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67-663: A pillow is a support of the body at rest for comfort , therapy , or decoration. Pillows are used in different variations by many species, including humans . Some types of pillows include throw pillows, body pillows, decorative pillows, and many more. Pillows that aid sleeping are a form of bedding that supports the head and neck. Other types of pillows are designed to support the body when lying down or sitting. There are also pillows that consider human body shape for increased comfort during sleep. Decorative pillows used on beds, couches or chairs are sometimes referred to as cushions . In contemporary western culture, pillows consist of

134-629: A sham which is closed on all sides and usually has a slit in the back through which the pillow is placed. Rectangular standard bed pillow cases usually do not have zippers, but instead, have one side open all the time. Often, a zippered pillow protector is placed around standard pillows with the case in turn covering the protector. Fillers are chosen on the basis of comfort, resilience, thermal properties, cost and also for medical and ethical reasons. The most common synthetic fillers are materials derived from polymer fibers, such as polyester and memory foam . Synthetic fillers in general are inexpensive and in

201-462: A vase with carved peony scrolls in Indianapolis uses this technique. Other techniques include the shallow carving common on other Song ceramics such as Ding ware and celadon or greenwares, incising, stamping, and working with a roulette or tool with a ridged wheel. In earlier sgraffito pieces backgrounds are often patterned by "ring-matting", impressing the end of a piece of bamboo through

268-519: A 5cm-10cm valance round all four sides. With a hemstitched or corded decoration around the inner edge of the valance." The opening/closure of pillow cases ranges from the straightforward "bag style" common in the United States to the "housewife style" more common in Europe, with a pocket inside the open end to fully contain the pillow. "Housewife is ... essentially a bag, with a flap in the open end to tuck

335-568: A boyfriend pillow) is a large, high-backed pillow with two "arms." It is used to prop the user upright while in bed or on the floor, as for reading or watching television . Because of this common use, a husband pillow is also called a reading pillow. A pillow fight is a common game mostly played by young children (but also by teens and adults) in which they engage in mock physical conflict, using pillows as weapons. Pillow fights are known to occasionally occur during children's sleepovers. Since pillows are usually soft, injuries rarely occur. The heft of

402-429: A child was exposed to many snacks growing up, they may focus on more snack-related comfort foods later on in life. Food preference ranges through male/female, and younger/older. Females and the young demographic prefer snack-related comfort foods, while the male and older demographic prefer meal-related comfort foods. Thermal comfort is a satisfaction of the ambient air temperature and humidity. Psychologists devised

469-649: A coating of white or, less often, black or brown slip was applied all over to hide this not very attractive body. After decoration a glaze was applied, normally this was transparent but, especially in later periods, green and turquoise glazes were used, including over slip-painting . Additionally, the same kilns often produced wares glazed in black and brown, and less decorated. Conventionally, and perhaps rather artificially, these are not usually classified as Cizhou wares (unless highly decorated) but by such terms as "Northern black wares", or "Northern dark wares". As well as underglaze slip-painting, overglaze enamelling

536-431: A dual purpose. They often have fancy cover material which serves to decorate the room where they are found. Since decorative textiles are commonly 54 inches in width, many decorative pillows finish about 17x17 inches. (54/3 = 18, less seam allowance) When used to decorate a fully made up bed, decorative pillows are likely thrown aside at bedtime, since they are not covered with a washable pillow case, thus, while found on

603-565: A few universal themes of comfort that apply to everyone. Most of these universal themes falls under the physical comfort such as contact comfort, comfort food, and thermal comfort. Contact comfort is satisfaction with someone's touch, like a parent's embrace. This is essential to a child's development. Harry Harlow study One of the most famous developmental psychological studies is Harry Harlow 's development experiment with monkeys. He separated baby monkeys at birth and raised them with surrogate mothers. There were two types of surrogate mothers:

670-418: A first firing of the glazed body at about 1200°C or more, followed by a further firing at a lower temperature of about 800°C after the glaze or lead-based enamels had been applied; these would not have given the right colours at a high temperature. Although strongly based in the north, some Cizhou-type wares were produced in the south, and the products were very widely distributed across China, even if little

