Pendet dance ( Balinese : ᬧᭂᬦ᭄ᬤᭂᬢ᭄ , igélan pendet ) is a traditional dance from Bali , Indonesia , in which floral offerings are made to purify the temple or theater as a prelude to ceremonies or other dances. Pendet is typically performed by young girls, carrying bowls of flower petals, handfuls of which are cast into the air at various times in the dance. Pendet can be thought of as a dance of greeting, to welcome the audience and invite spirits to enjoy a performance. It is one of the oldest Balinese dances , although the current form was codified in the 1950s.
83-761: Traditional Balinese dances are the oldest form of performing arts in Bali. Traditional dances can be divided into two types: the sacred dances called Wali and entertainment dances called Bebalihan . Wali (sacred dances) are usually performed only during certain ritual ceremonies. Balinese Hindus believed that the sacred dances has strong religious significance and spiritual power, thus can only be performed during specific religious ceremony by specific dancers. Bebalihan are usually performed in social events. In addition to entertain, Bebalihan also has other purposes including welcoming guests, celebration of harvests, or gathering crowds. Bebalihan has more variations than Wali . Pendet
166-695: A republic . On 26 July 1945, the Allies called for the unconditional surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration . The Japanese authorities, realising they would probably lose the war, began to make firm plans for Indonesian independence, more to spite the Dutch than anything else. On 6 August, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima . On 7 August, the Southern Expeditionary Army Group headquarters announced that an Indonesian leader could enact
249-707: A body called the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). The dropping of a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 9 August prompted the Japanese to surrender unconditionally on 15 August 1945. Sukarno and Hatta declared independence on 17 August 1945, and the PPKI met the following day. In the meeting chaired by Sukarno, the 27 members, including Hatta , Soepomo , Wachid Hasjim , Sam Ratulangi and Subardjo , began to discuss
332-504: A caste system similar to the Indian system in its ancient form. In ancient India, caste was called varna , meaning the colouring of the neutral or transparent soul or the propensity of the soul to behave according to certain tendencies based on its innate nature. Based on this propensity people selected their profession. Later this process through erosion became a family lineage/birth-based system. This same system has been adopted in Bali and it
415-438: A ceremony. They spread the flowers around the temple. At the end of the performance, the maiden dancers would throw and sprinkle the flower petals towards the guests. This dance is a symbol of welcoming gods, spirits, and guests in some ritual ceremonies in Bali. Pendet actually has simple dance movements. These movements are the basic dance movements of Balinese dance. Pendet has undergone later development with variations and now
498-547: A diverse way of life. It includes many Indian spiritual ideas, cherishes the legends and beliefs of the Indian Puranas and Hindu Epics, and expresses its traditions through a unique set of festivals and customs associated with a myriad of hyangs - the local and ancestral spirits, as well as forms of animal sacrifice that are not common in India. The general beliefs and practices of Agama Hindu Dharma as practised in Bali are
581-472: A form to be eligible for the status of "agama" under the 1952 amended articles. To accomplish this, the Balinese Hindus initiated a series of student and cultural exchange initiatives between Bali and India to help formulate the core principles behind Balinese Hinduism ( Catur Veda , Upanishad , Puranas , Itihasa ). In particular, the political self-determination movement in Bali in the mid-1950s led to
664-511: A limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics." Following major upheavals in 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion, via amendments to the Constitution, which resulted in changes to all branches of government as well as additional human rights provisions. The Japanese invaded
747-466: A mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of panca sila . Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray. However, officially,
830-757: A monotheistic belief in one God. The petitioners identified Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa as the undivided one. In the Balinese language, this term has two meanings: "the Divine ruler of the Universe" and "the Divine Absolute Cosmic Law". This creative phrase met the monotheistic requirement of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion in the former sense, while the latter sense of its meaning preserved the central ideas of dharma in ancient scripts of Hinduism. Bali became
913-595: A number of hotels in Denpasar, Bali. In 1961, I Wayan Beratha developed this dance and increased the number of dancers to five, as is often performed now. In 1962, I Wayan Beratha and his colleagues developed Pendet dance as a mass dance. The number of dancers was no less than 800 people, and featured in the opening ceremony of the Asian Games in Jakarta . The original Pendet dance is performed by 4-5 young pre-pubescent girls in
