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46-397: Peter Hardy may refer to: Peter Hardy, Baron Hardy of Wath (1931–2003), British Labour Party politician Peter Hardy (actor) (1957–2023), Australian actor Peter Hardy (baseball executive) (1917–1997), Canadian brewer and baseball executive Peter Hardy (historian) (1922–2013), British academic [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

92-467: A National Union of Mineworkers -directed attempt to force the local party in his mining constituency to deselect him as its parliamentary candidate in favour of a more left-wing candidate. His main interests were the lot of the classroom teacher, and wildlife, of which he had an encyclopaedic knowledge. He was a sponsor of much wildlife-related legislation in parliament, including the Badger Act (1973) and

138-480: A territorial designation ) to differentiate them from others of the same surname (e.g. Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws ). Surnames need not be used at all if desired. Ian Paisley , for example, opted for the title Lord Bannside , and John Gummer chose the title Lord Deben . There are also occasions when someone's surname is not appropriate as a title, such as Michael Lord (now Lord Framlingham ) and Michael Bishop (now Lord Glendonbrook ) . The formal style for

184-664: A bill to authorise the creation of two life peerages carrying seats in the House of Lords for judges who had held office for at least five years. The House of Lords passed it, but the bill was lost in the House of Commons . In 1869, a more comprehensive life peerages bill was brought forward by the Earl Russell . At any one time, 28 life peerages could be in existence; no more than four were to be created in any one year. Life peers were to be chosen from senior judges, civil servants, senior officers of

230-772: A citizen of the United Kingdom, or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , and are a resident in the UK for tax purposes. Life baronies under the Life Peerages Act are created by the sovereign but, in practice, are only granted when proposed by the Prime Minister . Life peers created under the Life Peerages Act do not, unless they also hold ministerial positions, receive salaries. They are, however, entitled to an allowance of £300 for travel and accommodation for each day on which

276-411: A life peer is as follows (John Smith and Mary Smith refer to any name; London to any territorial designation ): Life peers are often mistakenly called 'Lord' or 'Lady' before their names (e.g. " Lord Andrew Lloyd-Webber ") following their ennoblement , but this is incorrect since the correct form should be one of those shown above. Only the daughters of earls, marquesses and dukes (and women members of

322-506: A local councillor, he stood unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate in several safe Conservative seats - in 1964 he contested Scarborough and Whitby , and in 1966 he fought Sheffield Hallam . He entered parliament in 1970 for the Rother Valley constituency. In 1983 , when constituency boundaries were re-organised, he moved with a part of his old Rother Valley constituency to the re-formed Wentworth constituency, for which he

368-519: A new, non-statutory House of Lords Appointments Commission in 2000. Individuals recommended for the peerage by the commission go on to become what have been described by some in the British media as "people's peers". The commission also scrutinises party recommendations for working peerages to ensure propriety. The Prime Minister may determine the number of peers the Commission may propose, and also may amend

414-501: A peerage. As of July 2024 , Rishi Sunak is still serving as an MP. Harold Macmillan declined a peerage on leaving office, but over 20 years after retiring he accepted a second offer of the customary hereditary earldom for retiring Prime Ministers, as Earl of Stockton (1984); this was the last earldom to be offered outside the royal family . While David Lloyd George also waited a similar period for his earldom , most offers have been made and accepted shortly after retirement such as

460-579: A small number of former public office-holders for peerages. This generally includes Chiefs of Defence Staff, Secretaries of the Cabinet, and Heads of the Diplomatic Service. Every Archbishop of Canterbury who has retired since 1958 has been created a life peer, as have most recent Archbishops of York on retirement. A small number of other bishops—such as David Sheppard of Liverpool and Richard Harries of Oxford—were ennobled on retiring. The Lord Chamberlain

506-500: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Peter Hardy, Baron Hardy of Wath The son of a Wath-upon-Dearne miner, Hardy was educated at Wath Grammar School . He trained as a teacher at Westminster College, London , and gained a degree in Curricular Studies at Sheffield University before rising to be head of English at Mexborough County Secondary School. While

