Joseph James Kinyoun (November 25, 1860 – February 14, 1919) was an American physician and the founder of the United States' Hygienic Laboratory, the predecessor of the National Institutes of Health .
90-539: His career was nearly ended by his insistence, while serving as head of the Marine Hospital Service in San Francisco, on taking vigorous measures to contain the spread of the bubonic plague . He resigned his position in 1901 after being attacked for his diagnoses, including claims by California Governor Henry Gage that he and other federal employees had falsified evidence by injecting cadavers with bacilli. He
180-568: A Christian music station, are located in Port Townsend. The Netflix series "Dead Boy Detectives" was based in Port Townsend, WA. Port Townsend is twinned with Ichikawa, Hyōgo , Japan . A group of local students participate in an exchange with this city during the summer. According to the Washington State Lieutenant Governor's website, Port Townsend also has a sister city relationship with Jalapa , Nicaragua , though
270-531: A booming shipping port and major city. When the depression hit, those plans lost the capital to continue and rail lines ended on the east side of Puget Sound, mainly in Tumwater , Tacoma , and Seattle . With the other Puget Sound ports growing in size, Port Townsend saw a rapid decline in population when the Northern Pacific Railroad failed to connect the city to the eastern Puget Sound city of Tacoma. By
360-667: A city health department official, after finding suspiciously swollen lymph glands. Wilson and O'Brien then summoned Wilfred H. Kellogg, San Francisco's city bacteriologist, and the three men performed an autopsy as night closed. Looking through his microscope, Kellogg thought he saw plague bacilli. Late at night, Kellogg ran the suspicious samples of lymph fluid to Angel Island to be tested on animals in Kinyoun's better-equipped laboratory - an operation that would take at least four days. On March 11, Kinyoun's lab presented its results. Two guinea pigs and one rat died after being exposed to samples from
450-520: A different Bureau of Medical Services within the Health Services Administration in 1973. Large new buildings were constructed for many Marine Hospitals in the 1920s and 1930s, and the system reached its peak of 30 hospitals in 1943. A wave of closings in 1944–1953 mainly targeted hospitals that had not been upgraded, and another wave during 1965–1970 closed the remaining hospitals at inland locations, leaving eight general hospitals and
540-424: A dock near the outfall of Chinatown's sewers may have allowed rats carrying the plague to leave the ship and transmit the infection. However, it is difficult to trace the infection to a single vessel. Wherever it came from, the disease was soon established in the cramped Chinese ghetto neighborhood; a sudden increase in dead rats was observed as local rats became infected. Rumors of the plague's presence abounded in
630-507: A moderate Mediterranean climate with damp, chilly (though not severe) winters and warm, dry summers. It lies in the Olympic rain shadow and receives an average of only 19.04 inches (483.6 mm) annual precipitation. However, the environment is not as dry as the mean yearly total would suggest; cool breezes and fog from the Juan de Fuca Strait provide a comfortable level of humidity. According to
720-654: A nearby drive-in theater is open during the summer. Key City Public Theatre is the local playhouse presenting many award-winning productions and Shakespeare in the Park in the summer. Starting in August 2019, Fort Worden began hosting a music festival called "THING", created by Adam Zacks, the founder of the Sasquatch! Music Festival . In 2023, Fleet Foxes , an indie-folk group from Seattle, led by Port Townsend's notable musician Robin Pecknold,
810-700: A professor of bacteriology and pathology at George Washington University before becoming a bacteriologist for the District of Columbia Health Department, a position he held until his death. He also worked with colleagues at the MHS and other agencies on a variety of public health problems, especially water quality, bacillary dysentery, and hookworm disease in poor Southern children. His interest in disease prevention led him to advocate reforms on public health issues as basic sanitation and hygiene, tuberculosis control, water safety, meat safety, bread quality, and milk sanitation. Kinyoun
900-550: A safer, more reliable, and widely used smallpox vaccination technique, the "Kinyoun method," which featured rapid rolling of the needle parallel to the skin surface, and "Kinyoun portable bed disinfectors" for bedding, clothing, dressings, and for killing lice. James and Susan Elizabeth "Lizzie" Perry married in 1883. His wife was active in groups such as the Committee of Women of the National Tuberculosis Congress and