737-412: A handy decorative pillow for lumbar support, as needed, while seated on a sofa. Likewise, for the occasional nap, decorative pillows are handy for supporting the head or neck, even though they may not be covered with a pillow case, as are bed pillows. There are five common synonyms for decorative pillows which are descriptive of their use in the home. "Accent" pillows emphasize or accent some other part of

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804-612: A human was considered to be the essence of life and sacred. The Romans and Greeks of ancient Europe mastered the creation of the softer type pillow. These pillows were stuffed with reeds , feathers , and straw in order to make them softer and more comfortable. Only upper-class people typically owned these softer pillows; however, all classes of people were allowed to use some type of pillow while sleeping, lying down or sitting in order to give them support. People in ancient Europe started to use pillows when going to church in order to kneel on while praying and to place holy books on. This

871-509: A metal wire one, and one covered with cloth. Each was equipped with a nozzle from which the baby monkeys could "breast" feed. The surrogate mother covered in cloth represented comfort. At the end of the experiment, the psychologist saw that the monkeys would choose the cloth surrogate over the wire surrogate. They concluded that having basic needs is essential, but there is the need for closeness and affection. This experiment justified that importance of comfort and warmth for child development. All

938-407: A night using specifically selected ironwood pillows, sturdy pillows enabled great apes to escape being hunted by night predators and not fall out of the trees while asleep. It is likely that this was necessitated by the evolution of large, energy-consuming brains. Though it may also have led to longer periods of REM sleep , that in turn increased their cognitive capacity. The earliest recorded use of

1005-453: A person might sit in a chair without discomfort, but still find the addition of a pillow to the chair to increase their feeling of comfort. Something that provides this type of comfort, which does not seek to relieve hardship, can also be referred to as being " comfy ". There are various psychological studies about the feeling of comfort, and they have resulted in a few conclusions. The idea of comfort varies among each person; however, there are

1072-549: A pillow can still knock a young person off balance, especially on a soft surface such as a bed, which is a common venue. In earlier eras, pillows would often break, shedding feathers throughout a room. Modern pillows tend to be stronger and are often filled with a solid block of artificial filling, so breakage occurs far less frequently. Pillow talk refers to the relaxed, intimate conversation that often occurs between two sexual partners after sexual activity , usually accompanied by cuddling, caresses, and other physical intimacy . It

1139-478: A plain or patterned fabric envelope (known as a pillowcase) which contains a soft stuffing, typically synthetic and typically standardized in sizes and shape. Pillows have been historically made of a variety of natural materials and many cultures continue to use pillows made from natural materials in the world. The word pillow comes from Middle English pilwe , from Old English pyle (akin to Old High German pfuliwi ) and from Latin pulvinus . The first known use of

1206-491: A room or lounge area. Tent-flap pillows are placed at the front of a stack of pillows decorating a bed. This pillows have a separate flap of fabric that is attached at the top of the pillow and folds down over the face. The tent flap can be loose or tacked down; if the flap is loose a decorative tassel or bead is usually used to weigh the flap down so it hangs properly. Floor pillows are another subset of decorative pillows. These pillows often finish 26×26 inches (one half of

1273-560: A sex pillow is to place it under the receiving partner's buttocks or hips before assuming the missionary position ; this pivots the pelvis and increases depth of penetration. A pillow menu is a list of available pillows provided by a hotel to guests, usually free of charge. It allows guests to make an alternative pillow choice. Some common pillow alternatives are memory foam , buckwheat hull, and hypoallergenic . Some hotels offer pillows to treat specific conditions such as headaches or stress . Comfort The use of "comfort" as

1340-409: A study to determine the most comfortable temperature. The study had people answering a survey as the temperature changed around them. From the surveys, psychologist found many people had no opinion of a range of temperature. This was labeled temperature neutrality, which is the rate that the person's metabolism is shifting the same rate as the surrounding temperature. The average comfortable temperature

1407-443: A sufficient amount of light to perform an activity or task. It is possible for both low and high levels of light to create discomfort. Acoustic comfort is a state of being where noise levels are not harming or interfering with the activities of individuals in some area. Respiratory comfort is achieved in an environment where the air breathed is of sufficiently high quality. In indoor spaces this type of comfort can be predicted by

