525: The Ping Yuen Residents Improvement Association), and archived photographs of railroad and agriculture workers. The mural took approximately six weeks to complete, with support and involvement from Chinatown residents. Precita Eyes restored the mural in 2018. Josie Grant (daughter of longtine Oakland Tribune editorial cartoonist Lou Grant ) painted several murals on multiple Ping Yuen buildings from 1976 to 1982. These include

4100-514: The Pings. She was later accused of diverting state funds that had been intended to build a community resource center into Kevin Shelley 's campaign during his successful 2002 run for California Secretary of State , and resigned as President of the SFHA Commission in 2005; Lee later was sentenced to a year in prison for the diversion. The SFHA was placed on a list of "troubled" local agencies in early 2013 by

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4200-521: The SFHA censored at least one scene, which Leong had tentatively named "The Denis Kearney episode" after the notorious Workingmen's Party of California leader and the San Francisco riot of 1877 . After it was completed, the mural was criticized by the Chinatown community and was stored for decades; it was rediscovered in the late 1970s. Leong, stung by the reaction, moved to Europe in 1956. According to Leong,

4300-417: The SFHA had sold all of them, including Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen, to private developers. Under the conditions of the sale, the new developers were responsible for renovating the properties, which had become decrepit under the SFHA. Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen were sold to the nonprofit Chinatown Community Development Center (CCDC) under the leadership of Rev. Norman Fong ; the SFHA retained ownership of

4400-493: The SFHA. Ping Yuen was derived from the Chinese translation of "Pacific Terrace" and had been chosen in consultation with the local Chinese Advisory Committee. The Housing Authority commission stipulated that the Chinese characters would be used to decorate the buildings. At that point, the project was estimated to cost US$ 1,517,000 (equivalent to $ 28,290,000 in 2023) and was planned to add 232 units of subsidized family housing. It

4500-511: The United States test positive via the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times . Tuberculosis has existed since antiquity . The oldest unambiguously detected M. tuberculosis gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from

4600-601: The WHO regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%), with more than 50% of cases being diagnosed in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%). By 2021, the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2% annually. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive, while 5–10% of people in

4700-688: The active disease. Use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and infliximab (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), is another important risk factor, especially in the developed world . Other risk factors include: alcoholism , diabetes mellitus (3-fold increased risk), silicosis (30-fold increased risk), tobacco smoking (2-fold increased risk), indoor air pollution , malnutrition, young age, recently acquired TB infection, recreational drug use, severe kidney disease, low body weight, organ transplant, head and neck cancer, and genetic susceptibility (the overall importance of genetic risk factors remains undefined ). Tobacco smoking increases

4800-413: The architects' concept more closely resembled the final construction. At the time, Daniels described the style as originating from "western and northern China"; Gwendolyn Wright has called it "Chinese regionalism superimposed over a functionalist design". It matched the "faux Chinese architectural style" that had already been used elsewhere in Chinatown during its reconstruction after the 1906 earthquake in

4900-458: The arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat. In 1946, the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the " pneumothorax technique", which involved collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal. Because of

5000-423: The bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis

5100-425: The cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. During the first half of the 1900s, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". Although it

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5200-480: The cause of pulmonary tuberculosis. J. L. Schönlein first published the name "tuberculosis" (German: Tuberkulose ) in 1832. Between 1838 and 1845, John Croghan, the owner of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year. Hermann Brehmer opened

5300-468: The city required 60 days' notice to remove the murals; as part of the settlement agreement, she was paid to paint another mural at the east end of East Ping Yuen, named Unity in Diversity . Grant's daughter, Abra Brayman, is co-credited for Unity in Diversity . Jim Dong painted an untitled mural for the playground at Central Ping Yuen in 1983. Dong was born in Chinatown, raised at Ping Yuen, and also painted

5400-540: The city to the Chinatown Community Development Center in 2016, which is continuing to work with residents' associations to improve conditions. In 1893, the San Francisco Call confidently bragged that according to an agent from the United States Department of Labor , there were no slums in the city. Although Chinatown was mentioned as a notable exception, the "unsavory, unsightly quarter"