990-733: A second quarantine, as well as blocking all East Asians from entering state borders. Wyman also instructed Kinyoun to inoculate all persons of Asian heritage in Chinatown, using an experimental vaccine developed by Waldemar Haffkine , one known to have severe side effects. Kinyoun privately argued against the harshest public health measures, warning Wyman that a quarantine might be unconstitutional, and urged California to concentrate its plague control efforts on killing rats rather than imposing quarantine and isolation, but nonetheless carried out Wyman's orders. On May 15, Kinyoun, with Board of Health support, declared an epidemic. The local press claimed that
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#17328520159051080-408: A special commission to Washington, D.C. , consisting of Southern Pacific, newspaper and shipping lawyers, to negotiate a settlement with the MHS, whereby the federal government would remove Kinyoun from San Francisco with the promise that the state would secretly cooperate with the MHS in stamping out the plague epidemic. Wyman agreed to this proposal, forever damaging his relationship with Kinyoun, who
1170-443: Is Jefferson Healthcare , which operates Jefferson Healthcare Hospital . Major industries include maritime trades, manufacturing, tourism, and timber. The sign entering town names Port Townsend a "Victorian Seaport and Arts Community". Reflecting the numerous artists in the area, downtown has many galleries and two artists' collectives. The nonprofit Northwind Art is located in the 1885 Waterman & Katz Building downtown. There
1260-402: Is a monthly Art Walk, and a plethora of classes, workshops, and training are available locally. Fort Worden State Park is home to a number of cultural organizations and venues. Centrum is a culture and arts organization that hosts a multitude of concerts, festivals, and workshops. These include "Fiddle Tunes", blues, jazz, voice, chamber music, and more. Copper Canyon Press , the poetry press,
1350-670: Is adjacent to the Admiralty Inlet and a trio of state parks built on retired artillery installations ( Fort Worden , Fort Casey , and Fort Flagler ). The city and its surroundings are well-treed, with large Douglas fir dominant over many other tree species in the remaining wooded areas. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 9.46 square miles (24.50 km ), of which 6.98 square miles (18.08 km ) are land and 2.48 square miles (6.42 km ), or 26.22%, are water. Port Townsend has
1440-560: Is host to several annual events such as the Port Townsend Wooden Boat festival , Kinetic Skulpture Race [ sic ] (since 1983), the Rhododendron Festival, Port Townsend Film Festival , and the annual blues and jazz festival. Boating and maritime life are central elements in this port town, with regattas, weekly races, and a multitude of recreational opportunities, including annual boating events such as
1530-539: Is in a Romanesque architectural style, as popularized by Henry Hobson Richardson , with a 125-foot bell tower. In 1976, the Downtown waterfront and parts of Uptown were designated a Registered Historic District. Later, Fort Worden (now part of Fort Worden State Park ) and the City of Port Townsend were designated National Historic Landmarks . The Bell Tower on the bluff above downtown is one of two known towers of this type in
1620-476: Is located on the waterfront, and features a wooden boat shop. The Port Townsend Marine Science Center has facilities at Fort Worden State Park. A non-binding resolution was passed by the city council in 2022 declaring that a local sub-group of killer whales , known as the Southern resident orcas , have rights of nature and should be protected due to the orca's significant "cultural, spiritual, and economic" value to
1710-508: Is located there, as are facilities for Goddard College , Madrona Mindbody Institute, Peninsula College , and the Port Townsend School of Woodworking. In late October and November 1981, Fort Worden was the central filming location for the 1982 movie An Officer And A Gentleman starring Richard Gere . Port Townsend has two dance schools for children and adults. The city is also home to Port Townsend Symphony Orchestra. Port Townsend
1800-619: Is used to this day by the Public Health Service. In 1873, Dr. Woodworth's title was changed to "Supervising Surgeon General," a forerunner of the modern-day office of Surgeon General of the United States . Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians, who could be assigned as needed to the various Marine Hospitals. The commissioned officer corps was established by legislation in 1889, and signed by President Grover Cleveland . At first open only to physicians , over
1890-445: The 2020 census , there were 10,148 people in the city. The population density was 1,461.8 people per square mile (460.3/km ). There were 5,371 housing units at an average density of 607.8 per square mile (234.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 89.4% White , 0.9% African American , 0.6% Native American , 1.4% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.5% of
