Perga or Perge ( Hittite : Parha , Greek : Πέργη Perge , Turkish : Perge ) was originally an ancient Lycian settlement that later became a Greek city in Pamphylia . It was the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Secunda , now located in Antalya Province on the southwestern Mediterranean coast of Turkey . Today its ruins lie 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of Antalya .
65-499: It was the birthplace of the Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga , one of the most notable mathematicians of antiquity for his work on conic sections . A unique and prominent feature for a Roman city was the long central water channel in the centre of the main street which contained a series of cascading pools and which would have been remarkable even today in a semi-arid area where summer temperatures reach over 30 degrees Celsius. Perge
130-717: A Greek colony of Rhodes in the 7th c. BC. Perge was later a Pamphylian Greek city, and came under successive rule by Persians, Athenians, and Persians again. In 540 BC Perga, along with the other cities in Pamphylia was captured by the Achaemenid Empire . During the reign of Darius I , it was a part of the Satrapy of Ionia . There is no archeological evidence that shows the Achaemenid rule over Pamphylia but some classical sources do exist. Herodotus mentions that Pamphlyians sent aid to
195-567: A bronze tablet discovered in 1986 in Hattusas , a treaty between the Hittite Great King Tudhaliya IV and his vassal, the king of Tarhuntassa , defined the latter's western border at the city "Parha" and the "Kastaraya River". The river is assumed to be the classical Cestrus. West of Parha were the "Lukka Lands". Parha likely spoke a late Luwian dialect like Lycian and that of the neo-Hittite kingdoms. The settlement probably became
260-543: A dressed female was revealed by archaeologists headed by Sedef Cokay Kepçe in 2020. The statue, believed to have been made during the Roman Empire, will be on display at the Antalya Museum. Perga's most celebrated ancient inhabitant was the mathematician Apollonius (c.262 BC – c.190 BC) who lived and worked there. He wrote a series of eight books describing a family of curves known as conic sections , comprising
325-700: A fleet from the Greek island city-state of Rhodes , supported by Rome and Pergamum , defeated the Seleucid King Antiochus the Great 's fleet, which was under the command of the fugitive Carthaginian general Hannibal . The defeat of Hannibal and Antiochus the Great meant that Side freed itself from the overlord-ship of the Seleucid Empire . The Treaty of Apamea (188 BC) forced Antiochus to abandon all European territories and to cede all of Asia Minor north of
390-534: A good working relationship with the Roman Empire. Emperor Augustus reformed the state administration and placed Pamphylia and Side in the Roman province of Galatia in 25 BC, after the short reign of Amyntas of Galatia between 36 and 25 BC. Side began another prosperous period as a commercial centre in Asia Minor through its trade in olive oil. Its population grew to 60,000 inhabitants. This period would last well into
455-790: A group. Almost half of the material in Euclid 's Elements is customarily attributed to the Pythagoreans, including the discovery of irrationals, attributed to Hippasus (c. 530–450 BC) and Theodorus (fl. 450 BC). The greatest mathematician associated with the group, however, may have been Archytas (c. 435-360 BC), who solved the problem of doubling the cube , identified the harmonic mean , and possibly contributed to optics and mechanics . Other mathematicians active in this period, not fully affiliated with any school, include Hippocrates of Chios (c. 470–410 BC), Theaetetus (c. 417–369 BC), and Eudoxus (c. 408–355 BC). Greek mathematics also drew
520-407: A kind of brotherhood. Pythagoreans supposedly believed that "all is number" and were keen in looking for mathematical relations between numbers and things. Pythagoras himself was given credit for many later discoveries, including the construction of the five regular solids . However, Aristotle refused to attribute anything specifically to Pythagoras and only discussed the work of the Pythagoreans as
585-467: A laurel wreath (the sign of victory). In the 1st century BC, Side reached a peak when the Cilician pirates established their chief naval base and a centre for their slave-trade . The consul Servilius Vatia defeated these brigands in 78 BC and later the Roman general Pompey in 67 BC, bringing Side under the control of Rome and beginning its second period of ascendancy, when it established and maintained
650-511: A metropolis of Pamphylia until the thirteenth century. It does not appear in the "Notitia" of Andronicus III . In 1397 the diocese was united with that of Attalia ; in 1400 the Metropolitan of Perge and Attalia was at the same time the administrator of Side. No longer a residential see, Side is today included in the Catholic Church 's list of titular sees . The great ruins are among
