Misplaced Pages

#813186

162-674: On 16 August 1941, the War Department approved large-scale reinforcement of the Philippines. General MacArthur was notified that the first units would sail in September. When Chief of Staff George C. Marshall asked MacArthur if he needed a National Guard division for USAFFE, MacArthur declined, stating: "Equipment and supply of existing forces are the prime essential. I am confident if these steps are taken with sufficient speed, that no further major reinforcement will be necessary for accomplishment of

324-735: A Freemason , raised "at sight" by the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. ("At sight" is the procedure by which a Grand Master confers on a candidate all three Masonic degrees – Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master – at one time.) As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in American history, inheriting an outmoded, poorly equipped army of 189,000 men and, partly drawing from his experience teaching and developing techniques of modern warfare as an instructor at

486-848: A raid on the Queensland Government Printing Office , with the aim of confiscating copies of Hansard that covered debates in the Queensland Parliament where anti-conscription sentiments had been aired. Russian immigration took place in the years 1911–1914. Many were radicals and revolutionaries seeking asylum from tsarist political repression in the final chaotic years of the Russian Empire ; considerable numbers were Jews escaping state-inspired pogroms. They had fled Russia via Siberia and Northern China, most making their way to Harbin , in Manchuria , then taking passage from

648-522: A triumphal arch erected in Queen Street . In May that year, the Duke of Cornwall and York (later King George V ) laid the foundation stone of St John's Cathedral , one of the great cathedrals of Australia . The University of Queensland was founded in 1909 and first sited at Old Government House , which became vacated as the government planned for a larger residence. Fernberg House , built in 1865, became

810-555: A 90-division Army using individual replacements sent via a circuitous process from training to divisions in combat. The individual replacement system devised by Marshall and implemented by McNair exacerbated problems with unit cohesion and effective transfer of combat experience to new soldiers and officers. In Europe, where there were few pauses in combat with German forces, the individual replacement system had broken down completely by late 1944. Hastily trained replacements or service personnel reassigned as infantry were often given only

972-600: A Japanese attack on the island impossible. These recommendations were dismissed by the President but could have been catastrophic if they had not been. Ten days after the attack, Short and Admiral Husband E. Kimmel , commander of the United States Pacific Fleet at Naval Station Pearl Harbor , were both relieved of their duties. The final report of the Joint Committee did not single out or fault Marshall. While

1134-659: A Second Award of the Army Distinguished Service Medal to General of the Army George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (ASN: 0-1616), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during the period from September 1939 through November 1945. The singularly distinctive accomplishments of General Marshall reflect

1296-490: A brick was thrown into the motel room and police took action to clear the road and consequently disproportionate violence was used against demonstrators. In the lead up to the 1980s Queensland fell subject to many forms of censorship. In 1977 things had escalated from prosecutions and book burnings, under the introduction of the Literature Board of Review, to a statewide ban on protests and street marches. In September 1977

1458-606: A career in the military, but unlikely to obtain an appointment to the United States Military Academy because of his average grades, he looked to the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for a formal education. Marshall's brother Stuart, a VMI alumnus, believed George would not succeed and argued that their mother should not let George attend out of concern that he would "disgrace the family name." Determined to "wipe his brother's face," Marshall enrolled at

1620-578: A counterculture focused on the University of Queensland , street marches and Brisbane punk rock music. In 1971, the touring Springboks were to play against the Australian Rugby team. This was met with plans for protests due to the growing international and local opposition to apartheid in South Africa. However, before their arrival Bjelke-Petersen declared a state of emergency for a month, citing

1782-603: A cry for "bread or blood", rioted and attempted to ransack the Government store . The City Botanic Gardens were originally established in 1825 as a farm for the Moreton Bay penal settlement , and were planted by convicts in 1825 with food crops to feed the prison colony. In 1855, several acres was declared a Botanic Reserve under the Superintendent Walter Hill , a position he held until 1881. Some trees planted in

SECTION 10

#1732844751814

1944-404: A deep laceration to one of his buttocks. While being treated for his injury, Marshall refused to inform on his classmates. Impressed with his bravery, the hazers never bothered him again. During his years at VMI, Marshall always ranked first in military discipline and about midway academically. He attained the rank of first captain, the highest a cadet could achieve, and graduated 15th of 34 in

2106-631: A destination of interstate migration. Some of Brisbane's popular landmarks were lost to development in controversial circumstances, including the Bellevue Hotel in 1979 and Cloudland in 1982. Major public works included the Riverside Expressway , the Gateway Bridge , and later, the redevelopment of South Bank . Starting with the monumental Robin Gibson -designed Queensland Cultural Centre , with

2268-466: A dinner party. They married on 15 October 1930, at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Maryland . The wedding made headlines as General Pershing served as Marshall's best man. From June 1932 to June 1933, Marshall was the commanding officer of the 8th Infantry Regiment at Fort Screven , Georgia . From July 1933 to October 1933 he was commander of Fort Moultrie , South Carolina, and District I of

2430-670: A few of its non-commissioned officers had been in the Army for two years or more, and nearly all of the lieutenants had been commissioned less than six months". In late 1917, General John J. Pershing , the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the AEF, inspected the 1st Division. Unimpressed by what he observed, Pershing began to berate the division commander, Major General Sibert, in front of his staff, including Marshall. Sibert took Pershing's criticism in silence, but when Pershing turned his attention to

2592-445: A few weeks' refresher training before being thrown into battle with Army divisions locked in front-line combat. The new men were often not even proficient in the use of their own weapons, and once in combat, could not receive enough practical instruction from veterans before being killed or wounded, sometimes within the first few days. Under such conditions, many soldiers suffered a crippling loss of morale, while veterans were kept at

2754-596: A letter to President William McKinley compared him favorably to other VMI graduates serving in the Army, saying Marshall was "Fully the equal of the best." He was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry in February 1902. In a matter of days he married, resigned the Danville job, and shipped out to serve with the 30th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines . Prior to World War I , Marshall received various postings in

2916-479: A marked influence on the successes achieved by the units with which he served. After the war, Marshall reverted to his permanent rank of captain. In 1919, he became an aide-de-camp to General Pershing. Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was Army Chief of Staff , Marshall worked on a number of projects that focused on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare. He taught at the Army War College and

3078-522: A newspaper for the CCC region that provided a vehicle to promote CCC successes, and he initiated a variety of programs that developed participants' skills and improved their health. Marshall's inspections of the CCC camps gave him and his wife Katherine the chance to enjoy the beauty of the American Pacific Northwest and made that assignment what he called "the most instructive service I ever had, and

3240-464: A permit. You won't get one. That's government policy now." In response to this, protesters came up with the idea of Phantom Civil Liberties Marches where protesters would gather and march until the police and media arrived. They would then disperse, and gather together again until the media and police returned, repeating the process over and over again. The end of the Bjelke-Petersen era began with

3402-461: A popular mode of public transport until the network was closed in 1969, in part the result of the Paddington tram depot fire . Between 1968 and 1987, Queensland was governed by Bjelke-Petersen, whose government was characterised by social conservatism , police corruption , and the brutal suppression of protest and has been described as a police state . However, during this time Brisbane developed