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#17328520159051980-630: The Kinyoun stain, a procedure used to stain acid-fast bacteria. Joseph James "Joe" Kinyoun was born November 25, 1860, in East Bend, North Carolina , the oldest of five children born to Elizabeth Ann Conrad and John Hendricks Kinyoun. His family settled in Post Oak, Missouri in 1866 after his house burned down during the Civil War. At the age of 16, he studied medicine with his father, John Hendricks Kinyoun, who
2070-674: The National Leprosarium operating. The system was abolished in 1981, with the last eight general hospitals transferred to other organizations, and the remaining functions of the Bureau of Medical Services merged into the present Bureau of Primary Health Care within the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). PHS would however continue to operate the National Leprosarium until 1999. Other pre-1912 divisions of
2160-619: The Order of the Liberator . The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ' Joseph J. Kinyoun Memorial Lecture is named in his honor. Marine Hospital Service The Marine Hospital Service was an organization of Marine Hospitals dedicated to the care of ill and disabled seamen in the United States Merchant Marine , the U.S. Coast Guard and other federal beneficiaries. The Marine Hospital Service evolved into
2250-604: The Oregon Territory (1846) and California (1848) hospitals were built in 1850s at Pacific Coast harbors. Following the Civil War , public outcry and scandal surrounded the Marine Hospital Fund. In 1869, Dr. John Shaw Billings , a prominent Army surgeon, was appointed to head an investigation of the Marine Hospital Fund. Dr. Billings found the hospital fund to be inadequate and completely disorganized. In June 1870
2340-743: The San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 . A Japanese ship, the S.S. Nippon Maru , arriving in San Francisco Bay in June 1899, had two plague deaths at sea, and there were two more cases of stowaways found dead in the bay, with postmortem cultures proving they had the plague. Similar incidents occurred in other ports: in New York in November 1899, the British ship J.W. Taylor brought three cases of plague from Brazil, but
2430-561: The U.S. Public Health Service . It was the point of origin for several components of the current Public Health Service, including the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , the National Institutes of Health , and multiple programs now incorporated into the Health Resources and Services Administration . The origins of the system of Marine Hospitals can be traced to the passage, by the 5th Congress of
2520-550: The poverty line . As of the 2010 census , there were 9,113 people, 4,544 households, and 2,322 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,305.6 inhabitants per square mile (504.1/km ). There were 5,193 housing units at an average density of 744.0 per square mile (287.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.4% White , 0.5% African American , 1.1% Native American , 1.7% Asian , 0.3% Pacific Islander , 0.8% from other races , and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.3% of
2610-606: The rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains , receiving only 19 inches or 480 millimeters of rain per year. The bay was originally named "Port Townshend" by Captain George Vancouver in 1792, for his friend the Marquis of Townshend . It was immediately recognized as a good safe harbor, although strong south winds and poor holding ground often make small-craft anchorage problematic off the town's waterfront. The official founding of
2700-717: The 41st Congress formally converted the loose network of locally controlled marine hospitals, the Marine Hospital Fund, into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. This reorganization made the Marine Hospital Service into its own bureau within the Department of the Treasury. Dr. John Maynard Woodworth was subsequently appointed to the Service as "Supervising Surgeon." He transformed
2790-613: The American city of the same name took place on April 24, 1851. Indian tribes located in what is now Jefferson County in the mid-19th century included the Chimakum (or Chemakum), Hoh (a group of the Quileute ), Klallam (or Clallam), Quinault , and Twana (the Kilcid band — Anglicized as "Quilcene"). Port Townsend is called the "City of Dreams" because of the early speculation that the city would be
Joseph J. Kinyoun - Misplaced Pages Continue
2880-580: The Army as an expert epidemiologist assigned to North and South Carolina assigned to investigate statewide typhoid epidemics. During his service he was diagnosed with lymphosarcoma. Joseph Kinyoun died on February 14, 1919, in Washington, DC. A collection of his papers is held at the National Library of Medicine. In 1899, Kinyoun was decorated "in recognition of scientific services," by Venezuela as an Officer of
2970-454: The Division of Marine Hospitals and Relief, Division of Domestic (Interstate) Quarantine, Division of Insular and Foreign Quarantine and Immigration, Division of Personnel and Accounts, Division of Sanitary Reports and Statistics, Division of Scientific Research and Sanitation, and Miscellaneous Division, although there were minor name changes after this time. In 1902, the Marine Hospital Service