5500-472: The corner of Stockton and Sacramento. The project had been in planning since at least 1974. Shortly after completion, Ping Yuen was touted as "a development that is now an added attraction to this colorful section of the City." However, it soon gained a notorious reputation as dangerous place, with inadequate lighting and security. A shootout at Ping Yuen between rival youth gangs (part of the continuing feud between

5600-700: The declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993. There is a popular misconception that tuberculosis is purely a disease of the lungs that manifests as coughing . Tuberculosis may infect many organs, even though it most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis). Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB. General signs and symptoms include fever, chills , night sweats, loss of appetite , weight loss, and fatigue . Significant nail clubbing may also occur. If

5700-460: The design for North Ping Yuen, with landscape architecture again handled by Baylis. By 1959, plans for the Annex had grown to be eleven stories tall (nearly twice the height of the older six-story Pings), holding 194 families (almost as many as the three original buildings combined), at a cost of $ 3,182,159. Security measures, including the locked fence surrounding each building, were not added until after

5800-640: The developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV. A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus , or a tissue biopsy ). However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed. Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB. Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive , so they are not recommended. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test

5900-596: The disease became common among the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable-disease list in Britain. Campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons. The sanatoria for

6000-620: The disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection). People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including

6100-463: The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections. It involves the removal of infected chest cavities ("bullae") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream. Hopes of eliminating TB ended with the rise of drug-resistant strains in the 1980s. The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in

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6200-541: The first TB sanatorium in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko ) in Silesia . In 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin demonstrated that tuberculosis could be transmitted, via inoculation, from humans to animals and among animals. (Villemin's findings were confirmed in 1867 and 1868 by John Burdon-Sanderson . ) Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis , on 24 March 1882. In 1905, he

6300-615: The first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II. By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before

6400-586: The hope of attracting tourists. The "Pailou Gate" in front of Central Ping Yuen was modeled after the paifang to the Marble Pagoda of the West Yellow Temple in Beijing . It was the first paifang built in the United States, according to the SFHA. The inscription above the gate ( 安居其鄰 ; Ānjū qí lín ; on1 geoi1 kei4 leon4 ; 'Peace and prosperity among neighbors') is credited to Lao Tse . Similarly,

6500-431: The host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death ( necrosis ) in the center of tubercles . To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and

6600-400: The infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by

6700-439: The infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a weakened immune system and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis ),

6800-613: The infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis . Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages ( bronchi ) and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria and thus can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue. Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms

6900-547: The initial design of Ping Yuen, and handed over responsibility to the firm of Ward & Bolles after World War II. Douglas Baylis was the landscape architect. Daniels published an initial set of sketches showing a multistory building topped with fanciful pagoda roof elements in the December 1939 issue of Architect and Engineer ; the work was commissioned by the San Francisco Junior Chamber of Commerce and received favorable local press coverage. By late 1941,

7000-502: The land. Starting in 2010, the original single-pane windows and steam-heat radiators were replaced. Under CCDC, the Sustainable Chinatown initiative was launched in 2017 to improve the environmental impact of the entire community, including Ping Yuen, which is scheduled to receive a photovoltaic array and additional efficiency upgrades. Architects Mark Daniels and Henry T. Howard (son of John Galen Howard ) were selected for

7100-487: The life from the other family members. Although Richard Morton established the pulmonary form associated with tubercles as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s. Benjamin Marten conjectured in 1720 that consumptions were caused by microbes which were spread by people living close to each other. In 1819, René Laennec claimed that tubercles were

7200-525: The middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention. What later became known as the Alexandra Hospital for Children with Hip Disease (tuberculous arthritis) was opened in London in 1867. Whatever the benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years ( c. 1916). Robert Koch did not believe

7300-555: The mural that can be seen on the exterior walls behind the fences around the south end of West Ping Yuen, extending to the wall facing Trenton Alley (entitled The Bok Sen ( 8 Immortals ), 3 Wisdoms , and the Chinese Zodiac ). Grant had also painted the Ping Yuen Tai Chi Mural in 1982, but that mural was inadvertently removed in 1994 following waterproofing repairs commissioned by the SFHA. Grant sued, as her contract with

7400-412: The murder of Julia Wong and subsequent rent strike of 1978–79. The SFHA felt that a fence would make Ping Yuen resemble a concentration camp; during the renovations that started in 2016, the fence around North Ping Yuen was partially demolished. Ping Yuen (West, Central, and East) consists of one six-story building and two seven-story buildings, all of which are on the south side of Pacific. West Ping Yuen