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1474-476: A thinner and softer pillow for sleeping face down, medium support for sleeping on one's back, and a thicker and firmer pillow for sleeping on the side. The classic bed pillow shape is usually a square or rectangle. In the US, they are common in these three sizes (in inches): Standard (20×26 inches), Queen (20×30 inches), and King (20×36 inches). In the US, a less common size is Jumbo (20×28 inches), which

1541-499: A transparent glaze applied on a white slipped -body, with further decoration chosen from a wide variety of techniques. The wares are generally sturdy, and often rather large. Many shapes relate to wine-drinking, and ceramic pillows or head-rests are common. The clay bodies fire to a range of off-white, grey and brown shades, varying with location. The main methods of forming used are wheel-throwing and forming from slabs, with moulds sometimes used, mainly for head-rests. Generally

1608-433: A verb generally implies that the subject is in a state of pain , suffering or affliction, and requires alleviation from that state. Where the term is used to describe the support given to someone who has experienced a tragedy, the word is synonymous with consolation or solace . However, comfort is used much more broadly, as one can provide physical comfort to someone who is not in a position to be uncomfortable. For example,

1675-404: Is 30 °C (86 °F). Temperatures too hot (35 °C (95 °F) and above) and temperatures too low (12 °C (54 °F) and below) are considered uncomfortable to many people. Thermal neutrality Thermal neutrality ( thermal neutral zone ) is the temperature range where it is neither comfortable nor uncomfortable. The human body's metabolism is burning calories at the same rate as

1742-484: Is a tradition that still lives on today. In addition, the Romans and Greeks used their pillows by placing them under the head of those deceased just like the ancient Egyptians did. Chinese pillows were traditionally solid, though sometimes used with a softer fabric over them. Over many Chinese dynasties, pillows were made from a wide range of materials including bamboo, jade, porcelain, wood, and bronze. Ceramic pillows became

1809-463: Is associated with honesty, sexual afterglow, and bonding . In the Western world there are many cultural references to pillow talk. Chinese rock pillows ( simplified Chinese : 石头枕头 ; traditional Chinese : 石頭枕頭 ; pinyin : shítou zhěntou ) played an important role in ancient China. Made from jade , they were believed to translate the energy from the stone to the human brain. Originating in

1876-452: Is designed to provide support and comfort to the body and head. There are three main types of pillows; bed pillows, orthopedic pillows and decorative pillows, with some overlapping of use between these. The appropriate size of a bed pillow depends on the size of the bed. Larger pillows than standard are available for queen- and king-sized beds. The choice of bed pillow depends to some extent upon sleeping positions: one manufacturer recommends

1943-420: Is from 1201. The main enamel colours are red, yellow and green, and the pieces small bowls, head-rests and small figurines, many probably toys or dolls, but some religious figures and perhaps figures made for tombs, as in earlier periods representing servants for the afterlife. There are also simple vessels with (typically) floral designs in a few colours on a cream background. Overglaze enamelling required

2010-403: Is held as a popular comfort food as it is followed by the pleasurable sweetness and the positive association with gifts/rewards. The time of day also play a role in consuming comfort foods. Most people tend to eat simply because "it's lunch time" and only 20% of the time is due to actual hunger. Food preferences Food preferences split into two categories: snack-related and meal-related. If

2077-517: Is larger than the Standard Size but smaller than the Queen Size. Pillows are generally covered with a removable pillow case, which facilitates laundering. Apart from the color and from the material of which they are made, pillowcases have three contrasting characteristics: Size conforms to the pillow the case is to contain. They are typically described as: Square is also called continental in

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2144-549: Is often preferred as a general term. All are stoneware in Western terms, and "high-fired" or porcelain in Chinese terms. They were less high-status than other types such as celadons and Jun ware , and are regarded as "popular", though many are finely and carefully decorated. Alone among major types of Song ceramics their effect largely depends on decoration in contrasting colours, usually in black on white, but sometimes polychrome. At this time, unlike later periods, ceramics for

2211-438: Is one of the significant objects that suffices for comfort requirements. Clothing provides aesthetic, tactile, thermal, moisture, and pressure comfort. Human comfort can also be categorized by areas such visual comfort, acoustic comfort, and respiratory comfort. Visual comfort is defined as "the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the visual environment." This type of comfort can be achieved when an individual has

