Misplaced Pages

#442557

40-467: The narrative of Sultan Iskandar Muda is told against the global background of Chinese, Portuguese, and Ottoman-Turkish influences and relations in the world. It is set in a context where also Southeast Asian regions like Siam, Cambodia, and Johor play a role. It is also though by Russian linguist, Vladimir Braginskiĭ, That the Hikayat Aceh were influenced by Mughal dynasty historiography, as he found out

80-522: A military of one million soldiers. At that time the Mughals ruled almost the whole of the South Asia with 160 million subjects, 23 percent of world's population. The Dynasty's power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century with internal dynastic conflicts, incompatible monarchs, foreign invasions from Persians and Afghans, as well as revolts from Marathas , Sikh, Rajputs and regional Nawabs. The power of

120-747: A position of supreme power in the Empire. It was during the Köprülü era that the Ottoman Empire reached its largest geographic expansion across Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. In Ottoman legal theory, the Sultan was supposed to conduct affairs of state exclusively via the Grand Vizier, but in reality, this arrangement was often circumvented. As the Ottomanist Colin Imber writes, the sultan "had closer contact with

160-457: A strong state. Grand Viziers gained immense political supremacy in the later days of the Ottoman Empire. Power was centralized in the position of the Grand Vizier during the Köprülü era . Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was a powerful political figure during the reign of Mehmed IV, and was appointed to the office of Grand Vizier in 1656. He consolidated power within the position and sent the Sultan away from

200-755: Is in Uzbekistan . After losing his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur first established himself in Kabul and ultimately moved towards the Indian subcontinent. Mughal rule was interrupted for 16 years by the Sur Emperors during Humayun 's reign. It is also though by Russian linguist, Vladimir Braginskiĭ , That the Hikayat Aceh literature from Aceh Sultanate were influenced by Mughal dynasty historiography, as he found out

240-736: The Deccan had substantially weakened. Asaf Jah I, however, refused to grant Chauth to the Maratha Confederacy during its onset in 1718 and in 1721, after the nobility of the Mughal Empire had the two Sayyid Brothers assassinated. However, the Marathas had already expanded up to the Narmada River , and entrenched themselves in that region thereafter. Baji Rao I later instigated war by collecting Chauth in 1723, and trying to expand Maratha rule in

280-590: The Hikayat Aceh and the one edited as manuscript A by Teuku Iskandar (1958). The manuscript is kept in Leiden University Libraries and has been digitized. This is a copy of Or. 1954 in Batavian Malay dated 9 March 1847 and used as manuscript B in Teuku Iskandar (1958). The manuscript is kept in Leiden University Libraries and has been digitized. This is another copy of Or. 1954, dating from

320-600: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The UK declared the establishment of the British Raj the following year. The British tried and convicted the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II ( r.  1837–1857 ), and exiled him (1858) to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma (present-day Myanmar). The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur , a Timurid prince from Andijan which today

360-509: The Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar . Saadullah Khan , Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Shah Jahan made the biggest contribution to the organization and administration of the Mughal Empire, he is considered the best of the long line of Mughal Grand Viziers. During the reign of Aurangzeb, Ali Quli Khan was bestowed this title. Later general Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung became Grand Vizier, his fame as one of

400-642: The Netherlands , and one in the National Library of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia , Perpusnas), Jakarta , Indonesia. On 18 May 2023 these three manuscripts were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register affirming their world significance and outstanding universal value. As the oldest (c.1675-1700) and most complete text, this is the central manuscript of

440-623: The 19th century, the Grand Viziers came to assume a role more like that of the prime ministers of contemporary Western monarchies. Forty nine Grand Viziers of Albanian ethnicity served the empire during the Ottoman period and most of them were southern Albanians ( Tosks ). Bairam Khan was the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, who led the forces of Akbar to victory during the Second Battle of Panipat . Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak , Grand Vizier of

SECTION 10

#1732851882443

480-612: The 8th century AD. This position was later adopted by the Ottomans in the early 14th century, by the Seljuks of Anatolia. During the nascent phases of the Ottoman state , "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" (French spelling: grand-vézir ) was Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder . The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish

520-657: The Deccan and beyond, causing the outbreak of the Later Mughal-Maratha Wars . Qamaruddin Khan was handpicked to be the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, by Asaf Jah I. He successfully repelled Baji Rao I during the Battle of Delhi (1737), and negotiated peace after the occupation of the Mughal Empire by the forces of Nader Shah . He fell in battle after being struck by a stray artillery shell, in battle against Afghan forces in

560-416: The Elder reformed the role of the vizier in several ways. Several viziers before him held an equivalent, but differently named office; he was the first who held the position of "Grand Vizier", during the reign of Murad I . He was the first advisor with a military background – his forerunners had come from a more scholarly class of men. It is also significant that he was the first of a political family that, at