715-462: A short time, and do not seem to have preached there; it was there that John Mark left Paul to return to Jerusalem . On his return from Pisidia , Paul preached at Perge. St. Matrona of Perge of the 6th century was a female saint known for temporarily cross-dressing to avoid her abusive husband. She also is known for opposing the Monophysite policy of the emperor Anastasios I . Matrona hid in
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#1732852250624780-455: Is a city on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey . It includes the modern resort town and the ruins of the ancient city of Side, one of the best-known classical sites in the country. Modern Side is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Manavgat , Antalya Province , Turkey . Its population is 14,527 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation , it was a town ( belde ). It lies near Manavgat , 78 km from Antalya . It
845-529: Is generally agreed that he was one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece . According to Proclus , he traveled to Babylon from where he learned mathematics and other subjects, coming up with the proof of what is now called Thales' Theorem . An equally enigmatic figure is Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580–500 BC), who supposedly visited Egypt and Babylon, and ultimately settled in Croton , Magna Graecia , where he started
910-591: Is located on the eastern part of the Pamphylian coast, which lies about 20 km east of the mouth of the Eurymedon River . Today, as in antiquity, the ancient city is situated on a small north-south peninsula about 1 km long and 400 m across. Pseudo-Scylax , Strabo and Arrian record that Side was founded by Greek settlers from Cyme in Aeolis , a region of western Anatolia . This most likely occurred in
975-643: The Ancient Greek : μάθημα , romanized : máthēma , Attic Greek : [má.tʰɛː.ma] Koinē Greek : [ˈma.θi.ma] , from the verb manthanein , "to learn". Strictly speaking, a máthēma could be any branch of learning, or anything learnt; however, since antiquity certain mathēmata (mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmonics) were granted special status. The origins of Greek mathematics are not well documented. The earliest advanced civilizations in Greece and Europe were
1040-924: The Antikythera mechanism , the accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth by Eratosthenes (276–194 BC), and the mathematical and mechanical works of Heron (c. 10–70 AD). Several centers of learning appeared during the Hellenistic period, of which the most important one was the Mouseion in Alexandria , Egypt , which attracted scholars from across the Hellenistic world (mostly Greek, but also Egyptian , Jewish , Persian , among others). Although few in number, Hellenistic mathematicians actively communicated with each other; publication consisted of passing and copying someone's work among colleagues. Later mathematicians in
1105-514: The Council of Constantinople of 869–70 . No longer a residential, the bishopric is included in the Catholic Church 's list of titular sees . Perga remained inhabited until the foundation of the Seljuk Empire in roughly 1000. Excavations started in 1946 and have uncovered many monumental buildings: a theatre , a stadium, palaestra , a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis
1170-511: The Dedekind cut , developed by Richard Dedekind , who acknowledged Eudoxus as inspiration. Euclid , who presumably wrote on optics, astronomy, and harmonics, collected many previous mathematical results and theorems in the Elements , a canon of geometry and elementary number theory for many centuries. Menelaus , a later geometer and astronomer, wrote a standard work on spherical geometry in
1235-495: The Minoan and later Mycenaean civilizations, both of which flourished during the 2nd millennium BC. While these civilizations possessed writing and were capable of advanced engineering, including four-story palaces with drainage and beehive tombs , they left behind no mathematical documents. Though no direct evidence is available, it is generally thought that the neighboring Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations had an influence on
1300-450: The Seleucids . The walls around the lower city were built in the period starting from 223 BC. In the 2nd century BC the city became prosperous and started minting its own coins with the image of Artemis and her temple. Perge became renowned for the worship of Artemis , whose temple stood on a hill outside the town, and in whose honour annual festivals were celebrated. Following the defeat of
1365-511: The circle , ellipse , parabola , and hyperbola . Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Perga" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Greek mathematics Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, around