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#1732858884496996-529: A proposed modified version of the 1945 Constitution. With the fall of Suharto and the New Order regime in 1998, the 1983 decree and 1985 law were rescinded and the way was clear to amend the Constitution to make it more democratic. This was done in four stages at sessions of the MPR in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. As a result, the original Constitution has grown from 37 articles to 73, of which only 11% remain unchanged from
1079-487: A provisional document. In 1983, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) passed a decree stipulating the need for a nationwide referendum to be held before any amendments were made to the Constitution. This led to a 1985 law requiring such a referendum to have a 90% turnout and for any changes to be approved by a 90% vote. Then in 1997, the activist Sri Bintang Pamungkas and two colleagues were arrested and jailed for publishing
1162-441: A return to the 1945 Constitution. This was put to the vote on 30 May 1958 and 2 June 1959, but the motion failed to gain the required two-thirds majority. Finally, on 5 July 1959 President Sukarno issued a decree dissolving the assembly and returning to the 1945 Constitution. Suharto , who officially became president in 1968, refused to countenance any changes to the Constitution despite the fact that even Sukarno had viewed it as
1245-515: A scholar of Hinduism in Southeast Asia, they are termed somewhat differently and passed on from one generation to the next as a community and at spiritual ceremonies. Unlike the Islamic schools in Indonesia and Hindu Ashrams in India, and in light of the official representation of Balinese Hinduism, the traditional precepts and values are acquired at home, rituals, and religious symbols. For example,
1328-400: A symbol of gratitude, respect, and joy when welcoming the presence of the gods who descend from khayangan (realm of gods). By the 1950s, the dance choreography, movements, costumes and properties were codified by two artists from Sumertha village, Denpasar; I Wayan Rindi and Ni Ketut Reneng. Both of them created Pendet as a welcome dance with four dancers, performed as part of a tourism show at
1411-704: Is Sudra since 90% of Balinese Hindus belong to it; they make up the common people as farmers and others. The Pandes or Blacksmiths have a special 'clan' that is not mentioned in the Catur Wangsa group but is considered especially important for its skilled works and being the smiths of fire, Dewa Agni or Dewa Brahma . Under no circumstances may Balinese Hindus consume the flesh of human, cat, monkey, dog, crocodile, mouse, snake, frog, certain poisonous fish, leech, stinging insect, crow, eagle, owl, or any other bird of prey . Chicken, fruit, vegetables and seafood are widely consumed. Hindus, especially those who belong to
1494-511: Is Sudra . These wangsa groups are subdivided, and each has certain names associated with it. The teachers and priests, Brahmanans , have five subdivisions, and are said to be descended from one individual. Men and women have Ida as their first name. The Ksatriya are traditional rulers and warriors. Typical names of this wangsa are " Dewa Agung " , " Anak Agung" and "I Dewa " . The Wesia are considered to have been merchants of different kinds. The most common wangsa in Bali in terms of numbers
1577-443: Is a way of showing respect for a soul destined to become a god with considerable powers over those left behind. Therefore, bodies are sometimes temporarily buried until the family can accumulate enough funds for cremation, although the bodies of priests or high-class families are preserved above ground . The most important festival is Galungan (related to Deepavali), a celebration of the triumph of dharma over adharma . It
1660-644: Is calculated according to the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar and takes place on the Wednesday ( Buda ) of the eleventh week ( Dunggulan ). According to tradition, the spirits of the dead descend from Heaven , to return ten days later on Kuningan . Nyepi , or the Day of Silence, makes the start of the Balinese Saka year and is marked on the first day of the 10th month, Kedasa . It usually falls in March. Watugunung ,
1743-487: Is called ' Wangsa ' which is related to the professions of the ancestors. However, even in Bali today, irrespective of the profession of the individual, they claim to belong to their family wangsa. There are four basic wangsa or professions, known collectively as caturwangsa —all Balinese belong to this group. The top three wangsa are Brahmana , Satria (or Ksatriya ) and Wesia (or Wesya ), represent nobility, and are known as triwangsa . The fourth and most common wangsa
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#17328588844961826-456: Is considered as a form of Bebalihan , often performed secularly to welcome guests or audiences. Pendet believed as a representation of Balinese floral offering ritual, which offered banten or canang (floral offerings) from shrine to shrine within Balinese temple or residential compounds. Initially, Pendet dance is used as a complement of piodalan ceremonies in temples or family shrines, as