600-537: The Great around the 1580s which lasted until the 1740s, until shortly after the Battle of Karnal . During the reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb , the dynasty reached its zenith in terms of geographical extent, economy, military and cultural influence. Around 1700, the dynasty was ruling the wealthiest empire in the world, with also the largest military on earth. Mughals had approximately 24 percent share of world's economy and

640-578: The Ottoman Empire. However, after there were troubles between the Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger and Sultan Mehmed II (who had him executed), there was a rise of slave administrators ( devshirme ). These were much easier for the sultans to control, as compared to the free administrators of Turkish aristocratic origin. The term vizier was originally used in the Abbasid Caliphate in

680-463: The Ottoman history, the Grand Viziers have also been termed sadr-ı âlî ( صدر عالی , "sublime vizier"), vekil-ı mutlak ( وكیل مطلق , "absolute attorney"), sâhib-ı devlet ( صاحب دولت , "holder of the State"), serdar-ı ekrem ( سردار اكرم , "most noble [commander-in-]chief"), serdar-ı a’zam ( سردار اعظم , "grand [commander-in-]chief") and zât-ı âsafî ( ذات آصفی , "vizieral person"). Halil Pasha

720-548: The city on hunting trips, thus stopping Mehmed's direct management over the state. Next, he forcibly removed any officers suspected of corruption; those who did not leave were executed. He also conducted campaigns against Venice and the Habsburgs, as well as quelling rebellions in Anatolia. On his deathbed five years later, he convinced Mehmed to appoint his son (Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha) as the next Grand Vizier, thus securing his dynasty

760-654: The declining era, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty on the Indian subcontinent . Not only the Muslim gentry , but the Maratha , Rajput , and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the Emperor as the sovereign of India . The British East India Company deposed the imperial family and abolished the empire on 21 September 1857 during

800-582: The early 20th century, and probably intended as the basis for a text edition of the Hikayat Aceh by Hoesein Djajadiningrat . The manuscript is kept in the National Library of Indonesia. Mughal dynasty The Mughal dynasty ( Persian : دودمان مغل , romanized :  Dudmân-e Mughal ) or the House of Babur ( Persian : خاندانِ آلِ بابُر , romanized :  Khāndān-e-Āl-e-Bābur ),

840-412: The holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more frequently used title of vezir-ı a’zam ( وزیر اعظم ) was gradually replaced by another one, sadr-ı a’zam ( صدر اعظم from Arabic صَدْر "front part, bosom, forehead, lead, forefront" and أعْظَم "superior, major, maximal, paramount, grand", informally pronounced sadrazam ), both meaning "grand vizier" in practice. Throughout

SECTION 20

#1732851882443

880-474: The last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar . Living in Hyderabad , he still believes that the government will release properties of the erstwhile Mughals to the legal heirs. He also demands restoration of scholarships for Mughal descendants, that was discontinued by the government a while back. He wants that amount be raised to ₹ 8,000 and that the government should grant the economically depressed Mughal descendants

920-765: The last emperor was limited only to the Walled city of Delhi . Many of the Mughals had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as they were born to Rajput and Persian princesses. Mughals played a great role in the flourishing of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (Indo-Islamic civilization). Mughals were also great patrons of art, culture, literature and architecture. Mughal painting , architecture , culture , clothing , cuisine and Urdu language ; all were flourished during Mughal era. Mughals were not only guardians of art and culture but they also took interest in these fields personally. Emperor Babur, Aurangzeb and Shah Alam II were great calligraphers, Jahangir

960-401: The literal structure similarities of Hikayat Aceh with Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , as the former has shared the similar theme with the latter about the lifetime and exploits of the protagonist of Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , Timur . Braginskiĭ also found the similarities in structure of both Hikayat Aceh and Mahfuzat-i-Timuri with Akbarnama manuscript. The Mughal imperial structure was founded by Akbar

1000-569: The literal structure similarities of Hikayat Aceh with Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , as the former has shared the similar theme with the latter about the lifetime and exploits of the protagonist of Mahfuzat-i-Timuri , Timur . Braginskiĭ also found the similarities in structure of both Hikayat Aceh and Mahfuzat-i-Timuri with Akbarnama manuscript. Only three manuscripts are still in existence. Two are kept in Leiden University Libraries ( Dutch : Universitaire Bibliotheken Leiden ), Leiden ,

1040-887: The money for their upliftment. Tucy has two sons. Yaqoob Ziauddin Tucy also has a younger brother Yaqoob Shajeeuddin Tucy. Shajeeuddin Tucy has served the country as a part of the Indian Air Force . He has been the state guest to Tashkent , Uzbekistan along with his two elder brothers. He frequently travels to the Middle East and central Asia . He lives in Hyderabad along with his two sons Yaqoob Muzammiluddin Tucy and Yaqoob Mudassiruddin Tucy. Grand Vizier#Mughal Empire Grand vizier ( Persian : وزيرِ اعظم , romanized :  vazîr-i aʾzam ; Ottoman Turkish : صدر اعظم , romanized :  sadr-ı aʾzam ; Turkish : sadrazam )

