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38-511: Pidie Regency has a long and storied history, with archaeological evidence suggesting human habitation in the area dating back thousands of years. Pidie Regency also has a rich historical background, with its history intertwined with the broader history of the Aceh region. The area has been influenced by various kingdoms and colonial powers over the centuries. It was once part of the Sultanate of Aceh , which

76-516: A blockade, but they used their income to support the resistance. During this time, many Acehan politicians sought aid from the Ottoman Empire. Their efforts were futile, but they did serve to inspire resistance movements across south-east Asia. Local resistance in northern Sumatra then passed to the local lords and potentates, and then to the religious leaders. However, an adviser of the sultan, Abd al-Rahman al-Zahir, soon returned to take command of

114-403: A new leader, Tuanku Ibrahim , was able to restore some authority to the sultanate and gain control over the "pepper rajas " who were nominal vassals of the sultan by playing them off against each other. He rose to power during the sultanate of his brother, Muhammad Syah , and was able to dominate the reign of his successor Sulaiman Syah (r. 1838–1857), before taking the sultanate himself, under

152-457: A separate king or governor and all the local rulers maintain themselves independently and do not pay tribute to any higher authority." As a result of these internal conflicts and the resurgence of Johor, Aceh transitioned from being the head of the Malay world to focusing inward, adopting a more prominent Acehnese identity. In 1699 Sultan Badr al-alam Syarif Hasyim Jamal ad-din ascended to the throne,

190-551: Is divided administratively into twenty-three districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages ( gampong ) in each district, and its post code. 4°40′00″N 96°00′00″E  /  4.66667°N 96°E  / 4.66667; 96 Sultanate of Aceh The Sultanate of Aceh , officially

228-841: The Age of Discovery . The Indies broadly referred to various lands in the East or the Eastern Hemisphere , particularly the islands and mainlands found in and around the Indian Ocean by Portuguese explorers , soon after the Cape Route was discovered. In a narrow sense, the term was used to refer to the Malay Archipelago , which today comprises the Philippine Archipelago , Indonesian Archipelago , Borneo , and New Guinea . Historically,

266-609: The Gold Coast and equal trading rights in northern Aceh. The treaty was tantamount to a declaration of war on Aceh, and the Aceh War followed soon after in 1873, with the Dutch making the unfounded excuses that Aceh was sponsoring piracy and preparing to conclude a treaty with the United States . As the Dutch prepared for war, Mahmud Syah (1870–1874) appealed for international help, but no one

304-607: The Indian subcontinent . Regions of the East Indies are sometimes known by the colonial empire they once belonged to, hence, Spanish East Indies means the Philippines , Dutch East Indies means Indonesia , and British East Indies refers to Malaysia . Historically, the king of Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia ) was identified with " Prester John of the Indies", since that part of the world

342-512: The Indies by explorer Christopher Columbus , who had grossly underestimated the westerly distance from Europe to Asia. Later, to avoid confusion, the New World came to be called the "West Indies", while the original Indies came to be called the "East Indies". The designation East Indian was once primarily used to describe people of all of the East Indies, in order to avoid the potential confusion from

380-450: The Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam ( Acehnese : Keurajeuën Acèh Darussalam ; Jawoë : اچيه دارالسلام ‎), was a sultanate centered in the modern-day Indonesian province of Aceh . It was a major regional power in the 16th and 17th centuries, before experiencing a long period of decline. Its capital was Kutaraja , the present-day Banda Aceh . At its peak it was a formidable enemy of

418-653: The East Indies are never called East Indians , as they are not linguistically related to South Asia, most specifically the Indo-Aryan languages . It distinguishes them both from inhabitants of the Caribbean (which is also called the West Indies ) and from the indigenous peoples of the Americas who are often called American Indians . However, in colonial times, the non-Indian Southeast Asians were also called "Indians". Peoples of

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456-642: The East Indies comprise a wide variety of cultural diversity, and the inhabitants do not consider themselves as belonging to a single ethnic group . The region is mostly populated by the Austronesians , who first expanded from the island of Taiwan , and later on during the early modern period , when East Asians such as the Han Chinese started to migrate south and became known as the Peranakans or Straits Chinese. Buddhism , Christianity , Islam and Hinduism are

494-461: The Hikayat Aceh and Mahfuzat-i-Timuri with Akbarnama manuscript. Aceh gained wealth from its export of pepper, nutmeg , cloves , betel nuts , and also tin once it conquered Pahang in 1617. Low-interest rates and the use of gold currency strengthened its economy. Aceh tended somehow to be fragile economically, however, because of the difficulty in providing enough surplus food to support

