Misplaced Pages

#435564

65-896: The Jungle movement that had started in 1914 gained momentum after the victory of the Bolsheviks in Russia . In May 1920 the Soviet Caspian Fleet , led by Fyodor Raskolnikov and accompanied by Sergo Orzhonikidze , entered the Caspian port of Anzali . This mission was declared to be only in pursuit of the Russian vessels and ammunition taken to Anzali by the White Russian counter-revolutionary General Denikin , who had been given asylum by British forces in Anzali. The British garrison in Anzali soon evacuated

130-671: A "Republic" before the advent of the Communist Party of Iran . In fact Mirza was removed from his posts in the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic only 17 days after the party's formation. Mirza did not seem to agree with Marxist ideology, being a devout man of faith, even though many of his allies until the end were members of the Communist Party. The British did not take Mirza's successes lightly, and sent intelligence agent Edward Noel to assassinate Mirza. Noel

195-539: A Soviet Republic in the country, there is no doubt that "Marxist-Muslim cooperation" as part of the Soviet Republic had a long-standing legacy on political and socialist organizing in the country, with one group of students organizing against the Shah in the 1960s called the "Jangal Group." Initially, when commencing the movement, Mirza and his allies formed a union called Ettehad-e-Islam (The Islamic Union). Although in

260-530: A letter to Lenin asking for assistance in 'freeing us and all of the oppressed from the chain of Iranian and British oppressors.' They also sent a letter to Tehran proclaiming the monarch government illegitimate. This Soviet republic would last close to two years before its leaders were killed and imprisoned. While the Soviet role in Iran was not clear, with questions on whether they were helping Iranians or helping establish

325-516: A message to the Soviet officers among Ehsanollah Khan's one thousand strong force that had made its way towards Qazvin , not to obey his orders and as a result that campaign was defeated. Historian Kayhan A. Nejad counters that Soviet leaders in Moscow only began to withdraw support from the Gilan Republic after months of infighting between its communist and non-communist factions, which set into motion

390-525: A moderate, subtropical climate with an average temperature of 25 °C in summer and about 8 °C in winter. Although snow may fall heavily in the mountains in winter, it rarely falls at sea level. Ecoregions: The total wood production from these forests is estimated at 269,022 cubic metres (9,500,400 cu ft). Golestan National Park and Shastkolateh forest watershed are located in Golestan Province and Mazandaran Province (the total area of

455-609: A process of internal collapse. Jungle Movement of Gilan Jungle revolutionaries Supported by: [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1915–17) [REDACTED] British Empire [REDACTED] Qajar Persia (1918–20) Mirza Kuchik Khan [REDACTED] Gen. Nikolai Baratov (1915) [REDACTED] Col. Lazar Bicherakhov (1918) [REDACTED] Maj. Gen. Lionel Dunsterville (1918) [REDACTED] Hassan Vosugh al-Dowleh (1918–20) The Jangal ( Jungle ) Movement (Persian: جنبش جنگل), in Gilan ,

520-714: A town near Firuzkuh in Mazandaran, noted that Mazandarani women never wore the veil and didn't hesitate to talk to foreigners. He also noted the extremely large amount of Circassians and Georgians in the region, and that he had never encountered people with as much civility as the Mazandaranis . Today, Persia proper, Fars, Mazanderan on the Caspian Sea and many other lands of this empire are all full of Georgian and Circassian inhabitants. Most of them remain Christian to this day, but in

585-507: A very crude manner, since they have neither priest nor minister to tend them. After the Safavid period, the Qajars began to campaign south from Mazandaran with Agha Mohammad Khan who already incorporated Mazandaran into his empire in 1782. On 21 March 1782, Agha Mohammad Shah proclaimed Sari as his imperial capital. Mazandaran was the site of local wars in those years, which led to the transfer of

650-668: Is an arid, mountainous 1,000-kilometer arc south of the Caspian Sea , stretching across northern Iran from the Azerbaijan border to near the Turkmenistan border. It covers 63,300 square kilometres (24,400 sq mi) and encompasses the southern and eastern slopes of the Alborz Mountains as well as their summits. The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion, with its lush green mountainsides and plains that receive moisture from