3060-590: The Federal Building (now commonly known as the city's post office), the Rose Theatre, and the Elks Lodge, which now houses Silverwater Cafe. Fort Worden , now a state park, has retained some of its pre- World War I architecture built when it was a military facility. Buildings have been adapted for other uses, including the publicly available Olympic Youth Hostel, which closed in 2011. The Jefferson County Courthouse
3150-806: The Food Coop (414 Kearney Street), the Northwest Maritime Center (431 Water Street), and at Safeway (442 W Sims Way) The community is served by two local news sources, the Port Townsend & Jefferson County Leader and the Peninsula Daily News—Port Townsend/Jefferson County Edition An online journal, the Liberty Magazine is based in the city. Two radio stations, the education-based KPTZ Radio Port Townsend, 91.9FM , and KROH Radio of Hope, 91.1FM ,
3240-597: The Hygienic Laboratory into three new divisions with numerous additional personnel. Kinyoun had drafted this statute. Kinyoun had also been an active supporter of a bill to establish federal regulation of biological products such as serums and vaccines. Congress passed that bill the same day as Kinyoun's bill to expand the MHS. After leaving government service, Kinyoun went to work for H. K. Mulford Company in Glenolden, Pennsylvania (now part of Merck & Co. ), then as
3330-592: The MHS was violating their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment , obtained a temporary restraining order blocking the quarantine order from federal District Judge William W. Morrow. Residents of San Francisco's Chinatown , resentful of being singled out for blame for the plague by authorities, resisted efforts to inspect their homes. California Governor Henry Gage, a close ally of the Southern Pacific Railroad and other business interests, joined in
3420-584: The MHS, Gage pushed a censorship bill to gag any media reports of plague infection. The bill failed in the California State Legislature , yet other laws to gag reports amongst the medical community were enacted and $ 100,000 was allocated to a public campaign led by Gage to deny the plague's existence. In his final speech to the California State Legislature in early January 1903, Gage blamed the federal government, in particular, Kinyoun,
3510-602: The MHS, and the San Francisco Board of Health for damaging the state's economy. Although his colleagues in the MHS and the medical community supported him and urged him not to retire, Kinyoun believed he had no alternative and resigned on May 1, 1902. Two months later, Congress expanded the MHS, renaming it the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service (later the Public Health Service), and formalized and expanded
3600-669: The Marine Hospital Service for the port, with a promotion to the rank of surgeon (equivalent to lieutenant commander ) on August 5. San Francisco, which received ship traffic from Hawaii and a number of other ports where the plague was endemic, was likely to be a key battleground against the spread of the plague. The federal MHS had an uneasy relationship with state authorities in California, who had clashed with its past enforcement efforts. Wyman ordered Kinyoun to pay no attention to California quarantine officials, which ultimately put Kinyoun at odds with California Governor Henry Tifft Gage during
3690-644: The Marine Hospital Service have descendants that operate to the present day: Today, the records for these institutions sit in storage at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland and the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. The hospitals themselves were, by the middle of the 19th century, fairly imposing and architecturally grand structures in many cases. As long as ample federal funding
Joseph J. Kinyoun - Misplaced Pages Continue
3780-670: The Marine Hospital Service. However, the Public Health Act of 1879 created the National Board of Health , through which quarantine authority was shared with the U.S. Army and Navy; this arrangement was not reauthorized by Congress in 1883, and its powers reverted solely to the Marine Hospital Service. Over the next half a century, the Marine Hospital Service increasingly took over quarantine functions from individual state authorities. The Marine Hospitals, as their name suggests, were hospitals constructed at key sea and river ports across
3870-478: The Port Townsend Police Department was established. Railroads were built to reach more areas in the 1870s–1890s, and Port Townsend was to be the northwest extension of the rail lines. Its port was large and frequented by overseas vessels, so shipping of goods and timber from the area was a major part of the economy. Many of the buildings were built on the speculation that Port Townsend would become