SECTION 20

#1732844751814

3564-636: A population of approximately 4 million which includes several other regional centres and cities. The central business district is situated within a peninsula of the Brisbane River about 15 km (9 mi) from its mouth at Moreton Bay . Brisbane is located in the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Island and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several local government areas , most centrally

3726-604: A special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the Nationalists of Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists of Mao Zedong . As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the Marshall Plan , and which led to his being awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize . After resigning as Secretary of State, Marshall served as chairman of

3888-401: A spike ' , referencing the shape of the Brisbane River along the area that Brisbane CBD now straddles. A contemporary Turrbal organisation has also suggested it means ' the place of the blue water lilies ' . Local Elder Gaja Kerry Charlton posits that Meanjin is based on a European understanding of ' spike ' , and that the phonetically similar Yagara name Magandjin — after

4050-447: A substantial settlement of brick and stone buildings, complete with school and hospital. He formed additional outstations and made several important journeys of exploration. Logan became infamous for his extreme use of the cat o' nine tails on convicts. The maximum allowed limit of lashes was 50; however, Logan regularly applied sentences of 150 lashes. During this period raids on maize fields were conducted by local Aboriginal groups in

4212-537: A tent and often landed ashore, thus bestowing upon the future Brisbane City the distinction of being the only Australian capital city visited by its namesake. Chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane . The penal settlement under the control of Captain Patrick Logan (Commandant from 1826 to 1830) flourished, with the numbers of convicts increasing dramatically from around 200 to over 1,000 men. He developed

4374-604: A time when Japanese forces were seen to threaten Australia. The strongest and only battle-hardened Australian Army units — known as the Australian Imperial Force — were involved in the North African and Malayan Campaigns . The U.S. soldiers were accommodated at Ascot Racecourse (later known as Eagle Farm) in tents, while they awaited further instructions. It had been decided to send the most important articles of equipment by air to Manila, and General George Brett

4536-485: Is a transportation hub, being served by large rail , bus and ferry networks, as well as Brisbane Airport and the Port of Brisbane , Australia's third-busiest airport and seaport. A diverse city with over 36% of its metropolitan population being foreign-born, Brisbane is frequently ranked highly in lists of the most liveable cities . Brisbane has hosted major events including the 1982 Commonwealth Games , World Expo 88 ,

4698-461: Is also known as Meanjin , a Turrbal word that originally referred to land on which parts of the city are built, or as Magandjin , a Yagara word referring to the tulipwood tree . Aboriginal Australians have lived in coastal South East Queensland for at least 22,000 years, with an estimated population between 6,000 and 10,000 individuals before European settlement in the 1820s. Aboriginal groups claiming traditional ownership of

4860-643: Is also known for its extensive parks and outdoor attractions including the City Botanic Gardens , Victoria Park , Roma Street Parkland , New Farm Park , the Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens , the Brisbane Riverwalk , Moreton Bay , Moreton Island and D'Aguilar National Park . Brisbane is named after the Brisbane River , which in turn was named after Sir Thomas Brisbane , the governor of New South Wales from 1821 to 1825. The name

5022-631: Is derived from the Scottish Gaelic bris , meaning ' to break or smash ' and the Old English word ban meaning ' bone ' . Popular nicknames for Brisbane Brissie , Brisvegas , "Brizzie" and the River City . Brisbane sits on indigenous land known also as Meanjin , the name used in the Turrbal language of one group of traditional owners . Meanjin means ' place shaped as

Pensacola Convoy - Misplaced Pages Continue

5184-553: The 1st Division for service in France. Shortly after the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Marshall had roles as a planner of both training and operations. In the summer, he was assigned as assistant chief of staff for operations on the staff of the newly created 1st Division , commanded by Major General William L. Sibert , a fifty-six-year-old engineer officer. After overseeing

5346-466: The 2001 Goodwill Games , the 2014 G20 summit , and will host the 2032 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . Brisbane is one of Australia's most popular tourist destinations and is Australia's most biodiverse and greenest city . South Bank and its extensive parklands is the most visited tourist landmark in Australia, with over 14 million visitors every year. Other major landmarks and precincts of

5508-905: The 27th Bombardment Group (Light) sent on the Meigs . Eighteen crated Curtiss P-40 fighter planes of the 35th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on the Bloemfontein . Forty eight pilots of the 35th Pursuit Group traveled on the Republic and thirty-nine newly graduated but unassigned pilots were aboard the Holbrook . Materiel transported included: 20 75 mm field artillery pieces, AA ammunition, 2,000 500 lb bombs, 3,000 30 lb bombs, 340 motor vehicles, 9,000 barrels of aviation fuel, 500,000 rounds of .50 caliber ammunition and 9,600 rounds of 37 mm anti-aircraft shells. The ships left San Francisco individually and arrived at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on 27 November to form

5670-441: The 3rd Bombardment Group ; most of these were shot down on 26 July 1942, while attacking Japanese shipping off Buna, New Guinea . The battalions of the 147th and 148th Field Artillery Regiments on the convoy were sent to Darwin to reinforce northern Australia. The 147th units were later reorganized as the 147th and 260th Field Artillery Battalions. The 148th units became the 148th Field Artillery Battalion. Both battalions served in

5832-514: The 8th Infantry Regiment and Fort Screven , Georgia . Marshall commanded 5th Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks from 1936 to 1938; he received promotion to brigadier general . During this command, Marshall was also responsible for 35 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps in Oregon and Southern Washington. In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division on

5994-488: The A-24 dive bomber trigger motors and solenoids were found to have been overlooked in unpacking and destroyed due to being nailed inside the packing crates and burned with the crates. Few of the troops, mostly artillerymen, were familiar with general supply outside their specialties, yet were now responsible for the unexpected unloading and redistribution of cargo for retention in Australia or transshipment onward to Java and possibly

6156-803: The American Battle Monuments Commission and president of the American National Red Cross . As Secretary of Defense at the start of the Korean War , Marshall worked to restore the military's confidence and morale after the end of its post-World War II demobilization and then its initial buildup for combat in Korea and operations during the Cold War . Resigning as Defense Secretary, Marshall retired to his home in Virginia . He died in 1959 and

6318-532: The Army War College , coordinated the large-scale expansion and modernization of the U.S. Army. Under his name were produced significant works of doctrine such as Field Manual 100-5 . During his first week in office, he advised Roosevelt to issue an executive order expanding the Regular Army to 227,000 troops and the National Guard to 235,000 reservists, although the President could not immediately act because

6480-714: The Battle of Kasserine Pass and other major battles. Even as late as 1944, American soldiers undergoing stateside training in preparation for deployment against German forces in Europe were not being trained in combat procedures and tactics in use there. Originally, Marshall had planned a 265-division army with a system of unit rotation such as that practiced by the British and other Allies. By mid-1943, however, after pressure from government and business leaders to preserve manpower for industry and agriculture, he had abandoned this plan in favor of