1080-461: The most greatest military leaders in the Mughal Empire would lead to his downfall when rogue generals executed him in a power struggle after the death of Aurangzeb. In 1718, Balaji Vishwanath , leader of the antagonistic Maratha Confederacy , secured the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the Subahs of the Mughal Empire by the rogue Vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha , whose grip over

1120-449: The offspring of each emperor. A man in India named Habeebuddin Tucy claims to be a descendant of Bahadur Shah II , but his claim is not universally believed. Another woman named Sultana Begum who lives in the slums of Kolkata has claimed that her late husband, Mirza Mohammad Bedar Bakht was the great-grandson of Bahadur Shah II. Yaqoob Ziauddin Tucy is a sixth generation descendant of

1160-528: The pages of the privy chamber, the kapi agha , the kizlar agha or with other courtiers than he did with the Grand Vizier, and these too could petition the sultan on their own or somebody else’s behalf. He might, too, be more inclined to take the advice of his mother, a concubine, or the head gardener at the helm of the royal barge, than of the Grand Vizier". After the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire in

1200-400: The siege was won by Mehmed II , the Younger was executed for his opposition. After his death, the position of Grand Vizier was chosen nearly exclusively from the kul system. Often, the men who were chosen had a Byzantine or Balkan background. According to Gábor, this was usually a political move, designed to appease powerful European factions to Ottoman supremacy. In fact, it was easier for

1240-669: The state; the viziers in conference were called " Kubbealtı viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under the dome') in Topkapı Palace . His offices were located at the Sublime Porte . Today, the Prime Minister of Pakistan is referred to in Urdu as Wazir-e-azam , which translates literally to grand vizier. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin in

Hikayat Aceh - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-455: The sultan to control an enslaved and non-Turk administrator. In the Ottoman Empire, executing a Grand Vizier of Turkish origin (in the event they were rebellious) and an enslaved foreigner would also give rise to different reactions. Further, the devshirme were less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of

1320-451: The time, rivaled the Ottoman dynasty itself. Several of Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder's kin went on to hold the office of Grand Vizier in the decades following his death. Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger , the grandson of Pasha the Elder, was also highly influential in shaping the role of the Grand Vizier. During the reign of Mehmed II, the Younger opposed the siege of Constantinople and the ongoing hostilities with Christians. Two days after

1360-440: The year 1748. After defeating Ahmad Shah Durrani , the new Mughal emperor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur , posted Safdarjung , Nawab of Oudh as Mughal Grand Vizier, Feroze Jung III as Mir Bakshi and Muin ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu) , the son of late Grand Vizier Qamaruddin Khan , as the governor of Punjab . Safdarjung 's efforts to defend the reign of Ahmad Shah Bahadur from treacherous subjects failed. Shuja-ud-Daula served as

1400-623: Was a branch of the Timurid dynasty founded by Babur that ruled the Mughal Empire from its inception in 1526 till the early eighteenth century, and then as ceremonial suzerains over much of the empire until 1857. The Mughals originated as a branch of the Central Asian Timurid dynasty , supplemented with extra Borjigin (the clan which ruled the Mongol Empire and its successor states) bloodlines. The dynasty's founder, Babur (born 1483),

1440-506: Was a direct descendant of the Asian conqueror Timur (1336–1405) on his father's side and of Mongol emperor Genghis Khan (died 1227) on his mother's side, and Babur's ancestors had other affiliations with Genghisids through marriage and common ancestry. Many of the later Mughal emperors had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Rajput and Persian princesses. Akbar, for instance,

1480-472: Was a great painter, Shah Jahan was a great architect while Bahadur Shah II was a great poet of Urdu. The Mughal dynasty operated under several basic premises: that the Emperor governed the empire's entire territory with complete sovereignty, that only one person at a time could be the Emperor, and that every male member of the dynasty was hypothetically eligible to become Emperor, even though an heir-apparent

1520-623: Was appointed several times in dynastic history. The certain processes through which imperial princes rose to the Peacock Throne , however, were very specific to the Mughal Empire . To go into greater detail about these processes, the history of succession between Emperors can be divided into two eras: Era of Imperial successions (1526–1713) and Era of Regent successions (1713–1857). The Mughal Emperors practiced polygamy . Besides their wives, they also had several concubines in their harem , who produced children. This makes it difficult to identify all

1560-533: Was half-Persian (his mother was of Persian origin), Jahangir was half-Rajput and quarter-Persian, and Shah Jahan was three-quarters Rajput. During much of the Empire's history, the emperor functioned as the absolute head of state , head of government and head of the military , while during its declining era much of the power shifted to the office of the Grand Vizier and the empire became divided into many regional kingdoms and princely states . However, even in

1600-596: Was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world . It was first held by officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate . It was then held in the Ottoman Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Sokoto Caliphate , the Safavid Empire and Cherifian Empire of Morocco . In the Ottoman Empire, the grand vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of

#442557