715-404: Is one of the 31 provinces of Iran . Its capital is the city of Sari . Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, the province is in the central-northern part of the country. Mazandaran, founded in 1937, covers an area of 23,842 km . Mazandaran is a Caspian province in the north of Iran . Located on the southern coast of

SECTION 10

#1732855543436

780-451: Is overwhelmingly Mazandarani , with a minority of Gilaks , Azerbaijanis , Kurds , Georgians , Armenians , Circassians , Turkmen and others. Mazandarani people have a background in Tabari ethnicity and speak Mazandarni. Their origin goes back to Tapuri people. So their land was called Tapuria, the land of Tapuris. Tapuris were made to migrate to the south coast of the Caspian Sea during

845-678: Is spoken in the west of Chalus and the dialect of Kojuri in the east. The people residing in Nowshahr speak the Kojuri-dialect of Mazanderani language . The closely related Gilaks form the largest minority in Mazandaran. They speak the Gilaki language and are concentrated in Ramsar , and Tonekabon . The native people in Ramsar are Gilaks although there are also Mazandarani people living there. They speak

910-670: The Alborz Mountains , and died of frostbite. It is said that his body was decapitated by a local landlord and his head was displayed in Rasht to establish the government's new hegemony over revolution and revolutionary ideas. Historians have tried to analyze the factors that contributed to the demise of the Jangal movement. Some of the main studies including those by Gregor Yeghikian and Ebrahim Fakhrayi (Minister of Culture in Kuchak Khan's Cabinet of

975-428: The Caspian Sea , it is bordered clockwise by Russia (across the sea), Golestan , Semnan , Tehran , Alborz , Qazvin , and Gilan Provinces. Sari is the largest city and the capital of Mazandaran province. The province has diverse natural resources , notably large reservoirs of oil and natural gas . The diverse natural habitats of the province include plains, prairies, forests and rainforest stretching from

1040-445: The Caspian horse are two of the animals of Mazandaran province. The 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat was held in Mazandaran in the city of Ramsar . Unlike the rest of Iran, Mazandaran is watered by numerous rivers, or mountain torrents, all running from the mountains to the sea. The German traveller Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin , who visited this country in 1771, says that in

1105-557: The Communist Party of Persia (evolved from the Baku -based Edalat ( Justice ) Party) on the other. On June 9, 1920 Mirza Kuchak Khan left Rasht in protest and also to avoid military confrontation (which he had always avoided as much as possible, even while fighting with the central government forces) and opened the way for the Communist (Edalat) party to set a coup d'état. The new administration, formally under Ehsanollah Khan but actually under

1170-832: The Gilan Republic , and soon after the British declared they would be withdrawing their troops. Ultimately, the Soviets told Mirza that the Soviet Republic, due to changed circumstances, was compromised. As a result, there was an internal conflict in which the leader of the communists, Heidar Amou Oqli, was killed, the "Revolutionary Committee" of the Soviet Republic fell apart, the Jangalis were defeated by Reza Khan and Mirza, along with his German companion, froze to death as they tried to escape Khan's men. Mazandaran Mazandaran province ( Persian : استان مازندران ; pronunciation )

1235-458: The Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) northern Iran, especially Mazandaran and Gilan, as well as, to a certain extent, Tehran, fell under a growing Russian sphere of influence. In the 19th century, during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar , the verdant region of Mazandaran was paid due attention as a recreational area. The top provincial official referred to

1300-562: The 9th-11th century AD, there were repetitively military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores of Iran , Azerbaijan , and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus' . Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route , selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in

1365-603: The Achaemenid dynasty. The native people of Sari , Amol , Qaem Shahr , Babol , Nowshahr , Chalus , and Tonekabon are Mazandarani people and speak the Mazandarani language. The eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river, though Kurdish tribes were established in the yeylāq of Kojūr and Kalārdašt in the Qajar period. Today Kurds in Mazandaran are mostly known as Khajevand Kurds and form majority of

SECTION 20

#1732855543436

1430-523: The Caspian Sea, forms this ecoregion's northern border. The vast Central Persian desert basin ecoregion forms its southern border. The Alborz range is composed of a granite core overlain with sedimentary rock including limestones , shales , sandstones , and tuffs . Metamorphic rocks such as schists , marbles , and amphibolite are also widely found. The climate is arid with annual precipitation varying from 150 mm to 500 mm, falling mostly as winter snow. The now-extinct Caspian tiger and