1909-405: Is not only performed in ritual ceremonies but also in some social events. Pendet since has been known as a welcoming dance. Balinese Hinduism Balinese Hinduism ( Indonesian : Hinduisme Bali ; Balinese : ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬯᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᬾᬩᬮᬶ , Hindusmé Bali ), also known in Indonesia as Agama Hindu Dharma , Agama Tirtha , Agama Air Suci or Agama Hindu Bali , is the form of Hinduism practised by
1992-464: Is obliged to respect the rights of others. The nation is based on belief in God, but the state guarantees religious freedom for all. States that all citizens have an obligation and right to participate in the defence of the nation. Outlines the structure and roles of the armed forces and the police. States that every citizen has the right to an education. Also obliges the government to allocate 20 percent of
2075-475: Is officially referred to by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion as Agama Hindu Dharma , but traditionally the religion was called by many names such as Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, and Siwa-Buda. The terms Tirta and Trimurti emanate from Indian Hinduism, corresponding to Tirtha (pilgrimage to spirituality near holy waters) and Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) respectively. As in India, Hinduism in Bali grew with flexibility, featuring
2158-564: Is the concept in Balinese tradition of Hinduism that parallels the metaphysical concept of Brahman among Indian Hindus. Ceremonies include an empty high-seated chair. It is also found at the top of the Padmasana shrine outside houses and temples. This is for Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. The axiological ideas of Balinese Hinduism parallel those in Indian Hinduism. However, states Martin Ramstedt –
2241-779: Is the largest temple in Indonesian capital Jakarta . At least four Balinese Hindu temples exist in Europe . A padmasana exists in Hamburg , Germany in front of the Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg . Pura Girinatha in Dili , Timor Leste , was built by Indonesian immigrants. The recently constructed Pura Tri Hita Karana is located in Erholungspark Marzahn park in Berlin , Germany . Two temples exist in
2324-501: Is usually performed during temple ceremonies. All dancers carry in their right hand a small silver bowl containing offerings include colorful flower petals and incense. The bowl is decorated with yellow janur young palm leaves. The dance describes that the maiden dance from shrine to shrine within the temple. Pendet may be performed intermittently throughout the day and late into the night during temple feasts. Pendet dancers bring flowers in small Bokor, silver bowls containing flowers in
2407-724: The Dutch East Indies in 1942, defeated the Dutch colonial regime, and occupied it for the duration of World War II . The territory then fell under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army Group (南方軍, Nanpō gun ), based in Saigon , Vietnam . The Japanese divided the territory into three military government regions, based on the largest islands: Sumatra was under the Japanese 25th Army , Java under
2490-574: The House of Representatives and Constitution 1945 (usually referred to by the Indonesian acronym "UUD'45") remained in force until it was replaced by the Federal Constitution on 27 December 1949. This was in turn replaced by the Provisional Constitution on 17 August 1950 which in the end turned back into the unitary state of the republic of Indonesia. In 1955 elections were held for
2573-503: The House of Representatives and the Regional Representatives Council , all of the members of both bodies being directly elected. The People's Consultative Assembly changes and passes laws, appoints the president, and can only dismiss the president or vice-president during their terms of office according to law. Outlines the powers of the president . States the requirements for the president and vice-president . Limits
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2656-708: The Indonesian Archipelago as early as the first century CE. Historical evidence is unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE. Stories from the Mahabharata have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century, whose versions mirror those found in Tamil Nadu . Similarly, ancient Chandis (temples) excavated in Java and western Indonesian islands, as well as ancient inscriptions such as
2739-456: The Jakarta Charter . This was something of a compromise, and included an obligation for Muslims to follow Sharia (Islamic law). In the second session, which opened on 10 July, a committee of 19 people produced a provisional constitution. They were: The draft constitution comprised 37 articles, 4 transitory provisions and 2 additional provisions. The nation would be a unitary state and
2822-562: The Japanese 16th Army and East Indonesia (the eastern islands), including part of Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah were under the Japanese 38th Army) was under the Imperial Japanese Navy . As the Japanese military position became increasingly untenable, especially after their defeat at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, more and more native Indonesians were appointed to official positions in
2905-598: The Pairi Daiza botanical garden in Belgium. Constitution of Indonesia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 , commonly abbreviated as UUD 1945 or UUD '45 ) is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia . The constitution