7500-596: The newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others. A number of factors make individuals more susceptible to TB infection and/or disease. The most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent HIV infection; 13% of those with TB are also infected with HIV. This is a particular problem in sub-Saharan Africa , where HIV infection rates are high. Of those without HIV infection who are infected with tuberculosis, about 5–10% develop active disease during their lifetimes; in contrast, 30% of those co-infected with HIV develop

7600-599: The number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain , the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before

7700-645: The population and density grew steadily through the early 20th century. Local activists in Chinatown petitioned Congress to pass the Housing Act of 1937 , hoping to build interest in better housing for their neighborhood, but since that act empowered city officials to select project sites, the San Francisco Housing Authority (SFHA) continued to ignore requests from Chinese Americans. However, starting in 1938, support from prominent officials (including SFHA commissioner Alice Griffith ) began to build, and

7800-585: The prime contractor for the Annex was Cahill. North Ping Yuen was dedicated on October 29, 1961. Demand for housing at the Pings was high; by June 1968, the SFHA indicated that 778 families classified as 'other' races (97% of these were estimated to be Chinese) were on the wait list for an open apartment. Additional low-income/senior housing was approved in 1977 as the Mei Lun Yuen project by the San Francisco Planning Commission, to be built near

7900-471: The project. In February 1941, a brief news item gave notice the $ 1.5 million project had been approved. In its annual report that year, the SFHA stated they had 70% of the land under option. The name Ping Yuen ( Chinese : 平園 ; pinyin : Píng Yuán ; Jyutping : Ping4 Jyun4 ; lit. 'Peaceful' or 'Tranquil Gardens') for the new three-building project was announced on January 15, 1942, by Albert J. Evers , Executive Director of

8000-629: The rent strike. Lee, then characterized as "angry, rebellious", and a communist, convinced residents to pay their rent into an escrow holding account which was withheld from the SFHA for several months until the residents' demands were met, and the rent strike ended in January 1979. John Molinari , who represented Chinatown-North Beach on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors mediated the dispute. Other SFHA properties would follow suit with rent strikes to improve conditions in their buildings, bolstered by

8100-435: The risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the alveolar air sacs of the lungs, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages . Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis . During this process,

8200-414: The risk of infections (in addition to increasing the risk of active disease and death). Additional factors increasing infection susceptibility include young age. About 90% of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic , latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. In those with HIV,

8300-535: The spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB in the Americas from about AD 100. Before the Industrial Revolution , folklore often associated tuberculosis with vampires . When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining

8400-531: The success of the Ping Yuen rent strike. The SFHA first celebrated the Lunar New Year in 1993. After Julie Lee, a real estate investor, was appointed to the SFHA Commission in 1999, residents of Ping Yuen protested, saying that Lee was more interested in replacing Ping Yuen than fixing issues. Lee's response was that her earlier remarks had been taken out of context; the city confirmed there were no plans to replace

8500-465: The test's usefulness as a screening tool. Several vaccines are being developed. Intradermal MVA85A vaccine in addition to BCG injection is not effective in preventing tuberculosis. Public health campaigns which have focused on overcrowding, public spitting and regular sanitation (including hand washing) during the 1800s helped to either interrupt or slow spread which when combined with contact tracing, isolation and treatment helped to dramatically curb

8600-565: The top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart , skeletal muscles , pancreas , or thyroid . Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages , epithelioid cells , T lymphocytes , B lymphocytes , and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding

8700-462: The transmission of both tuberculosis and other airborne diseases which led to the elimination of tuberculosis as a major public health issue in most developed economies. Other risk factors which worsened TB spread such as malnutrition were also ameliorated, but since the emergence of HIV a new population of immunocompromised individuals was available for TB to infect. During the HIV/AIDS epidemic in

8800-542: The wife of Dr. Theodore C. Lee, was the first manager of Ping Yuen. A site was chosen for an expansion by 1956, tentatively named Ping Yuen Annex, but the cost to acquire the land exceeded the allowable formula for the number of housing units that would be built. The Annex project was expanded and ground was broken on February 2, 1960, during Chinese New Year festivities in a ceremony attended by Mayor George Christopher and Miss Chinatown USA Carole Ng. The Annex would add 194 units at an estimated cost of $ 2.3 million;