1495-506: The Gilaki language although the style they speak has been influenced by the Mazandarani language, making it slightly different from the Gilaki spoken in Gilan . (Planhol, p. 38). A dialect of Azeri is spoken in the town of Galoogah . At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,893,087 in 783,169 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,073,943 people in 931,007 households. The 2016 census measured

1560-576: The Great . In 529–536, Mazandaran was ruled by the Sasanian prince Kawus , son of Kawadh . Anushirawan , the Sasanian king, defeated Zarmihr, who claimed his ancestry from the legendary blacksmith Kaveh . This dynasty ruled the area till 645 AD, when Gil Gilanshah (a descendant of the Sasanian king Jamasp and a grandson of Piruz ) joined Mazandaran to Gilan . In 651 the Sasanid Empire fell, and all of

1625-619: The Hyrcanian forest is estimated at 965,000 ha (2,380,000 acres). From these forests, 487,195 ha (1,203,890 acres) are used commercially, 184,000 ha (450,000 acres) are protected and the rest are regarded as forest lands or over-used forests. The total of the forest woods used in this province is estimated at 770,551 cubic metres (27,211,800 cu ft). The Kojoor, Dohezar and Sehezar forest watersheds are located in Mazandaran Province. The Elburz Range forest steppe ecoregion

1690-538: The Jangalis entered into an agreement with the Bolsheviks. This cooperation with the Soviet revolutionaries was based on some conditions including the announcement of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic under his leadership and lack of any direct intervention by the Soviets in the internal affairs of the republic. The Soviets agreed to support him with ammunition and soldiers. Mirza offered to pay for

1755-504: The Jangalis failed to change relations between landlords and peasants, but they did continue to hold an anti- absolutist , anti-imperialist , and nationalist position displayed in their newspaper, Jangal , launched in 1917. In years that followed, it was clear that the movement was gaining strength as disorder and insecurity swept the country. By 1920, the Jangalis, who were broadly Shia Muslims, engaged in an uprising in which they demanded regional autonomy and national reforms. There

1820-541: The Jangalis, there were many who felt that the Bolsheviks offered a real solution to the problems shared by both Russia and Iran , namely the domination of the upper classes and the Imperial Court . Kuchak Khan's second-in-command, Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar , had become a communist and an ardent advocate of an alliance with the Bolsheviks. Kuchak Khan, though hesitant and cautious towards such an idea due to both his religious and Iranian nationalist background, accepted and

1885-490: The Russian ties of the Jangali movement. The Republic also lost support from the general population due to the exceedingly high number of war refugees who began flooding the urban centers, thus posing a significant economic problem. Mirza's efforts to resolve the bloody disputes by sending a petition through a delegate of two of his men to Soviet premier Vladimir Lenin did not result in a resolution. By 1921, and particularly after

1950-763: The Sasanid domains gradually came under Arab control , except for the Caspian region of Iran (among which Tabaristan). Tabaristan maintained an existence independent of the Umayyad Caliphate which supplanted the Sasanian Empire in the early seventh century, with independent Zoroastrian houses like the Bavand and Karen fighting an effective guerilla warfare against the Ummayads. A short-lived Alid Shiite state collapsed before

2015-511: The Soviet Republic) suggest a role for both extremist actions taken by the Communist (Edalat) Party that provoked opposing religious sentiment among the public, and Mirza Kuchak Khan's religious and at times somewhat conservative views on collaboration with the Communist Party as possible factors. Cosroe Chaqueri has suggested also that the change of policy on the Soviet side regarding pursuing global revolution versus establishing and protecting

Persian Socialist Soviet Republic - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-687: The Soviet Union was the main reason for them to withdraw support from the Gilan Republic. The second option got more support and therefore Soviets signed the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement with the British in London (1921) which required them to retreat from Northern Iran. Correspondence between Theodore Rothstein , the Soviet ambassador in Tehran, and Mirza Kuchak Khan clearly supports this view. As part of his peace making efforts, Rothstein had also sent