2278-692: Is the Dakimakura , a kind of "hugging pillow" originating in Japan that have been endowed with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic qualities and pop culture references for additional psychological comfort. Other types of hugging pillows are more practical, such as the Guling , long hugging pillow originating from Indonesia and the Abrazador , a long hugging pillow originating from the Philippines . A husband pillow (also known as

2345-523: The Ming dynasty , this piece of material was trusted to cure headaches or depression, or simply to better the intelligence of those who use it. It was more common among royalty because it was expensive and rare. Families often married off children based on the quality and intricacy of these pillows. Today, rock pillows are still commonly used during the hot summer months in China. Cushioning designed for specific parts of

2412-459: The Song , Jin , and Yuan dynasties between the 10th and 14th century, but slowly phased out during the Ming and Qing dynasties between 1368 and 1911 with the emergence of better pillow making materials. Pillows consist of a filler material enclosed in a fabric cover or shell. Covers are made of cloth , such as silk , known as the pillow case or pillow slip. Some pillows have a fancier cover called

2479-435: The indoor air quality (IAQ) . IAQ is dependent on the quantity of pollutants in the air, the ventilation rate, and the turnover rate of pollutants. In outdoor spaces respiratory comfort can be associated with the air quality index . Cizhou ware Cizhou ware or Tz'u-chou ware ( Chinese : 磁州窯 ; pinyin : Cízhōu yáo ; Wade–Giles : Tz'u-chou yao ) is a wide range of Chinese ceramics from between

2546-610: The paeony , mallow and lotus , have elegant petals and tendrils arranged in scrolling patterns. Fish and birds are common, often painted with great freedom and life. Human figures may be used, and especially in the large flat space offered by the top of a head-rest, there are sometimes several together, set in a landscape and perhaps showing a scene from literature or legend. There are often painted inscriptions, typically related to drinking on appropriate pieces, wishing good sleep on head-rests, or short poems. More expensive wares are sometimes imitated, including white Ding ware , and in

2613-480: The UK. German pillow sizes are 80×80 cm (older) or 40×80 cm (newer). When considered as a subset of bed pillows, Euro pillows finish 26×26 in and older style travel pillows commonly finished 12×16 in. The main distinguishing feature is whether the pillow case is plain or with a valance around the edge. In the former case this is described as 'plain style' and in the latter as 'Oxford style'. "Oxford ... has

2680-435: The back of the neck and keeps the head from slipping into an uncomfortable and possibly harmful position during sleep. However, U-shaped pillows can sometimes force the head forward, creating neck stiffness. Doughnut pillows are firm pillows shaped like a torus , with a space in the middle to alleviate pressure on the tailbone area while sitting. These pillows are used primarily by individuals who have suffered an injury to

2747-434: The bed, they are primarily there for decoration, hence they fall under this category. These pillows may be custom made, as well as made by freelancers. Decorative pillows are also found on furnishings in more public parts of the home, such as sofas, chairs and window seats. Here, their common use may overlap both orthopedic and bed pillows. For example, unless a person has some particular medical condition, they will likely use

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2814-432: The black wares the special glazing effects of Jian ware tea bowls. Some types of object, including head-rests, are often stamped underneath or inscribed with the name of the potter, or an indication of the date or source of the object, which is generally rare in Chinese pottery. In particular many head-rests, mostly of the 12–13th centuries but perhaps extending from the mid-11th to mid-14th centuries, are stamped with

2881-703: The body are sometimes called pillows. An example is eye pillows which are designed to comfort the eyes. Some mousemats feature wrist rests, that while not generally called pillows, are another example. A sex pillow is a specially-designed and typically firm pillow used to enhance sexual intercourse. An ordinary firm pillow, however, may be used in place of a special one. Some contain a high-density urethane core to balance firm support with softness. In addition to more common pillow shapes, there are wedge-shaped, ramp-shaped, prism-shaped, etc. pillows which lend themselves to various sexual positions, some of which might be difficult or uncomfortable without them. A very common use of

2948-623: The case of memory foam can retain their form longer. Natural fillers have been used since antiquity. The most common are feathers , down , wool , latex , cotton (particularly in India ), and buckwheat . More exotic materials have also been used including straw, wood, or stone. Down is usually the softer filler and offer good insulation , but is more expensive due to its relative scarcity. Down has been known to be plucked from live geese , but there are already cruelty-free certifications for down products. In India, traditional pillows are made with kapok,