6642-634: The Brisbane City Council . A significant year for Brisbane was 1930, with the completion of Brisbane City Hall , then the city's tallest building and the Shrine of Remembrance , in ANZAC Square , which has become Brisbane's main war memorial. These historic buildings, along with the Story Bridge which opened in 1940, are key landmarks that help define the architectural character of the city. Following

Pensacola Convoy - Misplaced Pages Continue

6804-632: The City of Brisbane . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite . The Moreton Bay penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney colony , and soon moved to North Quay in 1825 on the banks of the Brisbane River, so named for British army general and Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane . German Lutherans established the first free settlement of Zion Hill at Nundah in 1838, and in 1859 Brisbane

6966-696: The Civilian Conservation Corps . He was promoted colonel in September 1933. During the Great Depression , Marshall became a strong supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal . Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur , who was a Republican and with whom Marshall had a contentious relationship, did not appreciate Marshall's views. After only a few months at Ft. Moultrie, MacArthur engineered Marshall's abrupt transfer to Chicago, where he served as senior instructor and chief of staff for

7128-617: The Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828 . These groups destroyed and plundered the maize fields in South Bank and Kangaroo Point , with the possible motive of extracting compensation from the settlers or warning them not to expand beyond their current area. Between 1824 and 1842, almost 2,400 men and 145 women were detained at the Moreton Bay convict settlement under the control of military commandants. However, non-convict European settlement of

7290-688: The Danville Military Institute in Danville, Virginia . He took a competitive examination for a commission in the United States Army, which had greatly expanded to deal with the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War . Marshall passed and used endorsements his father obtained from both of Pennsylvania's U.S. Senators to bolster his application. VMI Superintendent Scott Shipp also supported Marshall's application, and in

7452-406: The Department of the East . He was assigned to the staff of the 1st Division ; he assisted with the organization's mobilization and training in the United States, as well as planning of its combat operations in France . Subsequently assigned to the staff of the American Expeditionary Forces headquarters, he was a key planner of American operations, including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive . After

7614-447: The Fitzgerald Inquiry of 1987 to 1989, a judicial inquiry presided over by Tony Fitzgerald investigating Queensland Police corruption . The inquiry resulted in the resignation of Premier Bjelke-Petersen, the calling of two by-elections, the jailing of three former ministers and the Police Commissioner Terry Lewis (who also lost his knighthood ). It also contributed to the end of the National Party of Australia 's 32-year run as

7776-410: The Gallery of Modern Art in 2006, and the Kurilpa Bridge in 2009, the world's largest hybrid tensegrity bridge. Brisbane also hosted major international events including the final Goodwill Games in 2001, the Rugby League World Cup final in 2008 and again in 2017, as well as the 2014 G20 Brisbane summit . Population growth has continued to be among the highest of the Australian capital cities in

7938-429: The Queensland Government introduced a ban on all street protests, resulting in a statewide civil liberties campaign of defiance. This saw two thousand people arrested and fined, with another hundred being imprisoned, at a cost of almost five million dollars to the State Government. Bjelke-Petersen publicly announced on 4 September 1977 that "the day of the political street march is over ... Don't bother to apply for

8100-545: The Queensland Parliament built in 1867. The 1880s brought a period of economic prosperity and a major construction boom in Brisbane, that produced an impressive number of notable public and commercial buildings. John James Clark was appointed Queensland Government Architect in 1883, and continuing in Tiffin's design for public buildings, asserted the propriety of the Italian Renaissance, drawing upon typological elements and details from conservative High Renaissance sources. Building in this trace of intellectualism, Clark designed

8262-430: The Red Flag riots , were waged throughout Brisbane. The most notable incident occurred on 24 March 1919, when a crowd of about 8,000 ex-servicemen clashed violently with police who were preventing them from attacking the Russian Hall in Merivale Street, South Brisbane , which was known as the Battle of Merivale Street. Over 20 small municipalities and shires were amalgamated in 1925 to form the City of Brisbane, governed by

SECTION 50

#1732844751814

8424-461: The Republic of China , where he had served in the 1920s. His new mission was to prevent a resumption of the Chinese Civil War by brokering a coalition government between America's Kuomintang allies under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party of Mao Zedong . Marshall had no leverage over the Communists but threatened to withdraw American aid essential to the Nationalists. Both sides rejected his proposals and he returned to

8586-404: The Silver Star medal was created in 1932, Citation Stars were converted to the new award. In mid-1918, Pershing brought Marshall on to the AEF operations staff, G-3, where he worked closely with Pershing and was a key planner of American operations. He was instrumental in the planning and coordination of the Meuse–Argonne offensive , which contributed to the defeat of the German Empire on

8748-507: The Treasury Building in 1886, and the Yungaba Immigration Centre in 1885. Other major works of the era include Customs House in 1889, and the Old Museum Building completed in 1891. Fort Lytton was constructed in 1882 at the mouth of the Brisbane river, to protect the city against foreign colonial powers such as Russia and France , and was the only moated fort ever built in Australia. The city's slum district of Frog's Hollow , named so for its location being low-lying and swampy,

8910-415: The United States Army War College ) class. After graduating in 1908, Marshall was assigned as an instructor at the Infantry-Cavalry School. After another tour of duty in the Philippines beginning in 1913, Marshall returned in 1916 to serve as aide-de-camp to Major General J. Franklin Bell , the commander of the Western Department and former Army Chief of Staff , at the Presidio of San Francisco . In

9072-537: The United States Congress cut $ 10 million from a $ 28 million appropriation budget for equipment to detect Imperial Japanese Armed Forces aircraft off the West Coast of the United States . Marshall met with Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. and they went to see Roosevelt; Marshall emphasized the supreme importance of getting the full amount and told Roosevelt "you have got to do something and you've got to do it today". Marshall's advocacy worked and he got "all he wanted and more". In 1941, Marshall became

9234-423: The United States Congress still favored isolationism . Marshall's efforts to expand the United States Armed Forces began to have more success after the Axis powers conquered most of Western Europe in the Battle of France . Beginning in July 1940, he was greatly assisted in this effort by newly appointed Secretary of War Henry Stimson, whom Marshall would gradually displace as the most significant leader of

9396-403: The Western Front in 1918. Marshall held the permanent rank of captain and the temporary rank of colonel and was recommended for promotion to temporary brigadier general in October 1918, but the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918 occurred before the recommendation was acted on. After the Armistice, Marshall served as chief of staff for the VIII Corps . For his services during

9558-544: The field marshals of European Allies; Marshall had objected to being awarded the title of field marshal, as it would have given him the title of "Marshal Marshall". Throughout the remainder of World War II, Marshall coordinated Allied operations in both Europe and the Pacific. He was characterized as the organizer of Allied victory by Churchill. Time magazine named Marshall Man of the Year for 1943. Marshall resigned his post of chief of staff on 18 November 1945, but did not retire, as regulations stipulate that Generals of

9720-404: The "organizer of victory" for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II . During the subsequent year, he attempted but failed to avoid the impending continuation of the Chinese Civil War . As Secretary of State, Marshall advocated for a U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recovery, including the Marshall Plan that bore his name. In recognition of this work, he