2988-433: The cabinet a constitutional basis. The president appoints ministers. Explains how Indonesia is divided into provinces , regencies and cities , each with its own administration chosen by general election. The leaders of these administrations are "chosen democratically". Autonomy is applied as widely as possible. The state recognises the special nature of certain regions. Its members are elected by general election. It has
3071-435: The 8th century Canggal inscription discovered in Indonesia, confirm the widespread adoption of Shiva lingam iconography, his companion goddess Parvati , Ganesha , Vishnu , Brahma , Arjuna , and other Hindu deities by about the middle to late 1st-millennium CE. Ancient Chinese records of Fa Hien on his return voyage from Ceylon to China in 414 CE mention two schools of Hinduism in Java, while Chinese documents from
3154-612: The 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as Holing , calling it "exceedingly wealthy," and say that it coexisted peacefully with the Buddhist people and Sailendra ruler in the Kedu Plain of the Java island. About 1400 CE, the kingdoms on the Indonesian islands were attacked by coast-based Muslim armies. During the 15th and 16th centuries, this Muslim campaign led by Sultans targeted Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and various communities in
3237-469: The House of Representatives (DPR) as well as for a Constitutional Assembly to draw up a definitive constitution. However, this became bogged down in disputes between nationalists and Islamists, primarily over the role of Islam in Indonesia. Sukarno became increasingly disillusioned by this stagnation and with the support of the military, who saw a much greater constitutional role for themselves, began to push for
3320-659: The Indian trinity concept called Trimurti consisting of: In Balinese Hindu texts, the alternate tripartite concept of Shiva of Indian Shaivism is also found. This is usually referred in Balinese as "Siwa-Sadasiwa-Paramasiwa", where Shiva is the creator, the maintainer and the destroyer of cyclic existence. Along with the traditional Hindu trinity, Balinese Hindus worship a range of gods and goddesses ( Hyang , Dewata and Batara-Batari ), as well others that are unique and not found in Indian Hinduism. Sang Hyang Widhi literally means "Divine Order", also known as Acintya ("Inconceivable") or Sang Hyang Tunggal ("Divine Oneness"),
3403-563: The Indonesian Ministry of Religion came under the control of Islamists who severely constrained the acceptable definition of a "religion". To be acceptable as an official Indonesian religion, the ministry defined "religion" as one that is monotheistic, has codified religious law, possesses a prophet and a Holy Book, amongst other requirements. Balinese Hindus were declared as "people without a religion", and available to be converted. Balinese Hindus disagreed, debated, adapted, and declared their form of Hinduism to be monotheistic, and presented it in
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3486-530: The Indonesian archipelago, with each Sultan trying to carve out a region or island for control. Four diverse and contentious Islamic Sultanates emerged in north Sumatra ( Aceh ), south Sumatra, west and central Java, and southern Borneo ( Kalimantan ). The violence ended the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and communities in many of the islands of Indonesia. In other cases, Hindus and Buddhists left and concentrated as communities on islands that they could defend, and
3569-490: The Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognized beliefs that comply with its national ideology. Indonesian school textbooks describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam. Scholar's contest whether these Indonesian government recognized and assigned beliefs to reflect
3652-693: The Universal Hindu Puranas and the Itihasa (mainly Ramayana and the Mahabharata ). The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana became enduring traditions among Indonesian believers, expressed in shadow puppets ( wayang ) and dance performances. As in India, Indonesian Hinduism recognizes four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga . These are bhakti mārga (path of devotion to deities), jnana mārga (path of knowledge), karma mārga (path of works) and raja mārga (path of meditation). Bhakti Marga has
3735-563: The amendments, the Elucidation has not been updated, and still refers to the original document, including parts that have been removed, such as Chapter IV. During the sessions in the People's Assembly, all the ideas set forth in the Elucidation was transformed become articles in the new amendments. Lastly, final article of the amended Constitution states that the Constitution consists of the Preamble and
3818-699: The annual state budget for consideration by the House of Representatives. Explains that this exists to oversee the management of state funds. Affirms the independence of the judiciary . Explains the role and position of the Supreme Court as well as the role of the Judicial Commission . Also states the role of the Constitutional Court . States that the nation is an archipelago whose borders and rights are laid down by law. Defines citizens and residents , and states that all citizens are equal before