2145-750: The agreement achieved between the Soviet Union and Britain, the Soviets decided not to further support the Soviet Republic of Gilan. The Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921) was then signed, ensuring peaceful relations between the two countries and resulting in the withdrawal of Soviet forces. Reza Khan Mirpanj , who had initiated a successful coup d'état with Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee several days beforehand, then began reasserting central government control over Gilan and Mazandaran . The Soviet Republic of Gilan officially came to an end in September 1921. Mirza and his German friend Gauook ( Hooshang ) fled alone into

2210-482: The ammunition but the Soviets refused any payments. In May 1920, the Soviet Republic of Gilan, officially known as the Iranian Soviet Socialist Republic , came into being. The Republic did not redistribute land to poor peasants, to the dismay of the more radical forces of the Jangal movement. Therefore, soon disagreements arose between Mirza and his group of advisors on one side and the Soviets and

2275-695: The area dates back at least 75,000 years. Recent excavations in Gohar Tape in Rostamkola provide proof that the area has been urbanized for more than 5,000 years, and the area is considered one of the most important historical sites of Iran. It has played an important role in cultural and urban development of the region. Indigenous peoples of the region include the ethnic Mazanderanis , who speak an Iranian language which most closely resembles Gilaki and Sangiseri language , but also has phono -typical similarities to several Caucasian languages , reflecting

2340-585: The area. Mazandaran is also a fast-growing centre for biotechnology . Literally "the gate or the valley of the giants" from مازن‎ (mâzan) + در‎ (dar) + ـان‎ (ân), from Avesta ( Avestan : 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀‎ , romanized:  mazainiia , lit.   'giant'). The name has been used in Shahnameh to refer to a land inhabited by divs or ( daevas ) and sorcerers and is difficult to conquer. In Mazandaran, there are places named Div Asiyab, Div Cheshmeh, Div Kela, Div Hamam, etc. Human habitation in

2405-624: The arrival of the Iranian-speakers to Iran, native people of this area were subsistence hunters and cattle herders. Archaeological studies in caves belt and Hutu man in Behshahr in the Mazandaran date to ca. 9500 BCE. The Amard were a tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea , including current day Amol . Tapuri were a tribe in the Medes south of the Caspian Sea mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian . Ctesias refers to

2470-413: The beginning, they were in conformity over the aims of the movement, eventually the movement began witnessing considerable friction as some members had diverging tendencies toward Ahmad Shah Qajar while others such as Mirza specifically called for an Iranian "Republic." Not only did Mirza specifically use the term "Republic of Iran," as can be seen in his letters, but he had also declared his interest in

2535-452: The capital from Sari to Tehran by Fath Ali Shah . In Modern era at Mazandaran make new house and bridge in Amol and Sari . In along the beach and in the forest built Villa and modern settlements. Before the reign of Nader Shah , the province was briefly occupied by the Russian army in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War (1722–23) and returned to Persia in 1735. Following the outcomes of

2600-412: The cities of Kelardasht, Abbasabad, Nowshahr, Chalus and Kajur. Other Kurdish tribes in Mazandaran Province are Modanlu (In Sari), Jahanbeiglou (In Sari), Abdolmaleki (In Behshahr), Jalalvand (In Ramsar) and Amarlu (In Tonekabon). The Mazandarani inhabit the majority of the province. The closely related Gilak form the largest minority and are concentrated in Ramsar , Tonekabon . In recent years

2665-503: The coastal strip and the plains abutting the Caspian Sea like a huge wall. Due to the prevailing sea breeze and local winds of the southern and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea, sandy hills are formed, causing the appearance of a low natural barrier between the sea and plain. There is often snowfall in the Alborz regions, which run parallel to the Caspian Sea 's southern coast, dividing the province into many isolated valleys. The province enjoys

Persian Socialist Soviet Republic - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-504: The end of 1917, the Jangalis organized a "Unity of Islam" committee, since they were affiliated with the Union of Islam movement, which was "bourgeois-nationalist" with democratic elements, with members on the committee mainly comprising landlords and merchants. Still, they drew up a proposed constitution which accepted "private property in land" with certain limitations but also called for equality , majority rule , and freedom . Even with this,

2795-493: The existence of three international airports and three major sea ports in the province and the visit of millions of Iranian and foreign tourists to Mazandaran, including health tourists. The population of the province has been steadily growing during the last 50 years. The following table shows the approximate province population, excluding the Golestan province , which has separated as an independent province in 1998. The population