9882-453: The 17th PS flew its aircraft across northern Australia to Darwin, Northern Territory , where it remained until 24 January, when it moved via Kupang and Bali to its base on Java. On 1 March, the squadron evacuated Java, leaving its surviving aircraft to the Dutch military. Eleven of the A-24s reached Java on 11 February, assigned to the 27th Bombardment Group's 91st Bomb Squadron. All were lost in action. Several others were later assigned to

SECTION 60

#1732844751814

10044-405: The 1st Army from 17 October to 19 November 1918; and as Chief of Staff of the 8th Army Corps from 20 November 1918 to 15 January 1918, during which period the 1st Division served in the Toul sector and at the Cantigny attack and the 1st Army operations in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. By untiring, painstaking, and energetic efforts he succeeded in all these undertakings. His efforts had

10206-458: The 1st Division, which, over the winter, "completed extensive training, much of it under French tutelage". By mid-April 1918 the division, now commanded by Major General Robert Lee Bullard , was deemed to have progressed enough in its training to have its own sector of the Western Front to hold. Marshall won recognition and acclaim for his planning of the Battle of Cantigny , which took place from 28 to 31 May 1918; Marshall's success resulted in

10368-461: The Army Chief of Staff. At the time of the appointment, Marshall was only 34th in seniority, outranked by 21 major generals and 11 brigadier generals, but he was fifth under an unwritten rule that the chief of staff should be able to serve a four-year term before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64. Upon the retirement of General Malin Craig on 1 July 1939, Marshall became acting chief of staff. President Roosevelt favored Marshall because he

10530-423: The Army commander in Hawaii, important information obtained from intercepted Japanese diplomatic messages. The report also criticized Marshall's lack of knowledge of the readiness of the Hawaiian Command during November and December 1941. Marshall also advised President Roosevelt to move part of the United States Pacific Fleet to the Atlantic Ocean to assist Neutrality Patrols , and that the defenses at Oahu made

10692-434: The Army remain on active duty for life. He was succeeded as Army chief of staff by General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower. During this time, he also received a Bronze oak leaf cluster to his Army DSM for his unprecedented work from 1939 to 1945. The medal's citation reads: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of

10854-563: The Brisbane region commenced in 1838 and the population grew strongly thereafter, with free settlers soon far outstripping the convict population. German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper (1813–1894), Carl Wilhelm Schmidt , and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and Schneider. They were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing

11016-420: The Class of 1901. Marshall received a diploma, not a degree. At the time of his graduation, the top five or six VMI graduates received bachelor's degrees. The rest received diplomas attesting to their status as graduates. He played offensive tackle on the football team and in 1900 he was selected for All-Southern honors. Following his graduation from VMI, Marshall served as Commandant of Students at

11178-404: The Duke of York's clan in Victoria Park in 1846 and 1849 by British soldiers of the 11th Regiment , however the clan had been wrongfully targeted as the attacks on Brisbane had not been committed by the Turrbal themselves but other tribes farther north. In 1855, Dundalli , a prominent leader during the conflict, was captured and executed by hanging at the present site of the GPO . In 1862,

11340-425: The Gardens were among the first of their species to be planted in Australia, including the jacaranda and poinciana . Charles Tiffin was appointed as Queensland Government Architect in 1859, and pursued an intellectual policy in the design of public buildings based on Italianate and Renaissance revivalism , with such buildings as Government House , the Department of Primary Industries Building in 1866, and

11502-412: The Illinois National Guard's 33rd Division from November 1933 to August 1936. Marshall was assigned to command the 5th Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington , from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936. In addition to obtaining a long-sought and significant troop command, traditionally viewed as an indispensable step to

11664-625: The Infantry School's publications, and Harding became editor of Infantry in Battle , a book that codified the lessons of World War I. Infantry in Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II. Marshall's first wife died in 1927. The following year, while stationed at Fort Benning, Marshall met Katherine Tupper Brown at

11826-650: The Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan would help Europe rebuild and modernize its economy along American lines and open up new opportunities for international trade. Stalin ordered his satellites in Eastern Europe not to participate. Marshall was again named "Man of the Year" by Time in January 1948. Truman repeatedly rejected Marshall's advice on Middle Eastern policy. As Secretary of State, Marshall strongly opposed recognizing

11988-641: The New Caledonia vicinity to be joined by the light cruiser HMNZS  Achilles . The convoy then sailed from Fiji in a zigzag course, at a speed set by the slowest ship. To ensure that the rations on board lasted, the soldiers now received only two daily meals. On 19 December in the vicinity of New Caledonia the convoy escort was augmented by HMAS Canberra , HMAS Perth and HMNZS Achilles . On 21 December 1941 land based Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Hudsons provided anti-submarine screening later to be joined by HMAS  Swan and HMAS  Warrego for

12150-587: The Philippines during the Philippine–American War . He was the top-ranked of the five Honor Graduates of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907 and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College class. In 1916 Marshall was assigned as aide-de-camp to J. Franklin Bell , the commander of the Western Department . After the nation entered World War I in 1917, Marshall served with Bell, who commanded

12312-483: The Philippines even as they were required to begin forming a base in Australia. The Pensacola was directed on 24 December to escort ongoing elements of her convoy as far as the Torres Strait before returning and rejoining the fleet. On 28 December, after six days of prolonged unloading because cargo had been haphazardly loaded under peacetime standards, two artillery battalions sailed on Holbrook and Bloemfontein ,

12474-569: The Philippines on 8 December and the convoy was ordered to put in at Suva , Fiji while its destination was debated. It became clear over the following hours that the Japanese were rapidly overcoming Allied resistance in the Philippines and many other parts of Southeast Asia. On 9 December, at a meeting of the Joint Board , the chief planners of the respective services, Brigadier General Leonard T. Gerow and Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner agreed that

12636-592: The Pineapple rebellion. During World War II, Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign, since it was the northernmost city with adequate communications facilities. From July 1942 to September 1944, AMP Building (now called MacArthur Central ) was used as the headquarters for South West Pacific Area under General MacArthur. MacArthur had previously rejected use of the University of Queensland complex as his headquarters, as

12798-670: The Southwest Pacific. USS Pensacola served in many notable actions of World War II; she was decommissioned on 26 August 1946. George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall Jr. GCB (31 December 1880 – 16 October 1959) was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the United States Army to become Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman , then served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman. Winston Churchill lauded Marshall as

12960-614: The Truman administration's initial entreaties. As a result, the Marshall Plan program for the Netherlands' economic recovery was put on hold and the Truman administration threatened to cut all economic aid. The Netherlands finally agreed to withdraw and transferred sovereignty following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in 1949. Marshall resigned as Secretary of State because of ill health on 7 January 1949. He

13122-537: The U.S. Army transport ships USAT  Willard A. Holbrook and USAT  Meigs ; the U.S. merchant ships Admiral Halstead and Coast Farmer ; and the Dutch merchant ship Bloemfontein . The convoy was carrying a provisional brigade from the field artillery brigade , made up of 2,000 National Guard troops: 2,600 U. S. Army Air Forces personnel were also on board, along with aircraft shipped disassembled in crates: Fifty-two Douglas A-24 dive bombers of