3901-473: The articles. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia contains the Pancasila state philosophy. Whereas Independence is the inalienable right of all nations; therefore, colonialism must be abolished in the world as it is not in conformity with humanity and justice. And the moment of rejoicing has arrived in the struggle of the Indonesian independence movement to guide the people safely and well to
3984-415: The essence, and prayer. These ceremonies mark major events in a person's life, including birth , puberty , grain feeding , and marriage . A newborn baby is believed to represent the soul of an ancestor and is regarded as a god for the first 42 days of its life. However, the mother is regarded as impure and is not allowed to participate in any religious activities during this period. A baby must not touch
4067-415: The gate of the independence of the state of Indonesia which is independent, united, sovereign, just and prosperous; By the blessings of Almighty God and motivated by the noble desire to live a free national life, the people of Indonesia hereby declare their independence. Subsequent thereto, to form a government of the state of Indonesia which protect all the people of Indonesia and all the independence and
4150-464: The impure ground until it is 105 days old, halfway to the celebration of its first birthday according to the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar . Once it reaches its first birthday, the child's family will celebrate the Otonan birthday ceremony. Once the child reaches puberty , the six upper canine teeth are filed until they are even. The most important ceremonies take place after death and result in
4233-608: The influence of Mohamad Hatta and Tengku Mohamad Hasan. The Committee then officially adopted the Constitution. On 29 August, Sukarno dissolved the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence and established the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP). Sukarno and Hatta appointed 135 members, including the membership of the PPKI to this new body. It included people representing areas outside Java, Islam , women and young people. Following
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#17328588844964316-418: The joint petition of 1958 which demanded the Indonesian government recognize Hindu Dharma. This joint petition quoted the following Sanskrit mantra from the Hindu scriptures: Om tat sat ekam eva advitiyam Translation: Om, thus is the essence of the all-pervading, infinite, undivided one. The petition's focus on the "undivided one" was to satisfy the constitutional requirement that Indonesian citizens have
4399-477: The land that has been struggled for, and to improve public welfare, to educate the life of the nation and to participate toward the establishment of a world order based on freedom, perpetual peace and social justice, therefore the independence of Indonesia is formulated into a constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which is built into a sovereign state based on a belief in the One and Only God, just and civilized humanity,
4482-414: The largest following in Bali. Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it Catur Purusartha - dharma (the pursuit of moral and ethical living), artha (the pursuit of wealth and creative activity), kama (the pursuit of joy and love) and moksha (the pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation). Balinese Hinduism includes
4565-472: The last day of the Pawukon calendar , is devoted to Saraswati , goddess of learning. Although it is devoted to books , reading is not allowed. The fourth day of the year is called Pagerwesi , meaning "iron fence". It commemorates a battle between good and evil. Balinese caste structure has been described in early 20th-century European literature to be based on three categories – triwangsa (three classes) or
4648-463: The law. Details the human rights guaranteed to all, including: It also states that the rights not to be tortured, to have freedom of thought and conscience, of religion, to not be enslaved, to be recognised as an individual before the law and to not be charged under retroactive legislation cannot be revoked under any circumstances. Furthermore, every person has the right to freedom from discrimination on any grounds whatsoever. Finally, every person
4731-476: The majority of the population of Bali . This is particularly associated with the Balinese people residing on the island, and represents a distinct form of Hindu worship incorporating local animism , ancestor worship or Pitru Paksha , and reverence for Buddhist saints or Bodhisattava . The population of Indonesian islands is predominantly Muslim (87%). The island of Bali is an exception where about 87% of its people identify as Hindu (about 1.7% of
4814-489: The members of the House of Representatives, the Regional Representatives Council, the president and vice-president and the regional legislatures are free, secret, honest and fair and are held every five years. Candidates for the House of Representatives and regional legislatures represent political parties: those for the Regional Representatives Council are individuals. States that the president puts forward