532-603: The Indian Nuruddin ar-Raniri . It is also through the Russian linguist, Vladimir Braginskiĭ, that the Hikayat Aceh from were influenced by Mughal dynasty historiography, as he found out the literal structure similarities of Hikayat Aceh with Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , as the former shared similar themes with the latter about the lifetime and exploits of the protagonist, Timur . Braginskiĭ also found similarities in structure of both

570-575: The Philippines . Dutch occupied colonies in the area were known for about 300 years as the Dutch East Indies until Indonesian independence . The East Indies may also include the former French Indochina , former British territories Brunei , Hong Kong and Singapore and former Portuguese Macau and Timor . It does not, however, include the former Dutch New Guinea , which is geographically considered to be part of Melanesia . The inhabitants of

608-774: The Sultanate of Johor and Portuguese -controlled Malacca , both on the Malay Peninsula , as all three attempted to control the trade through the Strait of Malacca and the regional exports of pepper and tin with fluctuating success. In addition to its considerable military strength, the court of Aceh became a noted center of Islamic scholarship and trade. The sultanate was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah , who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra in 1520. His conquests included Deli , Pedir, and Pasai , and he attacked Aru . His son Alauddin al-Kahar (d. 1571) extended

646-591: The West Indies, also called "New Indies" or "Little Indies", consisting of the Americas . These regions were important sources of trading goods, particularly cotton , indigo and spices after the establishment of European trading companies: the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company , among others, in the 17th century. The New World was initially thought to be the easternmost part of

684-409: The country in 1884, but it quickly slowed and suffered from popular criticism. Dutch armies were finally able to make progress between 1898 and 1903, with each local potentate in occupied territories being forced to sign "The Short Declaration", a pledge of allegiance to the Dutch colonial overlords. Because of their co-operation, the Dutch were able to establish a fairly stable government in Aceh and get

722-463: The domains farther south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent 's Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Empire sent a relief force of 15 Xebecs commanded by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis . Aceh formed the northern tip of Sumatra at

760-520: The first Kapitan Cina of Penang , had good contacts with the English-and-French-speaking sultan of Aceh, Jauhar al-Alam . The sultan allowed Koh to gather pepper plants in Aceh to begin pepper cultivation in Penang. Later, about 1819, Koh helped Sultan Jauhar al-Alam put down a rebellion by Acehnese territorial chiefs. In the 1820s, as Aceh produced over half the world's supply of pepper,

798-575: The first Islamic state in Southeast Asia, and succeeded the role of Islamic missionary work of Malacca after it was conquered by the Catholic Portuguese . It was called the "porch of Mecca ", and became a center of Islamic scholarship, where the Qur'an and other Islamic texts were translated into Malay . Its notable scholars included Hamzah Fansuri , Syamsuddin of Pasai , Abdurrauf of Singkil , and

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836-553: The first male to rule in almost 60 years. He was succeeded by several short-lived rulers, and in 1727 a member of the Buginese dynasty, Sultan Ala ad-din Ahmad Shah took power. The coming to power of a Bugis dynasty strengthened Acehnese identity in-contrast to the Bugis of Johor, which emphasized their connections to Malay culture. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Koh Lay Huan  –

874-510: The independence movement, fell out with the revolutionary leaders, and promptly agreed to surrender himself to the Dutch in exchange for a lifetime pension in Mecca. The Dutch, now hounded by locals and cholera alike, fortified their coastal positions and began a slow siege of the entire country, conducted by General van Pel. The capital, in particular, was surrounded by forts connected by railways. The Dutch made another serious attempt to finally pacify

912-472: The military and commercial adventures of the state. As Aceh lost political cohesion in the 17th century, it saw its trading importance yielded to the Dutch East India Company , who became the dominant military and economic power in the region following the successful siege of Malacca in 1641. East Indies The East Indies (or simply the Indies ) is a term used in historical narratives of

950-467: The most popular religions throughout the region, while Sikhism , Jainism , Chinese folk religion and various other traditional beliefs and practices are also prominent in some areas. The major languages in this area draw from a wide variety of language families such as the Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan languages , and should not be confused with the term Indo-Aryan , a group of languages spoken in

988-561: The party was subsequently attacked by the local warlord with the loss of 68 dead and captured. After they arrived, they were permitted by the sultan to purchase pepper, during the same year as representatives of the English East India Company under the command of James Lancaster . He returned in 1602 bearing a letter from English queen Elizabeth I . The tenth sultan from 1589 to 1604 was Alauddin Ri'ayat Shah . Internal dissension in