13284-561: The U.S. military apparatus in a deviation from the United States' tradition of civilian control of the military . Though he had never actually led troops in combat, Marshall was a skilled organizer with a talent for inspiring other officers. Many of the American generals who were given top commands during the war were either picked or recommended by Marshall, including Dwight D. Eisenhower , Jacob L. Devers , George S. Patton , Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. , Lloyd Fredendall , Lesley J. McNair , Mark Wayne Clark and Omar Bradley . Faced with

13446-563: The United States and the Philippines, including serving as an infantry platoon leader and company commander during the Philippine–American War and other guerrilla uprisings. He was schooled in modern warfare, including tours from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor. He was ranked first of five Honor Graduates of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course (now the United States Army Command and General Staff College ) in 1907 and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College (now

13608-601: The United States in January 1947. As Secretary of State, Marshall disagreed with the Defense and State Department views that Chiang's success was vital to American interests, insisting that U.S. troops not become involved. The war continued, and the Communists won in 1949. After Marshall's return to the U.S. in early 1947, Truman appointed him Secretary of State . As one of the most well-regarded and least politicized national leaders, he made an ideal front office personality. He became

13770-520: The United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Colonel Marshall has performed the duties of Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 1st Division, from 26 June 1917 to 12 July 1918. He served in the G-3 Section, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, from 13 July 1918 to 19 August 1918, in G-3 section, 1st Army, from 20 August 1918 to 16 October 1918; as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, of

13932-488: The War Department later on the morning of 7 December 1941 than he initially claimed during testimony and invented a story about a warning to affected army commanders about the imminent Pearl Harbor Attack being delayed because he had been unable to get in touch with Marshall, an allegation which "nearly destroyed" Marshall. Only weeks after Marshall's retirement, in December 1945, President Harry Truman dispatched Marshall to

14094-477: The War Department staff; he later became the Army's Deputy Chief of Staff . When Chief of Staff Malin Craig retired in 1939, Marshall assumed the role of Chief of Staff in an acting capacity before his appointment to the position, which he held until the war's end in 1945. As Chief of Staff, Marshall, working closely with Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , organized the largest military expansion in U.S. history, and

14256-693: The Western Allied war effort, but the British government ultimately approved. He initially scheduled Operation Overlord for 1 April 1943, but met with strong opposition from Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to commit troops to Operation Husky for the invasion of Italy . Marshall and his advisors also opposed the Allied invasion of French North Africa after it became clear that Vichy France would offer resistance, concerns over an Axis intervention through Francoist Spain and Gibraltar , and suspicions that

14418-574: The Woolstore precinct as well as the development of South Bank Parklands . Brisbane was impacted by major floods in January 2011 and February 2022 . The Brisbane River did not reach the same height as the previous 1974 flood on either occasion, but caused extensive disruption and damage to infrastructure. The Queensland Cultural Centre was also expanded, with the completion of the State Library and

14580-481: The age of sixteen in December 1897. To pay for his tuition and expenses, Marshall's mother sold parcels of land she owned in Uniontown and Augusta, Kentucky . At the start of his college career, Marshall was subjected to a hazing incident in which upperclassmen positioned an unsheathed bayonet with the point up and directed him to squat over it. After twenty minutes, Marshall fainted and fell. When he awoke, he had

14742-662: The area include the Yagara , Turrbal and Quandamooka peoples. A website representing a Turrbal culture organisation claims that historical documents suggest that the Turrbal peoples were the only traditional owners of Brisbane when British settlers first arrived. Archaeological evidence suggests frequent habitation around the Brisbane River, and notably at the site now known as Musgrave Park . The rivers were integral to life and supplied an abundance of food included fish, shellfish, crab, and prawns . Good fishing places became campsites and

14904-478: The bay, which he named after James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton , misspelled as "Moreton". Matthew Flinders initially explored the Moreton Bay area on behalf of the British authorities. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at present-day Woody Point , which he named Red Cliff Point after the red-coloured cliffs visible from the bay. In 1823 the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane, gave instructions for

15066-504: The capital. Old Government House was constructed in 1862 to house Sir George Bowen's family, including his wife, the noblewoman Diamantina, Lady Bowen di Roma . During the tenure of Lord Lamington , Old Government House was the likely site of the origin of Lamingtons . During the War of Southern Queensland , Indigenous attacks occurred across the city, committing robberies and terrorising unarmed residents. Reprisal raids took place against

15228-797: The city include the Queensland Cultural Centre (including the Queensland Art Gallery , the Gallery of Modern Art , the Queensland Museum , the State Library of Queensland and the Queensland Performing Arts Centre ), Brisbane City Hall , the Story Bridge , Howard Smith Wharves , Queen's Wharf , St John's cathedral , and Mount Coot-tha Lookout . Much of Brisbane's inner-city neighbourhoods are also characterised by its historic Queenslander architecture . Brisbane

15390-552: The city which helped shake this stigma. In 1955, Wickham Terrace was the site of a terrorist incident involving shootings and bombs, by the German immigrant Karl Kast . Despite steady growth, Brisbane's development was punctuated by infrastructure problems. The state government under Joh Bjelke-Petersen began a major program of change and urban renewal, beginning with the central business district and inner suburbs. Trams in Brisbane were

15552-460: The convoy could reach Manila with an appropriate naval escort and air support. The situation changed however suddenly, on 22 December, when Japanese forces began landing in Lingayen Gulf . That same day, the convoy reached Brisbane with the additional Australian escort. It was received enthusiastically by people in Australia. This was because they were the first U.S. soldiers on Australian soil, at

15714-577: The convoy should be recalled immediately. Turner wanted it to reinforce Pearl Harbor. Gerow agreed and added that if the convoy was not sent to Hawaii, it should be brought back to the continental United States. However, the Pensacola convoy was discussed in a meeting at the White House the following day, and Roosevelt suggested that the materiel should be delivered to the Southwest Pacific . He referred

15876-494: The convoy. It sailed for Manila on 29 November by an indirect, southerly route. On 7 December, after news of the attack on Pearl Harbor reached the convoy, the crews and soldiers on board began to cover the civilian paint schemes of the ships with gray paint. Extra lookouts were posted to watch for Japanese planes, submarines and surface ships. All personnel were ordered to wear life jackets and carry full canteens of water. Life rafts were installed on deck. Japanese forces landed in

16038-483: The criticism that he was a warrior not a pacifist. Brisbane Brisbane ( / ˈ b r ɪ z b ən / BRIZ -bən , Turrbal : Meanjin ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Queensland and the third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania , with a population over 2.7 million. Brisbane lies at the centre of South East Queensland , an urban agglomeration with

16200-433: The current city heart: Barambin or York's Hollow camp (today's Victoria Park ) and Woolloon-cappem ( Woolloongabba / South Brisbane ), also known as Kurilpa . These camping grounds continued to function well into colonial times, and were the basis of European settlement in parts of Brisbane. In 1770, British navigator James Cook sailed through South Passage between the main offshore islands leading to

16362-600: The death of King George V in 1936, Albert square was widened to include the area which had been Albert Street, and renamed King George Square in honour of the King. An equestrian statue of the king and two Bronze Lion sculptures were unveiled in 1938. In 1939, armed farmers marched on the Queensland Parliament and stormed the building in an attempt to take hostage the Queensland Government led by Labor Premier William Forgan Smith , in an event that became known as