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#17328522506241430-526: The cosmos together rather than physical or mechanical forces. Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC), the founder of the Peripatetic school , often used mathematics to illustrate many of his theories, as when he used geometry in his theory of the rainbow and the theory of proportions in his analysis of motion. Much of the knowledge about ancient Greek mathematics in this period is thanks to records referenced by Aristotle in his own works. The Hellenistic era began in
1495-433: The language of Side . The inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, remain undeciphered, but testify that the local language was still in use several centuries after colonisation. Alexander the Great occupied Side without a struggle in 333 BC. Alexander left only a single garrison behind to occupy the city. This occupation, in turn, introduced the people of Side to Hellenistic culture, which flourished from
1560-476: The monastery of St. Bassion as the enuch Babylos. Once revealed, she was sent to a woman's monastery where she was head of the convent. She was famous for her miraculous gift of healing. She went on to found a nunnery in Constantinople . St Matrona died at the age of 100. Her life was told through a vita prima whose author and exact time period remains a mystery. The Greek Notitiae episcopatuum mentions
1625-468: The 2nd century AD and is 30 km in length. The aqueduct is special because it has an exceptional number of bridges which are still preserved as well as tunnels. This was because the altitude difference between source and city is only 36 m, so to make the gradient as high as possible it was necessary to keep the route as straight and short as possible through the hilly terrain, which entailed more expensive bridges (22 in total) and 16 tunnels 100-2260m long. It
1690-464: The 3rd century AD. Side also established itself as a slave-trading centre in the Mediterranean . Its large commercial fleet engaged in acts of piracy, while wealthy merchants paid for such tributes as public works, monuments, and competitions as well as the games and gladiator fights. Most of the extant ruins at Side date from this period of prosperity. Side was the home of Eustathius of Antioch , of
1755-440: The 4th to the 1st century BC. After Alexander's death, Side fell under the control of one of Alexander's generals, Ptolemy I Soter , who declared himself king of Egypt in 305 BC. The Ptolemaic dynasty controlled Side until it was captured by the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC. Yet, despite these occupations, Side managed to preserve some autonomy, grew prosperous, and became an important cultural centre. In 190 BC
1820-623: The 5th and 6th centuries. St. Paul the Apostle and his companion St. Barnabas twice visited Perga as recorded in the biblical book, the Acts of the Apostles, during their first missionary journey, where they "preached the word" before heading for and sailing from Attalia (modern-day Antalya city), 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the southwest, to Antioch. Paul and Barnabas came to Perge during their first missionary journey , but probably stayed there only
1885-485: The 7th century BC. A basalt column base from the 7th century BC found in the excavations and attributable to the Neo-Hittites is evidence of the site's early history. Possessing a good harbour for small craft, Side's natural geography made it one of the most important trade centres in the region. Its tutelary deity was Athena , whose head adorned its coinage. Excavations have revealed several inscriptions written in
1950-435: The 7th century, contributing to its decline. The combination of earthquakes, Christian zealots and Arab raids, left the site abandoned by the 10th century, its citizens having emigrated to nearby Attalia. In the 12th century, Side temporarily established itself once more as a large city. An inscription found on the site of the former ancient city shows a considerable Jewish population in early Byzantine times. However, Side
2015-552: The Circle ), and a proof that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 times the area of a triangle with equal base and height ( Quadrature of the Parabola ). Archimedes also showed that the number of grains of sand filling the universe was not uncountable, devising his own counting scheme based on the myriad , which denoted 10,000 ( The Sand-Reckoner ). The most characteristic product of Greek mathematics may be
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2080-414: The Hellenistic and early Roman periods , and much of the work represented by authors such as Euclid (fl. 300 BC), Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC), Apollonius (c. 240–190 BC), Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BC), and Ptolemy (c. 100–170 AD) was of a very advanced level and rarely mastered outside a small circle. Examples of applied mathematics around this time include the construction of analogue computers like
2145-572: The Kursunlu waterfall. A later aqueduct of 21 km length used a greater flow from the Duden river near the Dudenbasi waterfall. Perge had at least 6 nymphaea , the most striking being the northern, or "Hadrian's", nymphaeum (about 122 AD) and the southern nymphaeum in the square of Septimius Severus (end 2nd to early 3rd c. AD). Hadrian's nymphaeum was beautifully decorated with numerous sculptures including