1026-553: The regency is known for its rich artistic traditions and spiritual practices. Festivals and cultural events are celebrated throughout the year, showcasing the region's unique heritage. The economy of Pidie Regency is largely based on agriculture, with rice, corn, coffee, and other crops being significant contributors to the local economy. Fishing and livestock farming are also important economic activities. In recent years, efforts have been made to improve infrastructure and boost local industries to support economic development. The regency

1064-436: The reign of Sultan Iskandar Thani, Aceh was ruled by a series of female sultana. Aceh's previous policy of taking hostages from conquered kingdoms' population made them eager to seek independence, the results were Aceh's control weakened while regional rulers gained effective power. The sultan ultimately became a largely symbolic title. By the 1680s, a Persian visitor could describe a northern Sumatra where "every corner shelters

1102-617: The southeast corner of the Bay of Bengal . Ships from the Bengal Sultanate transported diplomats from Sumatra and Brunei to Ming China . On 21 June 1599 a Dutch captain, Cornelius de Houtman , arrived at "Acheen" aboard the Lioness as the first of three planned voyages to the East Indies . The crew stayed for three months acquiring pepper and other spices. British crew member John Davis claims

1140-432: The sultan to surrender in 1903. After his exile in 1907, no successor was named, but the resistance continued to fight for some time, until 1912. During the reign of Iskandar Muda (c.1538–1636), state centralization was carried out. This was done by removing or exterminating the present nobility and creating new ones that were friendly to the state. Besides this, the policy carried out the division of plots of land within

1178-409: The sultanate by mukim (similar to Christian parishes subdivisions), each of these mukims would be headed by an uleebalang (leader) who was responsible for security. Some regions of Aceh, especially of the western-producing pepper regions, were controlled by appointed panglima (governors) whose duty was to report on events and were rotated every three years. Aceh saw itself as heir to Pasai ,

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1216-570: The sultanate prevented another powerful sultan from appearing until 1607 when his grandson Iskandar Muda came to the position. He extended the sultanate's control over most of Sumatra. He also conquered Pahang , a tin -producing region of the Malay Peninsula, and was able to force the sultans of Johor to recognise his overlordship, if temporarily. During his reign, he created a code of laws known as Adat Meukuta Alam (Adat meaning "customs", or "customary rules"). The strength of his formidable fleet

1254-678: The term was used in the Age of Discovery to refer to the coasts of the landmasses comprising the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese Peninsula along with the Malay Archipelago . During the era of European colonization , territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia were known as the Spanish East Indies for 333 years before the American conquest and later the independence of

1292-537: The title Sultan Ali Alauddin Mansur Syah (1857–1870). He extended Aceh's effective control southward at just the time when the Dutch were consolidating their holdings northward. Britain, heretofore guarding the independence of Aceh to keep it out of Dutch hands, re-evaluated its policy and concluded the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra , which allowed for Dutch control throughout Sumatra in exchange for concessions in

1330-477: Was an important Islamic kingdom in the region. During the Dutch colonial period , Pidie was integrated into the broader colonial administration of Aceh. Historical sites and landmarks can be found in most of the regency, reflecting its diverse past. The population of Pidie Regency is predominantly of Acehnese descent, with a strong Islamic heritage. Traditional customs and ceremonies are an integral part of daily life, and

1368-528: Was brought to an end with a disastrous campaign against Malacca in 1629 when the combined Portuguese and Johor forces managed to destroy all his ships and 19,000 troops according to Portuguese account. Aceh's forces were not destroyed, however, as Aceh was able to conquer Kedah within the same year and taking many of its citizens to Aceh. The sultan's son-in-law, Iskandar Thani , former prince of Pahang later became his successor. During his reign, Aceh focused on internal consolidation and religious unity. After

1406-518: Was imagined to be one of "Three Indias". Exploration of the East Indies by European powers began in the last three years of the 15th century and continued into the 16th century, led by the Portuguese explorers . The Portuguese described the entire region they discovered as the Indies . Eventually, the region would be broken up into a series of Indies : The East Indies, which was also called "Old Indies" or "Great Indies", consisting of India , and

1444-465: Was willing or able to assist. In early 1874 the sultan abandoned the capital after the palace was captured on 31 January, withdrawing to the hills, while the Dutch announced the annexation of Aceh. He would die of cholera , as did many combatants on both sides, but the Acehnese proclaimed a grandson of Tuanku Ibrahim sultan. The local rulers of Acehnese ports nominally submitted to Dutch authority to avoid

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