4897-438: The nobility, dwijati (twice-born) in contrast to ekajati (once born) the common folks. Four statuses were identified in these sociological studies, spelled a bit differently from the caste categories for India: The Brahmana caste was further subdivided by these Dutch ethnographers into two: Siwa and Buda . The Siwa caste was subdivided into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba, and Petapan. This classification
4980-553: The occupation administration. On 1 March 1945, the 16th Army established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian : Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPK) ), for Java. The 25th Army later established a BPUPK for Sumatra. No such organisation existed for the remainder of the East Indies. The BPUPK in Java, when established, consisted of 62 members, but there were 68 in
5063-403: The only part of Indonesia to remain predominantly Hindu. Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Hinduism with elements from Buddhism and pre-existing indigenous animist customs that permeated in the Indonesian archipelago before the arrival of Hinduism. It integrates many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with the arts and rituals of the Balinese people. In contemporary times, Hinduism in Bali
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#17328588844965146-664: The original constitution. The most important of the changes were: Among the above changes, the establishment of Constitutional Court is regarded as a successful innovation in Indonesia constitutional system. The court was established in 2003 by 9 justices head by Professor Jimly Asshiddiqie ,a prominent scholar from the University of Indonesia . There are five jurisdictions of the court, i.e. (i) constitutional review of law, (ii) disputes of constitutional jurisdiction between state institutions, (iii) disputes on electoral results, (iv) dissolution of political parties, and (v) impeachment of
5229-435: The past ministry defined "religion" as one that is monotheistic , has codified religious law and added several requirements. Further, Indonesia denied rights of citizenship (such as the right to vote) to anyone not belonging to an officially recognized religion. As such, Balinese Hinduism has been formally recognized by the Indonesian government as one of the official religions practised in Bali. Hindu influences reached
5312-449: The philosophy of the state for future independent Indonesia, Pancasila , which future president Sukarno outlined in a speech on 1 June. During the recess between the two BPUPK sessions, a Committee of Nine ( Panitia Sembilan ) comprising Sukarno, Hatta, Yamin, Maramis , Soebardjo, Wahid Hasjim , Muzakkir, Agus Salim and Abikoesno reformulated Sukarno's Pancasila in to a preamble for the future constitution. This later became known as
5395-428: The president and vice-president to two terms of office and states that they be elected in a general election. Specifies the impeachment procedure. Includes the wording of the presidential and vice-presidential oath and promise of office. The entire articles of this chapter has been removed by the fourth amendment of the Constitution . Previously, states the role of Supreme Advisory Council . Four short articles giving
5478-526: The president/vice-president. The other icon of success in Indonesian reform is the establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission which independently fights against corruption and grafts. Corruption in Indonesia is regarded an extraordinary crime. The 1945 Constitution has the highest legal authority in the country's system of government. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government must defer to it. The Constitution
5561-406: The proposed constitution article by article. The Committee made some fundamental changes, including the removal of 7 words from the text of Jakarta Charter which stated the obligation for Muslims to follow Sharia. The new charter then became the preambule of the constitution, and the clause stating that the president must be a Muslim was removed. The historical compromise was made possible in part by
5644-438: The right to pass laws, and has legislative, budgeting and oversight functions. It has the right to request government statements and to put forward opinions. An equal number of members is chosen from each province via a general election. The Council can suggest bills related to regional issues to the House of Representatives. It also advises the House on matters concerning taxes, education and religion. General elections to elect
5727-473: The second session. It was chaired by Radjiman Wedyodiningrat (1879–1951). The future president Sukarno and vice-president Mohammad Hatta were among its members. It met in the building that had been used by the Dutch colonial quasi-parliament, the Volksraad ("People's Council") in central Jakarta . It held two sessions, 29 May – 1 June and 10–17 July 1945. The first session discussed general matters, including
5810-410: The soul being freed to be eventually reincarnated. Unlike the death rites of other religions, the physical body is not the focus, as it is seen as nothing more than a temporary container of the soul and fit only for expedient disposal. In fact, the body must be burned before the soul can leave it completely. The cremation ceremony to bring this about can be extremely expensive because an elaborate ceremony