2210-565: The Province of Galatia . After the Flavian Dynasty was founded by Emperor Vespasian , the city became a part of the Lycia et Pamphylia province. Vespasian also granted the city the rank of neocorate which made the city in charge of the imperial cult . During the 2nd century AD there was a construction boom in the city, fueled by Pax Romana and excessive wealth. The city center was expanded to
2275-810: The Roman era include Diophantus (c. 214–298 AD), who wrote on polygonal numbers and a work in pre-modern algebra ( Arithmetica ), Pappus of Alexandria (c. 290–350 AD), who compiled many important results in the Collection , Theon of Alexandria (c. 335–405 AD) and his daughter Hypatia (c. 370–415 AD), who edited Ptolemy's Almagest and other works, and Eutocius of Ascalon ( c. 480–540 AD), who wrote commentaries on treatises by Archimedes and Apollonius. Although none of these mathematicians, save perhaps Diophantus, had notable original works, they are distinguished for their commentaries and expositions. These commentaries have preserved valuable extracts from works which have perished, or historical allusions which, in
2340-760: The Seleucids by the Romans in 188 BC, the wider area was gifted by the Romans to the Attalid kingdom . When its last king died without heirs in 133 BC, he bequeathed his kingdom, including Perga, to the Roman Republic . After 25 BC, the Romans built the Via Sebaste linking Pisidian Antioch in Galatia with Perge. When the Romans first incorporated Perga into the Empire, the city was a part of
2405-569: The South side of the city and new monuments were erected. Perga also had many philanthropists during the Roman Empire period who financed the construction of monumental structures. Under the Romans from the 1st to the 3rd century AD the town became a magnificent city with many impressive buildings. It became one of the most beautiful towns in Anatolia, competing with Side for the status of most important town in Pamphylia. Plancia Magna (d. 122), daughter of
2470-488: The Taurus Mountains to Pergamum . However, the dominion of Pergamum only reached de facto as far as Perga , leaving Eastern Pamphylia in a state of uncertain freedom. This led Attalus II Philadelphus to construct a new harbour in the city of Attalia (the present Antalya), although Side already possessed an important harbour of its own. Between 188 and 36 BC Side minted its own money, tetradrachms showing Nike and
2535-496: The absence of original documents, are precious because of their rarity. Most of the mathematical texts written in Greek survived through the copying of manuscripts over the centuries. While some fragments dating from antiquity have been found above all in Egypt , as a rule they do not add anything significant to our knowledge of Greek mathematics preserved in the manuscript tradition. Greek mathematics constitutes an important period in
2600-400: The alluring appearance of the mosaics that have been unearthed so far. In 2003 archaeologists discovered well-preserved Greek mosaics showing Oceanus and Medusa . In 2017 a mosaic depicting the sacrifice of Iphigenia was discovered. The city was eventually supplied in the Roman era by 2 aqueducts. The Kursunlu aqueduct was 11 km long and probably built to supply baths from close to
2665-532: The attention of philosophers during the Classical period . Plato (c. 428–348 BC), the founder of the Platonic Academy , mentions mathematics in several of his dialogues. While not considered a mathematician, Plato seems to have been influenced by Pythagorean ideas about number and believed that the elements of matter could be broken down into geometric solids. He also believed that geometrical proportions bound
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2730-575: The city as metropolis of Pamphylia Secunda until the 13th century. Le Quien gives the names of 11 of its bishops: Epidaurus, present at the Council of Ancyra in 312; Callicles at the First Council of Nicaea in 325; Berenianus, at Constantinople (426); Epiphanius at the Second Council of Ephesus (449), at the First Council of Chalcedon (451), and a signatory of the letter from the bishops of
2795-479: The facades were covered in precious marbles and decorated with columns and statues. One of the most impressive monuments is the theatre which lies outside the walls near the stadium. It is larger than those of Myra and Patara . The south baths created in the 1st c. AD is one of the best preserved buildings and is noteworthy for its size and monumentality, and for the large collection of sculptures found there. Perge has been dubbed as “Turkey’s second Zeugma ” for
2860-576: The governor Marcus Plancius Varus , was the greatest benefactor and instigator of public buildings and was honoured with statues erected by the town council. She was also a priestess at the Artemis Temple and high priestess at the imperial cult. In 46 AD, according to the Acts of the Apostles , St. Paul journeyed to Perga, from there continued on to Antiocheia in Pisidia , then returned to Perga where he preached