3015-466: The court were "relentlessly monochrome", and Cizhou wares are not mentioned in the large quantities of "tribute wares" given from the provinces to the emperor, of which much was redistributed, or perhaps sold; "Confucian esthetics emphasized simplicity." It was named for Cizhou, a prefecture now called Ci County in Handan in southern Hebei , one of the main centres of production. Most Cizhou ware uses

3082-401: The fluffy, glossy fruit-fibres of the trees Ceiba pentandra and Bombax ceiba . The normal lifespan of a typical western pillow is two to four years. Condition of the pillow can be determined by checking for lumps or folding it in order to see if it stays in that shape. Replacement is recommended for sanitary reasons. All types of pillow covers should be laundered periodically since they are

3149-458: The glaze, Cizhou ware anticipated the style that would, eventually, come to dominate Chinese ceramics, even those for the court. Eventually this would mainly use the Cizhou invention of overglaze enamelling. Another Cizhou development (if one ignores the precedent of Ancient Greek vase painting ) that would become part of general Chinese, and world, ceramics was decorating tall vessels in wide bands of

3216-406: The home decor. The terms "sofa pillow" and "couch pillow" refer to the place these decorative pillows are likely found. The terms "toss pillow" and " throw pillow " may refer to the way they generally arrive in their places. Novelty pillows are shaped like humorous objects (a banana, tweety bird, a human leg, a chainsaw, a dill pickle, a former president) and are meant to brighten up and add humor to

3283-456: The late Tang dynasty and the early Ming dynasty , but especially associated with the Northern Song to Yuan period in the 11–14th century. It has been increasingly realized that a very large number of sites in northern China produced these wares, and their decoration is very variable, but most characteristically uses black and white, in a variety of techniques. For this reason Cizhou-type

3350-549: The main decoration, surrounded by smaller bands of repetitive motifs, or in dishes similar circular borders. It has been suggested that the movement of potters from Cizhou kilns to the south, especially at the start of the Yuan dynasty, was part of this influence. This may have been either or both by the movement of artisans directly to Jingdezhen , or to kilns making Jizhou ware , which in turn influenced Jingdezhen. The Mongols often forced artists to move locations, and this period saw

3417-524: The mess they can cause. Recycling of pillows, like most textile and bedding items, is expensive and has poor yield. As such, few are recycled and most end up in landfills. Their light weight means that they make up a low proportion of household waste by mass. Most of the few pillows collected for recycling are sent to India and Pakistan and used as low-cost bedding, or in South East Asia, co-mingled with other textiles to manufacture cheap bedding. A pillow

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3484-404: The modern human device dates back to the civilizations of Mesopotamia around 7,000 BC. During this time, only the wealthy used pillows. The number of pillows symbolized status so the more pillows one owned the more affluence they held. Pillows have long been produced around the world in order to help solve the reoccurring problem of neck, back, and shoulder pain while sleeping. Besides for comfort,

3551-447: The monkeys that grew up from the experiment expressed a behavior of aggression and atypical sexual behaviors. Comfort foods are foods intentionally consumed to move the eater into a pleasurable state. This could be credited to food preferences and childhood experiences (like a parent's cooking). Physiological responses Comfort food is usually chosen because of previous experiences of happiness linked with it. For example, chocolate

3618-531: The most popular. The use of the ceramic pillow first appeared in the Sui dynasty between 581 and 618 while mass production appeared in the Tang dynasty between 618 and 907. The Chinese decorated their pillows by making them different shapes and by painting pictures of animals, humans, and plants on them. One common type of pottery used was Cizhou ware . Chinese ceramic pillows reached their peak in terms of production and use during

3685-454: The name of the Zhang (张家) family workshop from Henan . These include the slightly curved box type with flat surfaces for painting, Other kilns made fancy moulded shapes with a flat panel for the head; tigers, presumably for male customers, are common. Most decoration uses two contrasting colours, but some pieces are polychrome, especially from later periods. Two techniques were used: the first

3752-399: The neck by providing a deep area for the head to rest and a supportive area to keep the neck in alignment with the spine while sleeping. These can also be known as cervical pillows. Cervical pillows help patients to maintain comfortable positioning after therapeutic, orthopedic and surgical measures. Travel pillows provide support for the neck in a sitting position. Their "U" shape fits around