5893-410: The sultans allowed them a safe haven on Bali island. Hindus of western Java moved east and then to the island of Bali and the neighbouring small islands, thus starting Balinese Hinduism. While this era of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centres were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European colonialism arrived. The Indonesian archipelago
5976-399: The symbolism connected with the sprinkling of " tirtha ", or holy water that bridges the material and the spiritual, this water is first sprinkled overhead and is understood as "purification of manah (mind)", then sipped to be understood as "purification of wak (speech)", and then sprinkled over the body symbolizing "purification of kaya (attitude and behaviour)". Thus, states Ngurah Nala,
6059-486: The total Indonesian population). The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens. In 1952, states Michel Picard, an anthropologist and scholar of Balinese history and religion, the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs came under the control of conservatives who severely constrained an acceptable definition of a "religion". To be acceptable as an official Indonesian religion,
6142-508: The traditional Balinese Hindu beliefs and practices before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule. Some of the Hindu beliefs officially recognized by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion include: The sacred texts found in Agama Hindu Dharma are the Vedas and Upanishads . They are the bases of Indian and Balinese Hinduism. Other sources of religious information include
6225-722: The transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted a bicameral system. The KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the United States of Indonesia (RIS). However, this state was short lived and when Indonesia became a unitary state in August 1950, the Working Committee of the KNIP became part of
6308-400: The unity of Indonesia, and democratic life led by wisdom of thoughts in deliberation amongst representatives of the people, and achieving social justice for all the people of Indonesia . States that Indonesia is a unitary republic based on law with sovereignty in the hands of the people and exercised through laws. States that the People's Consultative Assembly is made up of the members of
6391-476: The varna (caste) of Brahmin and Kshatriya , are forbidden to consume or even touch beef and rarely touch pork; additionally, they must not eat on the street or marketplace, drink alcohol, or taste offerings of such items. Balinese Hindus built Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta , the second largest temple in Indonesia after Pura Besakih in Bali, dedicated to Hindu Sundanese King Sri Baduga Maharaja Sang Ratu Jaya Dewata Prabu Siliwangi . Pura Aditya Jaya
6474-405: The yards of Balinese Hindu temples. Pendet is the presentation of an offering in the form of a ritual dance. Unlike sacred ritual dances that demand arduous training, Pendet may be danced by anyone, taught simply by imitation. Younger girls follow the movements of the elder women, who recognize their responsibility in setting a good example. Proficiency comes with age. As a religious dance, Pendet
6557-450: The younger generation becomes "acquainted with the ethical values embodied in the concept of Tri Kaya Parisudha , or the attainment of a pure or good mind ( manacika ), pure or good speech ( wacika ), and pure conduct ( kayika )". There are a total of thirteen ceremonies concerned with life from conception until, but not including, death , each of which has four elements: placation of evil spirits, purification with holy water, wafting of
6640-509: Was originally officially enacted on 18 August 1945. The attached Elucidation, drawn up by Raden Soepomo (1903–1958), Indonesia's first justice minister, was officially declared to be a part of the Constitution on 5 July 1959. The Preamble, the body of the Constitution and the Elucidation were all reaffirmed as inseparable parts of the Constitution in 1959, and then again in Provisional MPR Decree No. XX/MPRS/1966. However, since
6723-493: Was soon dominated by the Dutch colonial empire . The Dutch colonial empire helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and it slowly began the process of excavating, understanding and preserving Indonesia's ancient Hindu-Buddhist cultural foundations, particularly in Java and the western islands of Indonesia. Upon independence from Dutch colonial rule, Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia guaranteed freedom of religion to all its citizens. In 1952, states Michel Picard,
6806-470: Was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women. The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by these 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to caste system studies in British colonies such as India. Bali has
6889-575: Was written in June–August 1945, in the final months of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies at the end of World War II . It was abrogated by the Federal Constitution of 1949 and the Provisional Constitution of 1950 , but restored by President Sukarno's 1959 Decree . The 1945 Constitution sets forth the Pancasila , the five nationalist principles, as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. It provides for
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