2925-419: The history of mathematics : fundamental in respect of geometry and for the idea of formal proof . Greek mathematicians also contributed to number theory , mathematical astronomy , combinatorics , mathematical physics , and, at times, approached ideas close to the integral calculus . Eudoxus of Cnidus developed a theory of proportion that bears resemblance to the modern theory of real numbers using
2990-504: The history of the time; Conon, 536; Peter, 553; John, 680-692; Mark, 879; Theodore, 1027-1028; Anthimus, present at the synod held at Constantinople in 1054; John, then counsellor to the Emperor Michael VII Ducas , presided at a council on the worship of images, 1082; Theodosius and his successor Nicetas, twelfth century. John, present at a synod at Constantinople in 1156. The Notitiae Episcopatuum continued to mention Side as
3055-998: The lack of original manuscripts, the dates for some Greek mathematicians are more certain than the dates of surviving Babylonian or Egyptian sources because a number of overlapping chronologies exist, though many dates remain uncertain. Netz (2011) has counted 144 ancient authors in the mathematical or exact sciences, from whom only 29 works are extant in Greek: Aristarchus , Autolycus , Philo of Byzantium , Biton , Apollonius , Archimedes , Euclid , Theodosius , Hypsicles , Athenaeus , Geminus , Heron , Apollodorus , Theon of Smyrna , Cleomedes , Nicomachus , Ptolemy , Gaudentius , Anatolius , Aristides Quintilian , Porphyry , Diophantus , Alypius , Damianus , Pappus , Serenus , Theon of Alexandria , Anthemius , and Eutocius . The following works are extant only in Arabic translations: Side, Turkey Side (formerly Selimiye)
3120-694: The late 4th century BC, following Alexander the Great's conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean , Egypt , Mesopotamia , the Iranian plateau , Central Asia , and parts of India , leading to the spread of the Greek language and culture across these regions. Greek became the lingua franca of scholarship throughout the Hellenistic world, and the mathematics of the Classical period merged with Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics to give rise to Hellenistic mathematics. Greek mathematics reached its acme during
3185-672: The military campaign of Xerxes against the Greeks, so it must have been under the control of the Achaemenids. According to Diodorus Siculus , Perge was one of the cities that rebelled against the Achaemenid rule during the Great Satraps' Revolt in 360 BC. Alexander the Great , after taking Phaselis , was welcomed in Perge with his army in 334 BC. Alexander's rule was followed by the Diadochi empire of
3250-570: The most notable in Asia Minor. They cover a large promontory which a wall and a moat separate from the mainland. Archaeologists have been excavating Side since 1947 and intermittently continue to do so. The colossal theatre complex of the 2nd century is less well-preserved that of Aspendos , but it is almost as large, seating 15,000–20,000 people. It was converted into an open-air sanctuary with two chapels during Byzantine times (5th or 6th century). The well-preserved city walls provide an entrance to
3315-498: The philosopher Troilus , of the fifth-century ecclesiastical writer Philip; of the famous lawyer Tribonian . Side began a steady decline from the 4th century on. Even defensive walls could not stop successive invasions of highlanders from the Taurus Mountains. During the 5th and 6th centuries, Side experienced a revival, and became the seat of the Bishopric of Eastern Pamphylia. Arab fleets, nevertheless, raided and burned Side during
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#17328522506243380-560: The province to Emperor Leo (458); Hilarianus, at a council at Constantinople in 536; Eulogius, at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553; Apergius, condemned as a Monothelite at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680; John, at the Trullan council in 692; Sisinnius Pastillas about 754 (an iconoclast who was condemned at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787); Constans, at the same council of that condemned his predecessor; John, at
3445-415: The river god Cestrus under whom water cascaded. It is located at the edge of the acropolis to capture the outflow of the abundant water supply and from there fed the channel that flowed through the city. The southern nymphaeum faces the courtyard of Septimius Severus and is next to the propylon (monumental entrance) of the southern baths whose hydraulic system provided it with water. A full-body statue of
3510-465: The shores of the Mediterranean . Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire region, from Anatolia to Italy and North Africa , but were united by Greek culture and the Greek language . The development of mathematics as a theoretical discipline and the use of deductive reasoning in proofs is an important difference between Greek mathematics and those of preceding civilizations. Greek mathēmatikē ("mathematics") derives from