3960-570: The Port Townsend School of Woodworking. State Route 20 runs southwest from Port Townsend 13 miles (21 km) to U.S. Route 101 at Discovery Bay . Port Angeles is 47 miles (76 km) west of Port Townsend by highway, and Bremerton is 48 miles (77 km) to the south. In addition to road links, the city is accessible via the Washington State Ferries system, which has a route from Port Townsend to Coupeville on Whidbey Island . Electric vehicle charging stations are located at
4050-575: The Race to Alaska and Seventy48. The marine trades industry is an anchor economic driver for the community, with highly skilled, world-renowned tradespeople. The port is home to many classic wooden boats, and gets visits from owners of others seeking repairs. Since 1999, Port Townsend has held its annual international film festival in September. The Rose Theatre downtown shows contemporary American and foreign films. The Uptown Theater shows family-oriented films, and
4140-590: The United States , of " An Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen " in 1798. This act created Marine Hospitals to care for sick seamen. The Marine Hospital Fund was placed under the Revenue Marine Service (a forerunner of the present-day Coast Guard ) within the Department of the Treasury . It was the first federal health law. It authorized a tax, which was the deduction of twenty cents per month from
4230-604: The United States. It was used from 1890 to the 1940s to call volunteer firefighters. It was restored in 2003 by the Jefferson County Historical Society. The second bell tower is located in Helena, Montana , and was also used for fire alarms during the late 19th century. A history museum is located downtown and the Port Townsend Aero Museum is located at the local airport. The Northwest Maritime Center
4320-446: The Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense during the First World War . The couple had at least five children: Bettie Kinyoun; Joseph Perry Kinyoun; Alice Kinyoun Houts; Conrad Kinyoun; and John Nathan Kinyoun. After his first child, Bettie died at the age of 3 from contracting diphtheria , he poured himself into his work and even set up a public diphtheria laboratory at Georgetown Medical School. In 1917, Kinyoun joined
4410-451: The area, and many buildings were abandoned. Port Townsend's economy was very weak until the 1920s, when a paper mill was built on the edge of the town. The bay is now home to Naval Magazine Indian Island , the US Navy's primary munitions-handling dock on the Pacific coast. Since the 1970s new residents, including many retirees, have moved to town. The waterfront retail district has restaurants, services, and tourist destinations. Since 1999,
4500-456: The average family size was 2.67. 205 of these households were on the waiting list of the Housing Choice Voucher Program as of 2003. Age distribution was 19.6% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males. The median household income
4590-470: The care of merchant seamen in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, beginning with the control of infectious disease . Starting in the mid-14th century, ships entering harbors were quarantined when any of the crew was sick. This practice was normal procedure at United States harbors, with quarantine originally a function of the individual states, rather than of the Federal Government. The National Quarantine Act of 1878 vested quarantine authority to
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#17328520159054680-441: The cases were confined to the ship. The Japanese freighter S.S. Nanyo Maru arrived in Port Townsend, Washington on January 30, 1900, with 3 deaths out of 17 cases of confirmed plague. In this atmosphere of grave danger, in January 1900, Kinyoun ordered all ships coming to San Francisco from China, Japan, Australia, and Hawaii to fly yellow flags to warn of possible plague on board. Many entrepreneurs and sailing men felt that this
4770-407: The city has had an annual international film festival in September. Other cultural programming, some at Fort Worden, now a state park, includes a Wooden Boat Festival, writers' conference, playwrighting festival, and blues and jazz festivals, in addition to music, dance, and live theater performances. The town has two independent movie theaters, both upgraded by 2014 to handle digital film. Because of
4860-432: The city, quickly gaining the notice of authorities from MHS stationed on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay , including Chief Kinyoun. On February 7, 1900, Wong Chut King, the owner of a lumber yard, died in his bed after suffering for four weeks. In the morning, the body was taken to a Chinese undertaker, where it was examined by San Francisco police surgeon Frank P. Wilson on March 6, 1900. Wilson called for A.P. O'Brien,
4950-431: The city. The population density was 1,191.8 people per square mile (460.3/km ). There were 4,250 housing units at an average density of 607.8 per square mile (234.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.27% White , 0.58% African American , 1.25% Native American , 1.27% Asian , 0.23% Pacific Islander , 0.89% from other races , and 2.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.30% of