16524-460: The defense mission." Marshall replied: "I have directed that United States Army Forces in the Philippines be placed in highest priority for equipment ... (and) ... men." Reinforcement convoys began in September and continued through November 1941, escorted from Pearl Harbor , Territory of Hawaii , by naval vessels. Pensacola ' s convoy included the gunboat USS  Niagara ; the U.S. Navy transports USS  Republic and USS Chaumont ;

16686-453: The development of a new northern penal settlement , and an exploration party commanded by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay in November 1823. Oxley explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna , 20 km (12 mi) upstream from the present-day central business district of Brisbane. He also named the river after the governor of the time. Oxley also recommended Red Cliff Point for

16848-548: The distinctive bends in the river at St Lucia could have aided enemy bombers. Also used as a headquarters by the American troops during World War II was the T & G Building . About one million US troops passed through Australia during the war, as the primary co-ordination point for the South West Pacific. Wartime Brisbane was defined by the racial segregation of African American servicemen, prohibition and sly grog , crime, and jazz ballrooms . In 1942, Brisbane

17010-467: The division chief of staff, Marshall angrily interceded to inform Pershing of logistical and administrative difficulties of which Pershing was unaware. Marshall also informed Pershing that the AEF staff had not been very helpful in dealing with the problems. Sibert and his staff were concerned that Marshall's willingness to confront Pershing had probably cost him his career. Instead, Pershing began to seek out Marshall and ask for his advice whenever he visited

17172-477: The division headquarters area, his horse stumbled, fell, and rolled over; Marshall's left foot was caught in the stirrup, and he sustained a severe sprain and bruise. A physician bound Marshall's injured ankle and foot with adhesive tape so he could avoid medical evacuation and remain with the division to oversee the attack. In 1920, Marshall was awarded the Citation Star for his heroism during this battle. When

17334-535: The division's mobilization and organization in Texas, he departed for France with the division staff in mid-1917. On the long ocean voyage, his roommate was the division's assistant chief of staff for training, Major Lesley J. McNair ; the two formed a personal and professional bond that they maintained for the rest of their careers. Marshall was the first passenger from the first boat transporting American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) soldiers to set foot in Europe, and one of

17496-549: The eighteen P-40 fighter planes were quickly assembled, then assigned to the 17th Pursuit Squadron (Provisional), formed 15 January from pursuit pilots of the Far East Air Force sent from Luzon at the end of December 1941 to ferry the aircraft back to the Philippines. Japanese advances southward into the Netherlands East Indies cut the ferry route and isolated MacArthur's forces, however. From Brisbane on 16 January,

17658-520: The end of 1840, Robert Dixon had begun work on the first plan of Brisbane Town, in anticipation of future development. The Roman Catholic church erected the Pugin Chapel in 1850, to the design by the gothic revivalist Augustus Pugin . Letters patent dated 6 June 1859, proclaimed by Sir George Ferguson Bowen on 10 December 1859, separated Queensland from New South Wales, whereupon Bowen became Queensland's first governor, with Brisbane chosen as

17820-644: The final approaches to Brisbane. Meanwhile, the staff of the commander of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet , Admiral Thomas C. Hart , considered how the convoy could make its way from Brisbane to Manila. Japanese advances in the Philippines meant that a blockade by the Imperial Japanese Navy was highly possible. Secondary plans to support Dutch and British Commonwealth forces, in the Dutch East Indies , Malaya and Singapore , faced similar difficulties. MacArthur, when advised of Hart's apprehensions, replied that

17982-494: The first notable American victory of the war. As he conducted pre-attack planning, Marshall traveled alone under cover of darkness to personally view the terrain and mentally map it. Marshall ventured beyond the front lines and far into no-man's land , often under friendly artillery fire and routinely risking discovery and capture by Imperial German Army troops. On 26 May, he was injured while traveling to several subordinate units to conduct pre-attack coordination. As he departed

18144-405: The first stage the Queensland Art Gallery completed in 1982, the Queensland Performing Arts Centre in 1985, and the Queensland Museum in 1986. Brisbane hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and World Expo 88 . These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction, and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland. Brisbane's population growth far exceeded

18306-629: The first sugarcane plantation in Queensland was established near Brisbane by Captain Louis Hope and John Buhôt . In 1864, the Great Fire of Brisbane burned through the central parts of the city, destroying much of Queen Street. The 1860s were a period of economic and political turmoil leading to high unemployment, in 1866 hundreds of impoverished workers convened a meeting at the Treasury Hotel , with

18468-590: The first to enter the trenches of the Western Front . After arriving in France, Marshall served with the 1st Division on the Saint-Mihiel, Picardy, and Cantigny fronts. Although the division was designated as a Regular Army formation, most of the officers and men serving within its ranks were almost completely lacking in combat experience. They were also deficient "in training, staff work, and logistical problems. More than half of its soldiers were new recruits. Only

18630-781: The first two decades of the 21st century, and major infrastructure including the Howard Smith Wharves , Roma Street Parklands , Queens Wharf , the Brisbane Riverwalk , the Queen's Wharf casino and resort precinct, the Brisbane International Cruise Terminal, the Clem Jones , Airport Link , and Legacy Way road tunnels, and the Airport , Springfield , Redcliffe Peninsula and Cross River Rail railway lines have been completed or are under construction. Brisbane will host

18792-461: The focus of group activities. The district was defined by open woodlands with rainforest in some pockets or bends of the Brisbane River. Being a resource-rich area and a natural avenue for seasonal movement, Meanjin and the surrounding areas acted as a way station for groups travelling to ceremonies and spectacles. The region had several large (200–600 person) seasonal camps, the biggest and most important located along waterways north and south of

18954-616: The focus on defeating Germany first and the establishment of international unified commands in control of all Allied forces in a given theatre. His push for unity of command, in particular through the Combined Chiefs of Staff and the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command , met with resistance from the British Armed Forces under Alan Brooke because the scheme would allow the United States to dominate

19116-507: The front until they were killed, wounded, or incapacitated by battle fatigue or illness. Incidents of soldiers going AWOL from combat duty as well as battle fatigue and self-inflicted injury rose rapidly during the last eight months of the war with Nazi Germany . As one historian concluded, "Had the Germans been given a free hand to devise a replacement system..., one that would do the Americans

19278-479: The governing political party in Queensland. In 1973, the Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub in the city's entertainment district , was firebombed that resulted in 15 deaths, in what is one of Australia's worst mass killings . The 1974 Brisbane flood was a major disaster which temporarily crippled the city, and saw a substantial landslip at Corinda . During this era, Brisbane grew and modernised, rapidly becoming

19440-651: The highest credit upon himself and the United States Army. After World War II ended, the Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack received testimony on the intelligence failure. It amassed 25,000 pages of documents, 40 volumes, and included nine reports and investigations, eight of which had been previously completed. These reports included criticism of Marshall for delaying sending Lieutenant General Walter Short ,