3575-411: The site through the Hellenistic main gate ( Megale Pyle ) from the 2nd century BC. The colonnaded street had marble columns whose remains can be seen near the Roman baths, restored as a museum displaying statues and sarcophagi from the Roman period. The agora includes the remains of the round Tyche and Fortuna temple (2nd century BC), peripteral with twelve columns, in the centre. In later times it
3640-563: The style of the Elements , the Spherics , arguably considered the first treatise in non-Euclidean geometry . Archimedes made use of a technique dependent on a form of proof by contradiction to reach answers to problems with an arbitrary degree of accuracy, while specifying the limits within which the answers lay. Known as the method of exhaustion , Archimedes employed it in several of his works, including an approximation to π ( Measurement of
3705-411: The theory of conic sections , which was largely developed in the Hellenistic period , starting with the work of Menaechmus and perfected primarily under Apollonius in his work Conics . The methods employed in these works made no explicit use of algebra , nor trigonometry , the latter appearing around the time of Hipparchus . Ancient Greek mathematics was not limited to theoretical works but
3770-467: The word of God (Acts 14:25). Then he left the city and went to Attaleia. As the Cestrus silted up over the late Roman era, Perga declined as a secular city. In the first half of the 4th century, during the reign of Constantine the Great (324-337), Perga became an important centre of Christianity, which soon became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The city retained its status as a Christian centre in
3835-404: The younger Greek tradition. Unlike the flourishing of Greek literature in the span of 800 to 600 BC, not much is known about Greek mathematics in this early period—nearly all of the information was passed down through later authors, beginning in the mid-4th century BC. Greek mathematics allegedly began with Thales of Miletus (c. 624–548 BC). Very little is known about his life, although it
3900-532: Was abandoned again after being sacked. Its population moved to Attalia , and Side became known as Eski Adalia 'Old Antalya' and was buried. As capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima , Side was ecclesiastically the metropolitan see . The earliest known bishop was Epidaurus, presiding at the Synod of Ancyra , 314. Others are John, fourth century; Eustathius, 381; Amphilochius, 426-458, who played an important part in
3965-455: Was also used in other activities, such as business transactions and in land mensuration, as evidenced by extant texts where computational procedures and practical considerations took more of a central role. Although the earliest Greek mathematical texts that have been found were written after the Hellenistic period, most are considered to be copies of works written during and before the Hellenistic period. The two major sources are Despite
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#17328522506244030-414: Was located outside the town. Many of the coins struck in the city portrayed both the goddess and her sanctuary. The Hellenistic walls date from the 3rd c. BC and had 3 gates. The south gate is particularly monumental and includes 2 towers 3 storeys high with conical roofs and a horseshoe-shaped square behind. Under Hadrian in 121 AD, a triumphal arch was inserted into the northern wall of the courtyard and
4095-530: Was restored in the first half of the 3rd century, financed by Lollianos Bryonianos from Side according to an inscription. In 1895, Turkish Muslim Immigrants from Crete moved to the area of the ruins and called it Selimiye; they also built houses over the ruins when the Cretan Turks moved there. Today, Side has become a popular holiday destination as a result of the expansion of the Antalya coastal project and
4160-760: Was situated on the coastal plain between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu) , about 11 km from the mouth of the latter. The history of the city dates back to the Late Chalcolitic Era or Early Bronze Age. Excavations in the original settlement on the acropolis date it to the early Bronze Age , 4000-3000 BC. Pottery found in the Perga Acropolis is linked to the Early Bronze Age pottery traditions in Western Anatolia. From
4225-493: Was used as a trading centre where pirates sold slaves. The early Roman Temple of Dionysus is near the theatre. The fountain gracing the entrance is restored. At the left side is a Byzantine Basilica. Other buildings include three temples and a nymphaeum , a grotto or fountain building of elaborate design, and a synagogue which was discovered under a modern place of residence. Excavation teams also found an ancient Greek brothel. The Roman aqueduct dates from 2nd half of
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