5040-413: The course of the 20th century, the Corps expanded to include veterinarians , dentists , physician assistants, sanitary engineers, pharmacists , nurses , environmental health officers , scientists , and other types of health professionals . It is now known as the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service . The scope of activities of the Marine Hospital Service began to expand well beyond
5130-412: The epidemic was a hoax that Kinyoun had invented to increase his agency's funding. Gage responded to the declaration by urging California's other elected officials, as well as party leaders and delegates to the Republican National Convention, to put pressure on President William McKinley to reverse the MHS's plague eradication measures and to remove Kinyoun from his position. Behind the scenes, Gage sent
5220-731: The fight. Governor Gage publicly denied the existence of any pestilential outbreak in San Francisco, fearing that any word of the bubonic plague 's presence would deeply damage the city's and state's economy. Supportive newspapers, such as the Call , the Chronicle and the Bulletin , echoed and elaborated on Gage's denials, attacking Kinyoun personally. One newspaper claimed, without any factual basis, that Kinyoun had released his laboratory monkeys into San Francisco. Death threats were made against him, requiring him to travel with bodyguards under an assumed name. The clash between Gage and federal authorities intensified. U.S. Surgeon General Walter Wyman instructed Kinyoun to place Chinatown under
5310-439: The first victim, proving the plague was indeed in Chinatown. On March 13, another lab animal, a monkey who was exposed to the plague, died. All the dead animals tested positive for the plague bacteria. San Francisco authorities initially responded by declaring a quarantine that would have prevented persons of Asian descent from leaving the affected areas, but relaxed the restriction when a Chinese cultural association, claiming that
5400-590: The fisherman, who was suspected of aiding the escapee, and that Kinyoun had actually intervened to defend him. Despite the secret agreement for Kinyoun's removal, Gage went back on his promise of assisting federal authorities and continued to obstruct their study and quarantine efforts. Between 1901 and 1902, the plague outbreak continued to worsen. In a 1901 address to both houses of the California State Legislature , Gage accused federal authorities, particularly Kinyoun, of injecting plague bacteria into cadavers . In response to what he said to be massive scaremongering by
5490-446: The four main epidemic diseases that the laboratory investigated. A bubonic plague epidemic that had raged through India and East Asia for nearly fifty years had reached the Hawaiian Islands in 1899. Kinyoun had warned in 1895 that the plague would eventually reach the United States and had begun researching the plague in 1896. In 1899, Surgeon General Walter Wyman transferred Kinyoun to the San Francisco Quarantine station as head of
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#17328520159055580-429: The future of immunology and the still-novel concept of natural and acquired immunity. He took part in many other professional societies, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Association of American Physicians . In 1915, he developed the Kinyoun stain, a procedure used to stain acid-fast bacteria. It was a variation of a method developed by Robert Koch in 1882. He developed
5670-425: The hospitals of the service were also expanded to include research and prevention work as well as the care of patients. Aside from merchant seamen, members of the military , immigrants, Native Americans , other federal beneficiaries, and people affected by chronic and epidemic diseases found a source for health care in the MHS and its hospitals. In 1899, the Marine Hospital Service first formed internal divisions:
5760-427: The largest harbor on the west coast of the United States. Guarding the gate of Puget Sound , it would become known by its other nickname, the "Key City," a title that remains to this day. By the late 19th century, Port Townsend was a well-known seaport, very active and banking on the future. Many homes and buildings were built during that time, with most of the architecture ornate Victorian. During this period, in 1888,
5850-443: The late 1890s, the boom was over. Without the railroad to spur economic growth, the town shrank and investors looked elsewhere to make a good return. (The Milwaukee Road built a short spur to the pulpmill and barged cars over from Anacortes .) Over the decades that followed, Port Townsend maintained its economic stability in a variety of ways, including the development of artillery fortifications at Fort Worden . Many people left
5940-416: The major port cities, with Boston being the site of the first such facility, followed later by others including in the Baltimore vicinity at Curtis Bay . As the boundaries of the United States expanded , and harbors were built on other coasts, so too were marine hospitals. In the 1830s and 1840s they were built along inland waterways, the Great Lakes , and the Gulf of Mexico . After the acquisition of