8900-633: Was added to North Ping Yuen in 2011. The SFHA commissioned James Leong to create a mural for the NEHC waiting room for $ 1,000. One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America (completed in 1952) shows eight scenes depicting Chinese contributions to California history, starting with rice fields in China, passing through the Gold Rush and Transcontinental Railroad, and ending with a family arriving at Ping Yuen. However,

9000-631: Was approximately 1 ⁄ 3 of the projected amount in excess of the guidelines; the United States Housing Authority had previously agreed to cover the remainder. Dr. Theodore C. Lee, a dentist practicing in Chinatown and head of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance, worked to secure support for the housing project and was selected to the Chinese Advisory Committee which helped in the development of

9100-456: Was attacked in a darkened stairway; Wong had been forced to use the stairway because the elevators were not working. The killer threw Wong off a balcony to the courtyard below, but she survived, so he dragged her back up and threw her off again. After Wong was killed, the SFHA installed a vandalproof panel in the elevator she would have used, but refused to similarly upgrade any of the other elevators. The Ping Yuen Residents Improvement Association

9200-514: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery. In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. In the 18th and 19th century, tuberculosis had become epidemic in Europe , showing a seasonal pattern. Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as

9300-460: Was billed as the first Chinese public housing development. However, after the United States joined World War II, further development was limited to necessary projects, and further work on Ping Yuen was suspended for the duration of the war, after the site had been acquired and plans were completed. By March 1945, the SFHA announced that Ping Yuen would be "one of the first projects [to remove] slum buildings in Chinatown". Federal approval for Ping Yuen

9400-503: Was founded in 1966 to advocate for tenants. The threat of a prior rent strike in 1977 had successfully resulted in boiler repairs, and Ping Yuen residents started a rent strike on October 1, 1978, to protest the poor repair and security conditions that had contributed to Wong's murder; striking residents were represented by public housing advocate and future Mayor Ed Lee of the Asian Law Caucus . Approximately 200 families took part in

9500-421: Was given to the low-income families displaced by the demolition of existing buildings and World War II veterans. Under the SFHA's neighborhood policy (later ruled unconstitutional in 1952 and 1953), Ping Yuen was effectively segregated and reserved for Chinese residents. In 1999, the population of Ping Yuen remained largely Asian American. A small 60 kW natural gas-fired cogeneration unit built by GM/Tecogen

9600-511: Was granted in December 1949 as the first project west of Chicago to proceed under the Housing Act of 1949 . The first contract was let immediately to Angus McLeod to demolish the existing buildings on the 2.6-acre (1.1 ha) site; one of the buildings to be demolished, at Grant and Pacific, was the Yerba Buena Building, originally completed in 1846. By that time, the three-building project was scheduled to complete on November 28, 1951, at

9700-468: Was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. World Tuberculosis Day is marked on 24 March each year, the anniversary of Koch's original scientific announcement. When the Medical Research Council formed in Britain in 1913, it initially focused on tuberculosis research. Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved

9800-481: Was published in October 1939 and largely confirmed the earlier report's findings. At the time, Chinatown had the highest rates of tuberculosis in San Francisco, and one of the arguments used to advocate for the new housing was again to prevent the spread of the disease by alleviating crowded conditions in Chinatown, which had been a target of public health officials in the city since the 1870s. President Roosevelt signed

9900-522: Was thought to be "rapidly growing smaller and may finally reach the vanishing point" as immigration had been throttled by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. By 1896, banks had stopped lending money to Chinatown residents, and the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 dealt another blow to the population. The San Jose Herald described Chinatown as "a foul, spreading ulcer in the center of San Francisco" and encouraged its complete removal, even though

10000-419: Was touted as potentially drawing more tourists to the area, it soon became known as a dangerous place, with the July 4 shooting over fireworks sales that occurred at Ping Yuen leading to the Golden Dragon massacre of 1977. The murder of Julia Wong in 1978 inspired residents to go on a rent strike, led by future mayor Ed Lee, for improvements to building maintenance and security. Ownership of Ping Yuen passed from

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