3819-454: The part that is in contact with a person's body. Pillows accumulate dust and microbes among the fill, even when washable pillows are washed. Manufacturers recommend tumble-drying for fifteen minutes every week to freshen them up, and for the heat to kill dust mites. Charities in most countries will not accept used pillows due to hygiene regulations. While some animal shelters accept forms of bedding, most reject donation of used pillows due to

3886-402: The pillow was also used for keeping bugs and insects out of people's hair, mouth, nose, and ears while sleeping. Pillow use has been associated with the mummies and tombs of ancient Egypt during the 11th dynasty , dating to 2055–1985 B.C. Ancient Egyptian pillows were wooden or stone headrests. These pillows were mostly used by placing them under the heads of the deceased because the head of

3953-432: The pillowcase behind to keep it in..." Other methods of closure are ties or buttons/buttonholes. Body pillows are as long as a full adult body, providing support to the head and neck at the top and to the knees and legs lower down. This type of pillow can be especially useful in providing support for those who sleep on their sides and for pregnant women. Size is 40×140 cm. (See also: Dutch wife ) Neck pillows support

4020-401: The slip to leave a pattern of circles, a style borrowed from metalwork. Comb-like instruments were also used to make patterns of parallel lines. The subject matter of the decoration is equally varied, and draws from earlier or contemporary work in several media, including pottery, metalwork and Chinese painting , especially the distinct genre of bird-and-flower painting . Flowers, especially

4087-476: The tailbone area, or who suffer pain from hemorrhoids or another ailment of the colon . Lumbar pillows are designed to support the inward curve of the lower back , filling the space created between the lower back and the back of the chair when in a sitting position. These pillows are generally used to support the lower back while driving or sitting, such as in an office chair . Orthopedic pillows are similar to memory foam pillows. Decorative pillows serve

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4154-425: The temperature around. This would be around 24 °C (75 °F) (room temperature), and people have no opinion about the temperature. Thermal neutrality is often also used in animal raising. For example, farmers maintain the neutral temperature for cattle to prevent cold stress . Everyday uses Comfort is related to various perceptions, physiological, social, and psychological needs, and after food, clothing

4221-423: The width of the textile, less seam allowance). A combination pillow is a pillow which is for those sleepers which are sleeping in a combination of positions and would like to use their pillow to hug or play. In many parts of the world, pillows have cultural significance, and references have extended to a wide variety of other uses, forms and activities. In some cultures, pillows have forms for hugging. An example

4288-795: The word pillow was before the 12th century. Though the exact origin is unknown, use of pillows evolved in animals well into prehistory, the earliest examples including reptiles and mammals resting their heads on themselves, and one another, to support the head and neck. Animals, including humans, evolved use of inanimate objects in their nests out of wood and stone as pillows. Since domestication , many animals have also learned to make use of human-made pillows and cushions, as well as to rest on members of their own and other species, for this purpose. Sometime between 5 and 23 million years ago tree-dwelling great apes began building sleeping platforms, including wooden pillows, to improve their sleep. According to studies on chimpanzees that sleep up to eight to nine hours

4355-496: Was exported. Apparently largely free from the dictates of court or aristocratic taste, the producers were free to experiment with their great variety of techniques and subjects and motifs for decoration. They and their clientele were also less affected by political changes than their equivalents for high-status wares, allowing a development of the wares over many centuries and dynasties with relatively little disruption. In their emphasis on painted decoration, whether under or over

4422-536: Was lead-based glaze colours, in a continuation of Tang dynasty sancai techniques, and the second overglaze enamelling , developed in Cizhou kilns some time around 1200, and seen for the first time on Chinese pottery. This was used on Persian mina'i ware from 1180 or earlier; on metal vitreous enamel had been used around the Mediterranean and in Europe since ancient times. The earliest dated example, in Tokyo ,

4489-403: Was sometimes used, for the first time in China. A very wide range of decorative techniques are used, often in conjunction. The most common and characteristic technique is painting in black or brown slip on top of a layer of white slip. Designs are also formed by a variety of slip-cutting or sgraffito techniques where slip is scratched or cut away to reveal another slip or the body beneath;

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