6030-418: The nation to provide health care for merchant marine sailors. Aside from the well-being of these sailors, the hospitals provided a key monitoring and gate-keeping function against pathogenic diseases. As immigration increased dramatically in the late 19th century, the Federal Government also took over the processing of immigrants from the individual states, beginning in 1891 . The Marine Hospital Service
6120-403: The nation's first federal bacteriology laboratory. His code name during his MHS career was Abutment. As the director of the Hygienic Laboratory, he researched on a plethora of different infectious diseases and their respective etiology and vaccine treatment while urging necessary hospital protocols and regulations for isolation of infected patients. Cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, and plague were
6210-427: The northeast tip of the Olympic Peninsula , the city is known for the many Victorian buildings remaining from its late 19th-century heyday, numerous annual cultural events, and as a maritime center for independent boatbuilders and related industries and crafts. The Port Townsend Historic District is a U.S. National Historic Landmark District . It is also significantly drier than the surrounding region due to being in
6300-413: The population. 1.6% of the population is under the age of 5 years, 11.1% of the population is under the age of 18 years and 40.5% of the population are 65 years of age or older. 54.6% of the population are female. 4.8% of the population are foreign born and 9.7% of the population have been identified as Armed Service Veterans. The median household income was $ 59,193, and 14.0% of the population were below
6390-405: The population. There were 3,917 households, of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.8% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and
6480-439: The population. There were 4,544 households, of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.9% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
6570-599: The present day. The Port Townsend Historic District, an area including many Victorian-era buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. Port Townsend is located on the Quimper Peninsula which extends out of the extreme northeastern end of the Olympic Peninsula , on the north end of a large, semi-protected bay. Port Townsend
6660-517: The service into a disciplined organization based on his experience in the Union Army as a surgeon. Dr. Woodworth required his physicians to be a mobile work force stationed where the service was in need, and he mandated the daily wear uniforms. This eventually led to the creation of the modern-day Public Health Service Commissioned Corps . Dr. Woodworth, using Army-style heraldry, created the Marine Hospital Service fouled anchor and caduceus seal which
6750-675: The speed at which the economy declined in the 1890s and the lack of any industry to replace it, very few of the Victorian buildings were torn down or built over in the intervening period. They were essentially preserved for nearly 100 years, when the value of protecting them was appreciated and fostered. Unlike most cities in the Pacific Northwest that were ravaged by natural and man-made disasters such as fire and earthquakes, prominent examples of public, private, and business buildings from nearly every period of Port Townsend's history have survived to
6840-524: The state and its citizens. The U.S. government has exclusive jurisdiction more than three miles offshore. Public education in the city is administered by Port Townsend School District, which includes Salish Coast Elementary School, Blue Heron Middle School, and Port Townsend High School . Private schools in the city include Olympic Range Carden Academy and Swan School. Adult education opportunities are available at Fort Worden through Goddard College, Peninsula College, Centrum Foundation, Northwind Art, and
6930-463: The wages of the seamen. This tax raised funds for physicians and to support the network of hospitals. The tax was about 1% of the wages of maritime sailors. (In 1884, the tax was abolished and in 1906 funds were dispensed by Congress.) The act led to the gradual creation of a network of hospitals along coastal and inland waterways. They were initially located along the East Coast , at the harbors of
7020-562: The year operations began as a U.S. Marine Hospitals. Not all hospitals are shown. Structures that are still extant are marked with an asterisk (*). Port Townsend, Washington Port Townsend / ˈ t aʊ n z ən d / is a city on the Quimper Peninsula in Jefferson County , Washington , United States. The population was 10,148 at the 2020 United States Census . It is the county seat and only incorporated city of Jefferson County . In addition to its natural scenery at
7110-506: Was $ 34,536, and the median family income was $ 47,027. Males had a median income of $ 38,013 versus $ 27,753 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 22,395. About 8.9% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over. The largest private employer is the Port Townsend Paper Mill. The largest employer overall (private and public)