19602-516: The importance of the tour. This did not stop the protest however with violent clashes between protestors and police erupting when several hundred demonstrators assembled outside a Brisbane motel on Thursday, 22 July 1971, where the Springbok team was staying. A second protest saw a large number of demonstrators assembled once more outside the Tower Mill Motel and after 15 minutes of peaceful protest,

19764-548: The matter back to the Joint Board, which decided at a meeting that same day to send the convoy to Brisbane , Australia by way of Suva, Fiji. The convoy reached Suva on 12 December with Australian warships being dispatched the same date to cover the convoy's final approach. The cruisers HMAS Canberra and HMAS Perth left Sydney for Brisbane where on the 15th Rear-Admiral J.G. Crace hoisted his flag in Canberra and departed for

19926-703: The mission, which became known as the German Station. Later in the 1860s many German immigrants from the Uckermark region in Prussia as well as from other German regions settled in the areas of Bethania , Beenleigh and the Darling Downs . These immigrants were selected and assisted through immigration programs established by Rev Dr John Dunmore Lang and Johann Christian Heussler and were offered free passage, good wages, and selections of land. Scottish immigrants from

20088-415: The most harm and the least good, they could not have done a better job." Marshall's abilities to pick competent field commanders during the early part of the war was decidedly mixed. He was instrumental in advancing the careers of the highly capable generals such as Dwight D. Eisenhower , Omar Bradley , George S. Patton , Walter Krueger and Mark W. Clark . A notable exception was his recommendation of

20250-586: The most interesting." In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division in Washington, D.C. , and subsequently reassigned as Deputy Chief of Staff. In that capacity, then-Brigadier General Marshall attended a White House conference at which President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a plan to expand the United States Army Air Corps by 15,000 aircraft per year in preparation for World War II. With all other attendees voicing support, Marshall

20412-418: The national average in the last two decades of the 20th century, with a high level of interstate migration from Victoria and New South Wales. In the late 1980s Brisbane's inner-city areas were struggling with economic stagnation, urban decay and crime which resulted in an exodus of residents and business to the suburban fringe, in the early 1990s the city undertook an extensive and successful urban renewal of

20574-463: The native tulipwood trees ( magan ) at Gardens Point — is a more accurate and appropriate Aboriginal name for Brisbane. Aboriginal groups claiming traditional ownership of the area include the Yagara , Turrbal and Quandamooka peoples. Brisbane is home to the land of a number of Aboriginal language groups, primarily the Yagara language group which includes the Turrbal language . The city

20736-512: The necessity of turning former civilians into an army of over eight million soldiers by 1942 (a fortyfold increase within three years), Marshall directed McNair as commander of Army Ground Forces to focus efforts on rapidly producing large numbers of soldiers. With the exception of airborne forces, Marshall approved McNair's concept of an abbreviated training schedule for men entering Army land forces training, particularly in regard to basic infantry skills, weapons proficiency, and combat tactics. At

20898-521: The new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The convict settlement party landed in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824 formally establishing the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement that would become Brisbane. The party was under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller and consisted of 14 soldiers (some with wives and children) and 29 convicts. However,

21060-677: The newly formed state of Israel . Marshall felt that if the state of Israel was declared, a war would break out in the Middle East (which it did when the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began one day after Israel declared independence ). Marshall saw recognizing the Jewish state as a political move to gain American Jewish support in the upcoming election, in which Truman was expected to lose to Thomas E. Dewey . He told President Truman in May 1948, "If you [recognize

21222-486: The operation was intended to defend European colonial territory with little strategic value to the war. When rumors circulated that Marshall would become the Supreme Commander of Operation Overlord, many critics viewed the potential transfer as a demotion, since he would leave his position as Chief of Staff of the Army and lose his seat on the Combined Chiefs of Staff . While Marshall enjoyed considerable success in working with Congress and Roosevelt, he refused to lobby for

21384-456: The pinnacle of the US Army, Marshall was also responsible for 35 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps in Oregon and southern Washington. As post commander Marshall made a concerted effort to cultivate relations with the city of Portland and to enhance the image of the US Army in the region. With the CCC, he initiated a series of measures to improve the morale of the participants and to make the experience beneficial in their later life. He started

21546-413: The port of Dalian to Townsville or Brisbane, the first Australian ports of call. Following the First World War , conflict arose between returned servicemen of the First Australian Imperial Force and socialists along with other elements of society that the ex-servicemen considered to be disloyal toward Australia. Over the course of 1918–1919, a series of violent demonstrations and attacks known as

21708-441: The position. Roosevelt selected Eisenhower, in large part because he did not want to do without Marshall in the Chief of Staff position. He told Marshall, "I didn't feel I could sleep at ease if you were out of Washington." On 16 December 1944, Marshall became the first American general to be promoted to the newly created rank of General of the Army , a five-star rank that placed senior American commanders on an equal footing with

21870-471: The report was critical of the overall situation, the committee noted that subordinates had failed to pass on important information to their superiors, including to Marshall. A secret review of the Army's role, which resulted in the Clausen Report , was authorized by Secretary Henry Stimson . The report was critical of Short and also of Colonel Rufus S. Bratton of the Military Intelligence Division (G-2), who investigator Henry Clausen concluded arrived at

22032-399: The same year, with the city receiving more than a year's rainfall during February 1893, leaving much of the city's population homeless. In 1896, the Brisbane river saw its worst maritime disaster with the capsize of the ferry Pearl , between the 80–100 people on board there were only 40 survivors. When the colonies federated in 1901, celebrations were held in Brisbane to mark the event, with

22194-445: The settlers abandoned this site after a year and moved to an area on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay, 28 km (17 mi) south, which offered a more reliable water-supply. The newly selected Brisbane region was plagued by mosquitoes at the time. After visiting the Redcliffe settlement, Sir Thomas Brisbane then travelled 45 km (28 mi) up the Brisbane River in December 1824. Governor Brisbane stayed overnight in

22356-420: The ship Fortitude arrived in Brisbane in 1849, enticed by Lang on the promise of free land grants. Denied land, the immigrants set up camp in York's Hollow waterholes in the vicinity of today's Victoria Park , Herston , Queensland. A number of the immigrants moved in and settled the suburb, naming it Fortitude Valley after the ship on which they arrived. Free settlers entered the area from 1835, and by

22518-467: The spokesman for the State Department's ambitious plans to rebuild Europe. He did not design the plans and paid little attention to details or negotiations. Nor did he keep current on details of foreign affairs. As one biographer notes, he had never been a workaholic. He turned over major responsibilities to his deputies, especially Under-Secretary Robert A. Lovett , and refused to be troubled by minutiae. By 1948, with frailties building up, his participation

22680-411: The state of Israel] and if I were to vote in the election, I would vote against you." However, Marshall refused to vote in any election as a matter of principle. During his tenure as Secretary of State, Marshall also urged Truman to immediately call for The Netherlands to stop their invasion of Indonesia , a former Dutch colony which had declared independence in 1945. The Netherlands ignored