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552-506: Is traditionally a member of the House of Lords and so is ennobled on appointment (if not already a peer), while most retiring Private Secretaries to the Sovereign and Governors of the Bank of England have also become peers. High judicial officers have sometimes been created life peers upon taking office. All Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales have, since 1958, been created life peers under

598-704: The Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1887 provided that former judges would retain their seats for life. The practice of appointing life peers under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 ended with the creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in 2009. Sitting judges of the Supreme Court are not automatically given life peerages but are entitled to use the judicial courtesy title of "Lord" or "Lady" for life. The Life Peerages Act sanctions

644-484: The British Army or Royal Navy , members of the House of Commons who had served for at least ten years, scientists, writers, artists, peers of Scotland , and peers of Ireland . (Peers of Scotland and Ireland did not all have seats in the House of Lords, instead electing a number of representative peers .) The bill was rejected by the House of Lords at its third reading . The Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 permitted

690-464: The House of Lords Act 1999 passed, several hereditary peers of the first creation, who had not inherited their titles but would still be excluded from the House of Lords by the Act, were created life peers: Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington ; Frederick James Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale ; Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford and 1st Baron Pakenham ; and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon . None of

736-452: The House of Lords Reform Act it became possible for peers to resign from the House of Lords and the next year's House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act authorised the Lords to expel a peer (both without disclaiming the peerage). Most barons or baronesses for life take a title based on their surname , either alone (e.g. Baron Hattersley ) or in combination with a placename (known as

782-574: The 14th Earl of Home on becoming Prime Minister, was the first former occupant of the office to receive a life barony. Harold Wilson , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher all took life peerages following their retirement from the House of Commons. David Cameron took a life peerage upon his appointment as Foreign Secretary under Rishi Sunak. Theresa May was granted a life peerage in the 2024 Dissolution Honours . Edward Heath and John Major chose not to become peers. Tony Blair , Gordon Brown , Boris Johnson , and Liz Truss have yet to receive

828-545: The Conservatives (in 40 years) have created slightly more (853 out of 1504, as of June 2022) life peerages than Labour (651 in 24 years); in addition, the vast majority (61) of the 68 non-royal hereditary peerages created since 1958 were created under Conservative Prime Ministers (especially Macmillan). Only three non-royal hereditary peerages have been created since 1965 (all under Thatcher), and none since 1984. In 1999, there were 172 Conservative and 160 Labour life peers in

874-561: The Earls of Oxford and Asquith , Baldwin , Attlee and Avon . Many Cabinet members, including Chancellors of the Exchequer , Foreign Secretaries , Home Secretaries and Defence Secretaries , retiring since 1958 have generally been created life peers. William Whitelaw was created a hereditary viscount on the recommendation of Margaret Thatcher. Viscount Whitelaw died without male issue. Life peerages have generally been granted to Speakers of

920-449: The House of Commons upon retirement since 1971, who sit as crossbenchers. (Previously, retiring Speakers had by custom received a hereditary peerage between 1780 and 1970, usually a viscountcy .) George Thomas was the only Speaker after 1971 who still received a hereditary peerage instead of a life peerage, being created Viscount Tonypandy , but he died without male issue. The convention was broken in 2020 when retiring Speaker John Bercow

966-723: The House of Commons or the Northern Ireland Assembly, are now also disqualified from taking up their seats in the House of Lords if they are peers (as the former Law Lords all were). The rate of creation of life peerages under the Life Peerages Act has been fluctuating, with a high rate being most common right after a new party is elected to government. Consequently, David Cameron and Tony Blair have created life peerages at high rates, at 40.5 and 35.7 peerages per year respectively. Conservative Prime Ministers have created on average 21 life peers per year in office, Labour Prime Ministers an average of 27 per year. In absolute terms,

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1012-504: The House of Lords since 2010, as well as several who are otherwise ineligible to vote or removed for non-attendance. The Appellate Jurisdiction Act originally provided for the appointment of two Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, who would continue to serve while holding judicial office, though in 1887, they were permitted to continue to sit in the House of Lords for life, under the style and dignity of baron. The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary

1058-445: The House of Lords, and by 4 January 2010, there were 141 Conservative and 207 Labour life peers in the House of Lords. The hereditary element of the House of Lords, however, was much less balanced. In 1999, for example, immediately before most hereditary peers were removed by the House of Lords Act , there were 350 Conservative hereditary peers, compared with 19 Labour peers and 23 Liberal Democrat peers. The Peerage Act 1963 allows

1104-544: The House of Lords, so it was unclear whether or not a life peerage would entitle a man to do the same. For over four centuries—if one excludes those who sat in Cromwell's House of Lords (or Other House) during the Interregnum —no man had claimed a seat in the Lords by virtue of a life peerage. In 1856, it was thought necessary to add a peer learned in law to the House of Lords (which was the final court of appeal ), without allowing

1150-441: The Life Peerages Act, with the exception of Lord Woolf , who was already a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary before becoming Lord Chief Justice. Similarly, Lord Reed was created a life peer in 2019 when he was appointed President of the Supreme Court , all of his predecessors in that role having already been created life peers as former Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. Life peerages may in certain cases be awarded to hereditary peers. After

1196-459: The Lords by virtue of a writ of acceleration ); George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe ; Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd ; and David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham . As part of the celebrations to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Life Peerages Act , Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn was voted by the members of the House of Lords at the time as the outstanding life peer since

1242-652: The Orders of the Garter and the Thistle), and the younger sons of marquesses and dukes are properly referred to by the courtesy title of Lord or Lady Firstname Lastname, e.g. " Lord Louis Mountbatten ", who was referred to as such as the younger son of the Marquess of Milford Haven before his enoblement as the Viscount (later Earl) Mountbatten of Burma. A different form of modern life peerage

1288-690: The Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act (1975). During an all-night reading of the Felixstowe Docks Bill he regaled the Commons with impressions of the song birds whose habitats were supposedly threatened by the development. On 27 September 1997 he was made a life peer as Baron Hardy of Wath , of Wath-upon-Dearne in the County of South Yorkshire and was an active member of the House of Lords until shortly before his death. Outside parliament, he served on

1334-626: The council of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the NSPCC . He is the author of "A Lifetime of Badgers" Newton Abbot: David & Charles: 1975 Life peer In the United Kingdom , life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers . Life peers are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister. With

1380-480: The creation of life peerages with the rank of baron for senior judges in the House of Lords . Initially it was intended that the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary created in this way (for their titles, see the list of law life peerages ) would only sit in the House of Lords while serving their term as judges, but in 1887 (on the retirement of Lord Blackburn , the first person appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876)

1426-508: The creation of the life peerage. As of 24 May 2023, there are 664 life peers eligible to vote in the House of Lords. This includes 215 Conservative, 171 Labour, 80 Liberal Democrat and 149 crossbench peers. There are also 11 others representing 4 other parties, 35 non-affiliated, 2 peers labelling themselves as "Independent" but close to a party, and the Lord Speaker. In addition, there are about 70 life peers who have retired from

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1472-509: The exception of the Dukedom of Edinburgh awarded for life to Prince Edward in 2023, all life peerages conferred since 2009 have been created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 with the rank of baron and entitle their holders to sit and vote in the House of Lords , presuming they meet qualifications such as age and citizenship. The legitimate children of a life peer appointed under the Life Peerages Act 1958 are entitled to style themselves with

1518-527: The holder of a hereditary peerage to disclaim their title for life. There is no such provision for life peers. The Coalition Government 's draft proposal for Lords reform in 2011 provided "that a person who holds a life peerage may at any time disclaim that peerage by writing to the Lord Chancellor. The person [and their spouse and children] will be divested of all rights and interests attaching to [that] peerage." This proposal did not become law. In 2014 under

1564-458: The leaders of opposition parties to recommend peers from their parties. The Prime Minister may determine the number of peers each party may propose; they may also choose to amend these recommendations, but by convention do not do so. Peers may be created on a non-partisan basis . Formerly, nominations on merit alone were made by the Prime Minister, but this function was partially transferred to