2860-498: The following cities: The following sorted table, lists the most populous cities in Mazandaran. Mazandaran is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea . It is bordered clockwise by Golestan , Semnan and Tehran provinces. This province also borders Qazvin and Gilan to the west. Mazandaran province is geographically divided into two parts: the coastal plains, and the mountainous areas. The Alborz Mountain Range surrounds

2925-622: The history of the region and its peoples. In the early 20th century, Reza Shah connected northern Elbourz to the southern slopes by constructing seven new roads and railways, the provinces of Mazandaran and Gilan became known as Shomal by all Iranians (meaning "the North" in Persian ). Mazandaran province was made part of the Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into five regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014. Before

2990-502: The important provinces. In 662 CE, ten years after the death of Yazdegerd III , the last Sasanian emperor, a large Muslim army under the command of Hassan ibn Ali invaded Tabarestan. With the advent of the Sasanian Empire, the King of Mazandaran ( Tabaristan and Padashkhwargar ) was Gushnasp, whose ancestors had reigned in the area (under the Parthian empire ) since the time of Alexander

3055-460: The influence of Batyrbek Abukov (the Soviet Commissar) started a series of radical activities such as anti-religious propaganda, or forcing money out of the rich landlords. Conservative elements characterized these measures as simply the latest features of longstanding Russian interference in the region, and the middle-class were antagonized by the level of violence, disrespect for property, and

3120-457: The land of Tapuri between the two lands of Cadusii and Hyrcania . The territory known as Mazandaran has changed hands among various dynasties from early in its history. There are several fortresses remaining from the Parthian Empire and Sasanian Empire , and many older cemeteries scattered throughout the province. During this era, Mazandaran was part of Hyrcania , which was one of

3185-538: The late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged the westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Mazandaran and Gilan , taking slaves and goods. The Bavandids , who claimed descent from Kawus, provided three dynasties. The first dynasty (665–1007) was overthrown on the conquest of Tabaristan by the Ziyarid Kabus b. Wushmgir . The second dynasty reigned from 1073 to 1210, when Mazandaran

3250-515: The major military presence in the region instead. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Marxists within Iran became more organized and began collaborating with the Jangal movement, with many of these new revolutionaries directly influenced by the Bolsheviks . Later, these Marxists would end up forming the communist Tudeh Party . Even so, there were undoubtedly differences since Mirza supported land reforms but not land redistribution. Near

3315-421: The movement was not "separatist", "bourgeois nationalist", or communist , its main ideas were rooted in ridding the country of government corruption, "foreign imperial domination," and opposition to the country's existing monarchy. With such goals, it is no surprise that the movement enjoyed strong support of the peasantry , working class , and poor population within Iran. Even so, Hooshang Amirahmadi describes

SECTION 50

#1732855543436

3380-567: The movement's leaders as "merchants and landlords" and Mirza as part of the "democratic wing" of the Iranian bourgeoisie . In years that followed, the movement's guerrillas, Jangalis, fought against foreign invaders. While they were described as "small landowners in Gilan" that advocated armed insurgency, they were strong enough to resist the advances of the Russian Empire , leading the British to become

3445-742: The name "Gorji" (i.e., Georgian) in them, although most of the large amounts of Georgians , Armenians , and Circassians are already assimilated into the mainstream Mazandaranis. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi , the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi , and both the Circassian and Georgian settlements by Pietro Della Valle , among other authors. Tabaristan remained independent until 1596, when Shah Abbas I , Mazandarani on his mother's side, incorporated Mazandaran into his Safavid empire, forcing many Armenians Circassians , Georgians , to settle in Mazandaran. Pietro della Valle (1586–1652), who visited

3510-427: The population of the province as 3,283,582 in 1,084,798 households. Mazandaran is one of the most densely populated provinces in Iran. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Mazandaran province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. According to the 2016 census, 1,897,238 people (over 57% of the population of Mazandaran province) live in