22842-405: The summer and fall of 1916, Marshall was responsible for organizing several Western Department Citizens' Military Training Camps . After the American entry into World War I in April 1917, Marshall relocated with Bell to Governors Island , New York, when Bell was reassigned as commander of the Department of the East . Shortly afterwards, Marshall was assigned to help oversee the mobilization of

23004-512: The swaggering Lloyd Fredendall to Eisenhower for a major command in the American invasion of North Africa during Operation Torch. Marshall was especially fond of Fredendall, describing him as "one of the best" and remarking in a staff meeting when his name was mentioned, "I like that man; you can see determination all over his face." Eisenhower duly picked him to command the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of three) in Operation Torch. Both men would come to regret that decision, as Fredendall

23166-438: The temporary residence in 1910, and later made the permanent government house. In 1912, Tramway employees were stood down for wearing union badges which sparked Australia's first general strike , the 1912 Brisbane General Strike , which became known as Black Friday, for the savagery of the police baton charges on crowds of trade unionists and their supporters. In 1917, during World War I , the Commonwealth Government conducted

23328-518: The time, most U.S. commanders at lower levels had little or no combat experience of any kind. Without the input of experienced British or Allied combat officers on the nature of modern warfare and enemy tactics, many resorted to formulaic training methods emphasizing static defense and orderly large-scale advances by motorized convoys over improved roads. In consequence, Army forces deploying to Africa in Operation Torch suffered serious initial reverses when they encountered German armored units in Africa in

23490-462: The two fastest ships, destined for Manila. Japanese bases established in Borneo by this time made the blockade of the Philippines effective so that most of the troops were unloaded at Darwin Australia with some sent forward to Surabaja , Java . The Bloemfontein with an escort composed of the cruisers USS  Boise and Marblehead and destroyers Barker , Parrott , Bulmer , Stewart , and Pope departing from Darwin to Surabaya

23652-415: The war he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal , the citation for which reads: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (ASN: 0-1616), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of

23814-455: The war, Marshall became an aide-de-camp to Army Chief of Staff John J. Pershing . Marshall later served on the Army staff, was the executive officer of the 15th Infantry Regiment in China and was an instructor at the Army War College . In 1927, he became assistant commandant of the Army's Infantry School , where he modernized command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during World War II . In 1932 and 1933, he commanded

23976-512: Was a key planner in the War Department . He then served as executive officer of the 15th Infantry Regiment in the Republic of China , where he remained for three years and learned to speak basic Mandarin. In 1927, as a lieutenant colonel , he was appointed assistant commandant of the Infantry School at Fort Benning , where he initiated major changes to modernize command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during World War II . Marshall placed Edwin F. Harding in charge of

24138-464: Was able to transport the 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery arriving Surabaya on 11 January 1942, where it joined other Allied forces. The battalion was commended for its service in the Battle of Java , during March 1942. After a general Allied surrender, most of its personnel became POWs. However, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 26th Field Artillery Brigade evacuated Java on 27 February 1942 and returned to Australia on 4 March 1942. Seventeen of

24300-464: Was also a distant cousin of Richard J. Marshall . Marshall's father was active in the coal and coke business. Later, when asked about his political allegiances, Marshall often joked that his father had been a Democrat and his mother a Republican , whereas he was an Episcopalian . Marshall was educated at Miss Alcinda Thompson's private school in Uniontown and spent a year at Uniontown's Central School. Having decided early in life that he desired

24462-453: Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953, the only Army general ever to receive the honor. Born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania , Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1901. He received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry in February 1902 and immediately went to the Philippines. He served in the United States and overseas in positions of increasing rank, including platoon leader and company commander in

24624-424: Was both the red light district of colonial Brisbane and its Chinatown , and was the site of prostitution , sly grog , and opium dens . In 1888, Frog's Hollow was the site of anti-Chinese riots, where more than 2000 people attacked Chinese homes and businesses. In 1893 Brisbane was affected by the Black February flood , when the Brisbane River burst its banks on three occasions in February and again in June in

24786-420: Was buried with honors at Arlington National Cemetery . George Catlett Marshall Jr. was born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania , the youngest of three children born to George Catlett Marshall and Laura Emily (née Bradford) Marshall. Both sides of his family were long from Kentucky , but cherished their Virginia roots. He was also a first cousin, three times removed, of former Chief Justice John Marshall . He

24948-426: Was chosen as Queensland's capital when the state separated from New South Wales . By the late 19th century, the city had grown into a major port and centre of immigration. During World War II , the Allied command in the South West Pacific was based in the city, along with the headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur of the United States Army. Brisbane is a global centre for research and innovation and

25110-461: Was en route to Australia to establish a supply system for reinforcing the Philippines. The airplanes sent with the convoy were assembled but no engine coolant had been provided for the fighters, and the dive bombers were without trigger motors, gunsight solenoids, and gun mounts. The circumstances that led to the omission of these parts were found to be due to inexperience in loading and peacetime lack of standard nomenclature and practices. For example,

25272-479: Was further curtailed. Marshall said, "The fact of the matter is that Lovett bears the principal burden as I get away whenever possible." On 5 June 1947, in a speech at Harvard University , he outlined the American proposal. The European Recovery Program, as it was formally known, became known as the Marshall Plan . Clark Clifford had suggested to Truman that the plan be called the Truman Plan, but Truman immediately dismissed that idea and insisted that it be called

25434-430: Was more supportive of New Deal liberalism than the conservative Douglas MacArthur , and because of the recommendations of Pershing, Craig, Louis A. Johnson , and most importantly Roosevelt's close advisor Harry Hopkins . Marshall was sworn in as chief of staff on 1 September 1939, just hours after the Wehrmacht launched its invasion of Poland . He held this post until retiring in November 1945. On 11 May 1940,

25596-477: Was promoted to five-star rank as General of the Army . Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific until the end of the war. In addition to accolades from Winston Churchill and other Allied leaders, Time magazine named Marshall its Man of the Year for 1943 and 1947. Marshall retired from active service in 1945, but remained on active duty, as required for holders of five-star rank. From 15 December 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as

25758-407: Was severely exhausted throughout his tenure in the position. Dean Acheson in late 1947 said he was underperforming like "a four-engine bomber going only on one engine." Truman named him to the largely honorific positions of chairman of the American Battle Monuments Commission and president of the American National Red Cross . He received the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize for his post-war work, despite

25920-425: Was the leader of U.S. Army forces at the disastrous Battle of Kasserine Pass . During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in preparing the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces for the invasion of Continental Europe . Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe. During the Arcadia Conference , he convinced the United Kingdom to accept this strategy, including

26082-504: Was the only one to disagree, pointing out the lack of consideration for logistical support or training. Marshall also spoke in favor of a large ground army although Roosevelt had said a large air force would be a greater deterrent to enemies, pointing out that the United States Army did not yet have a single division at full operational strength. Despite others' belief then that Marshall had ended his career, his willingness to express disagreement resulted in Roosevelt nominating Marshall to be

26244-461: Was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians, which resulted in one death and hundreds of injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the Battle of Brisbane . Post-war Brisbane had developed a big country town stigma, an image the city's politicians and marketers were very keen to remove. In the late 1950s, an anonymous poet known as The Brisbane Bard generated much attention to

#813186