1610-447: The peer "signs in" to the House, though the peer does not have to take part in the business of the House. From time to time, lists of "working peers" are published. They do not form a formal class, but represent the various political parties and are expected to regularly attend the House of Lords. Most new appointments of life peers fall into this category. Normally, the Prime Minister chooses only peers from their own party, but permits

1656-513: The peer's heirs to sit in the House and swell its numbers. Sir James Parke , a Baron (judge) of the Exchequer , was created Baron Wensleydale for life, but the House of Lords concluded that the peerage did not entitle him to sit in the House of Lords. Lord Wensleydale was therefore appointed a hereditary peer (in the event, he had no sons, so his peerage did not pass to an heir) (See also Wensleydale Peerage Case (1856) ) . The Government introduced

1702-426: The peers of the first creation who were members of the royal family was granted a life peerage, as they had all declined. Life peerages were also granted to former Leaders of the House of Lords , including John Julian Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead ; Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington ; Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury (better known as Viscount Cranborne and Lord Cecil of Essendon , having attended

1748-498: The prefix " The Honourable ", although they cannot inherit the peerage itself. Prior to 2009, life peers of baronial rank could also be so created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 for senior judges (referred to as Law Lords ). The Crown , as fount of honour , creates peerages of two types, being hereditary or for life. In the early days of the peerage, the sovereign had the right to summon individuals to one Parliament without being bound to summon them again. Over time, it

1794-462: The recommendations. Again, by convention, no amendment is made to the recommendations of the commission. Individuals may be created peers in various honours lists as rewards for achievement; these peers are not expected to attend the House of Lords regularly, but are at liberty to do so if they please. The New Year Honours List , the King's Birthday Honours List (to mark the sovereign's official birthday ,

1840-481: The regular granting of life peerages, but the power to appoint Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act was not derogated . The Act placed no limits on the number of peerages that the sovereign may award, as was done by the Appellate Jurisdiction Act. A peer created under the Life Peerages Act has the right to sit in the House of Lords, provided that they are at least 21 years of age, are not suffering punishment upon conviction for treason , and are

1886-405: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hardy&oldid=1145601333 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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1932-662: The third Saturday in June), the Dissolution Honours List (to mark the dissolution of Parliament) and the Resignation Honours List (to mark the end of a Prime Minister's tenure) are all used to announce life peerage creations. Creations may be made for individuals on retirement from important public offices, such as Prime Minister, Speaker of the House of Commons or Archbishop of Canterbury or York . Sir Alec Douglas-Home , who had renounced his hereditary title of

1978-454: Was Member of Parliament (MP) until retirement from the House of Commons in 1997 . Never keen on the pursuit of high office, he was parliamentary private secretary to Tony Crosland and David Owen . To his constituents he was a popular and hard-working constituency MP. This was reflected in the fact that, despite being identified with the right wing of the Labour party, in 1981 he survived

2024-429: Was established that once summoned, a peer would have to be summoned for the remainder of their life, and later, that the peer's heirs and successors would also be summoned, thereby firmly entrenching the hereditary principle. Nevertheless, life peerages lingered. From the reign of James I to that of George II (between 1603 and 1760), 18 life peerages were created for women. Women, however, were excluded from sitting in

2070-486: Was increased from time to time – to three in 1882, to four in 1891, to six in 1913, to seven in 1919, to nine in 1947, to 11 in 1968 and to 12 in 1994. These provisions were repealed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 which created the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . That Act also provided that holders of judicial offices, including Justice of the Supreme Court, who are for that reason disqualified from

2116-608: Was not granted a life peerage, the first denial of a peerage to a former Speaker in over 200 years. At the time, Bercow was under investigation by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards regarding allegations of bullying, with the government claiming that Bercow would fail a "propriety test" conducted for all nominees. Unusually, Bercow was nominated for a peerage by then-Leader of the Opposition and Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn . The Prime Minister continues to recommend

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