3575-630: The region has seen an influx of Iranians from other regions of Iran, many of them attracted by its nature and seaside. Mazanderani or Tabari is a Northwestern Iranian language. Various Mazandarani dialects exist which are spoken in Mazandaran province and the neighboring Golestan province such as Mazanderani, and Gorgani and possibly Qadikolahi (Ghadikolahi) and Palani. Today, Mazandaranis also use Persian (Western Persian). The educated can communicate and read Persian well. The people residing in Chalus speak Mazanderani language . The dialect of Kalarestaqi

3640-434: The sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea to the rugged and snowcapped Alborz sierra, including Mount Damavand , one of the highest peaks and volcanoes in Asia . Mazandaran is a major producer of farmed fish , and aquaculture provides an important economic addition to traditional dominance of agriculture . Another important contributor to the economy is the tourism industry, as people from all of Iran enjoy visiting

3705-412: The subsequent take-over by the Ziyarid princes. During the post-Islamic period the local dynasties fell into three classes: local families of pre-Islamic origin; the ʿ Alid sayyid ; and local families of secondary importance. The Karinids claimed descent from Karin, brother of Zarmihr who was the pre-Islamic ruler under the Sasanians. Their last representative Mazyar was put to death in 839. In

3770-446: The time of Timur ; the branch, claiming descent from Kawus the son of Kayumarth reigned until 1567 and the other, that of Iskandar the son of Kayumarth, until 1574. In the Safavid era (1501–1736) Mazandaran was settled by very large numbers of Georgians , Circassians , Armenians , and other Peoples of the Caucasus , whose descendants still live or linger across Mazandaran. Towns, villages and neighbourhoods in Mazandaran still bear

3835-450: The town without any resistance, retreating to Manjil . Faced with the conflict between his movement and the united British and central government forces, the Iranian revolutionary Mirza Kuchak Khan considered several choices. Mirza had considered seeking support from Bolsheviks when a year before he traveled on foot to Lankaran to meet with them but by the time he arrived in that city, the Red forces had been forced to evacuate. Amongst

3900-424: The two forces. After this, the Jangalis were a key part of maintaining Socialist Soviet Republic of Gilan , showing that Marxists and Muslims could work together in a common cause. John Foran describes this collaboration: The Communist Party of Iran, led by Haydar Khan Amoughlu, and the Jungle Movement, led by Mirza Kuchak Khan, had formed an alliance to build a soviet socialist republic. In addition, they sent

3965-503: Was a rebellion against the monarchist rule of the central government of the Sublime State of Iran , which lasted from 1915 to 1921. In 1915, Mirza Kuchik Khan , an experienced activist in the Constitutional Revolution , launched the Jangal movement, which was religiously Islamic , in the forests of Gilan , demanding autonomous status for the province, an end to central government corruption, an end to foreign interference in affairs of local peoples, and land reform. Basically, even though

SECTION 60

#1732855543436

4030-403: Was a turning point in the movement after the Red Army came into the Iranian port of Enzali. As a result, the Red Army and Jangalis agreed on the establishment of the bourgeois democratic and anti-British/anti-imperialist government in Gilan , while Mirza began secret negotiations with the central government to eliminate communists, leading to a coup in the Gilan government and later peace between

4095-456: Was arrested before he could take any such action. Colonel Stokes and General Lionel Dunsterville (whose troops were lightly referred to as Dunsterforce ) were further agitated by Mirza 's refusal to let British forces pass through Gilan on their way up north, while Mirza had approved and guaranteed Russian troops returning north safe passage. British forces attacked Rasht as a result, and even bombed Mirza's residence using airplanes. An ultimatum

4160-487: Was conquered by ' Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarzamshah . The third ruled from 1237 to 1349 as vassals of the Mongols . The last representative of the Bavandids was killed by Afrasiyab Chulawi. The Paduspanids claimed descent from the Dabuyids of the north. They came to prominence around 660 and during the rule of the ʿAlids were their vassals. Later, they were vassals of the Buyids and Bavandids, who deposed them in 1190. The dynasty, restored in 1209–10, survived until

4225-467: Was issued to Mirza by the British to surrender. The Russians joined the British and sent in 20,000 troops to capture Mirza. Many prominent members of the movement such as Haj Ahmad Kasmai and Dr Talequani Heshmat surrendered, with 270 troops, and the latter was executed by the Qajar government despite the immunity that he was granted. In 1922, the Soviets came to an agreement with the Iranian government to withdraw their troops, especially those assisting

#435564