7200-438: Was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.60. The median age in the city was 53 years. 16.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.4% were from 25 to 44; 36.7% were from 45 to 64; and 24.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female. According to the 2000 census , there were 8,334 people, 3,917 households and 2,201 families residing in
7290-526: Was a general practitioner. His family joined a Baptist church. Kinyoun was educated at St. Louis Medical College and graduated from Bellevue Medical College in 1882 with an M.D. degree. He did postdoctoral studies in pathology and bacteriology at the Carnegie Laboratory, where he became the first bacteriology student and studied cholera . Then he was a visiting scientist in Europe under Robert Koch . He
7380-617: Was active in many national professional societies, serving as Vice President of the American Society of Tropical Medicine [and Hygiene] during its first full year in 1904 and as First Vice President of the American Public Health Association in 1906. In 1909, Kinyoun served as president of the American Society for Microbiology , which he had helped form more than a decade earlier; he devoted his presidential address to
7470-492: Was assigned the responsibility for the medical inspection of arriving immigrants at sites such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor . Commissioned officers played a major role in fulfilling the Service's commitment to prevent disease from entering the country. As the nation grew, the scope of Marine Hospital Service's duties grew to include domestic and foreign quarantine and other national public health functions. Over time,
7560-503: Was available for their construction, these hospitals were impressive examples of government-provided health care. The hospitals of the early 20th century in major port cities such as New Orleans , San Francisco , and Savannah displayed ornate architectural detail and reflected many of the changes sweeping medicine at the time. In addition to the major hospitals, many lower-class hospitals and clinics existed. A chronological gallery of hospitals constructed prior to 1912 follow, showing
7650-509: Was awarded a Ph.D. from Georgetown University in 1896. On October 4, 1886, Kinyoun began his career in the Marine Hospital Service at Staten Island Quarantine Station as an assistant surgeon, taking over the direction of the Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887. When the Surgeon General moved the laboratory from Staten Island to Washington, DC in 1891, he placed 26-year-old Kinyoun in charge of
7740-462: Was bad for business, and unfair to ships that were free of plague. City promoters were confident that plague could not take hold, and they were unhappy with what they saw as Kinyoun's high-handed abuse of authority. In January 1900, the four-masted steamship S.S. Australia laid anchor in the Port of San Francisco . The ship sailed between Honolulu and San Francisco regularly. Cargo from Honolulu unloaded at
7830-525: Was reassigned to Detroit immediately after the meeting. Before Kinyoun left for Detroit in May 1901 he had to face one final tribulation: the claim by a deaf-mute fisherman who claimed that Kinyoun, who had vaccinated him, had ordered riflemen to shoot him. Kinyoun initially attempted to avoid arrest by hiding out at an Army post, but turned himself in. He was ultimately exonerated when testimony showed that soldiers pursuing an escaped prisoner had fired warning shots at
7920-528: Was renamed the "Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service." In 1912, as the emphasis of its responsibilities shifted from sailors to general public health, the name was changed again to the "Public Health Service" to encompass its diverse and changing mission. The Division of Hospitals, which contained the Marine Hospital system, became part of the Bureau of Medical Services in 1943, and was eventually renamed as
8010-562: Was the listed headliner. Due to difficult accessibility to the event because of Port Townsend's location, coupled with limited lodging options and low revenue, the THING festival would not return to the city in 2024. Port Townsend is noted for its Victorian houses and significant historical buildings. The city has more than a dozen large, well-preserved buildings, including the Port Townsend Public Library (a 1913 Carnegie Library ),
8100-448: Was ultimately proven correct by independent testing and the appearance of further cases. Kinyoun's later career was spent in private companies and as a professor of bacteriology and pathology at George Washington University before becoming a bacteriologist for the District of Columbia Health Department, a position he held until his death. In 1909, Kinyoun served as president of the American Society for Microbiology . In 1915, he developed
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