70-610: Penang Island is the main constituent island of the Malaysian state of Penang . It is located off the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Malacca Strait , with the Penang Strait separating the island from Seberang Perai on the mainland. The 295 km (114 sq mi) island makes up approximately 28% of Penang's total land mass and is home to about 45% of the state's population as of 2020. The entire island falls under
140-552: A "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. Nine of
210-579: A counteroffer from the Federal Government. Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until it was expelled from the Federation on 9 August 1965. During its time as a state of Malaysia , Singapore had autonomy in the areas of education and labour and was the smallest state in Malaysia by land area, but the largest by population. Brunei was invited to join
280-458: A court of law is not forced labour. In the area of criminal laws and procedure, this Article provides the following protections: Article 8 by clause (1) provides that all persons are equal before the law and entitled to its equal protection. Clause 2 states: "Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent, gender or place of birth in any law or in
350-532: A democracy discussion of any issue and in Parliament of all places should be suppressed. Surely it might be said that it is better that grievances and problems about language, etc. should be openly debated, rather than be swept under the carpet and allowed to fester. But Malaysians who remember what happened during 13 May 1969, and subsequent days are sadly aware that racial feelings are only too easily stirred up by constant harping on sensitive issues like language and it
420-513: A higher degree of autonomy as part of the bargain which were included in the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement respectively. While both states arguably joined the federation as equals to Malaya, the Malayan government and constitution became the Malaysian government and constitution . The constitutional amendment codifying the enlarged federation initially listed Sabah and Sarawak separately to
490-412: A hilly and mostly forested interior. The coastal plains are narrow, with the most expansive one being at the northeastern cape. It was at this cape where the early development of George Town began, eventually reaching down the eastern seaboard. Mangrove swamps are prevalent along the western shoreline of the island. Combined with the hills at the centre of the island, urbanisation along the western half of
560-526: A licence. However the relevant sections of the Police Act dealing with such gatherings have been repealed by the Police (Amendment) Act 2012 , which came into operation on 23 April 2012. The Peaceful Assembly Act 2012, which came into operation on the same day, replaced the Police Act as the principal legislation dealing with public gatherings. Peaceful Assembly Act 2012 The Peaceful Assembly Act gives citizens
630-460: A public authority and whether within or outside Malaysia). Note however that notwithstanding this Article, the Government is required, under Article 153, to implement affirmative action programs such as the reservation of places in tertiary educational institutions for the benefit of Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak. In respect of religion, Article 12 provides that (i) every religious group has
700-432: A recognition of the biodiversity and importance of Penang Hill as a protected forest reserve. Due to land scarcity, land reclamation projects have been undertaken at high-demand areas such as Tanjong Tokong , Jelutong , Batu Maung and Gurney Drive . In 2023, a massive reclamation project to build the 920-hectare (2,300-acre) Silicon Island, envisioned as a new hub for high tech manufacturing and commerce, commenced off
770-560: A unique residency status. Passports are required even for Peninsular Malaysians for travelling between either state and Peninsular Malaysia, or between the two states, however those who are on social/business visits up to three months are allowed to produce a MyKad or birth certificate and obtain a special printout form in lieu of a passport. Each state has a unicameral legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri ( DUN , State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population. The state leader of
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#1732848797414840-503: Is a "street protest", it will be banned. If the police say that an assembly being organised by Group B to gather at one place and move to another is a "procession", it will not be banned and the police will allow Group B to proceed. FAQs on Peaceful Assembly Bill 2011. Civil society and The Malaysian Bar "opposes the Peaceful Assembly Bill 2011 ("PA 2011") on the grounds that it imposes unreasonable and disproportionate fetters on
910-604: Is a key provision of Part II of the Constitution, and has been regarded as "of paramount importance" by the judicial community in Malaysia. However, it has been argued that the rights of Part II, in particular Article 10, "have been so heavily qualified by other parts of the Constitution, for example, Part XI in relation to special and emergency powers, and the permanent state of emergency that has existed since 1969, that much of [the Constitution's] high principles are lost." Article 10 (4) states that Parliament may pass law prohibiting
980-798: Is a list of the schedules to the Constitution. *NOTE—This Article was repealed by Act A354, section 46, in force from 27-08-1976—see section 46 of Act A354. Fundamental liberties in Malaysia are set out in Articles 5 to 13 of the Constitution, under the following headings: liberty of the person, prohibition of slavery and forced labour , protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials , equality, prohibition of banishment and freedom of movement , freedom of speech , assembly and association , freedom of religion , rights in respect of education and rights to property . Some of these liberties and rights are subject to limitations and exceptions and some are available to citizens only (for example,
1050-664: Is administered by the Putrajaya Corporation ( Perbadanan Putrajaya ) and Labuan by the Labuan Corporation ( Perbadanan Labuan ); each corporation is headed by a chairman. The states of Sabah and Sarawak merged with the existing states of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore pursuant to the Malaysia Agreement in 1963 to form the independent state of Malaysia. Representatives from Sabah and Sarawak demanded
1120-624: Is expelled from such political party. The Supreme Court held that the Kelantan anti party-hopping provision was void because the "direct and inevitable consequence" of the provision is to restrict the right of members of the assembly from exercising their right to freedom of association. Furthermore, the Malaysian Federal Constitution sets out a complete list of the grounds on which a member of a State Legislative Assembly can be disqualified (e.g. being of unsound mind) and disqualification on
1190-529: Is similar to the English common law definition of sedition, with modifications to suit local circumstances. Conviction may result in a sentence of a fine up to RM 5,000, three years in jail, or both. The Sedition Act in particular has been widely commented upon by jurists for the bounds it places on freedom of speech. Justice Raja Azlan Shah (later the Yang di-Pertuan Agong) once said: The right to free speech ceases at
1260-623: Is the national capital, Putrajaya is the administrative centre of the federal government, and Labuan serves as an offshore financial centre . Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were carved out of Selangor, while Labuan was ceded by Sabah. The territories fall under the purview of the Ministry of the Federal Territories , and the Parliament of Malaysia legislates on all matters concerning the territories. Each federal territory elects representatives from single-member constituencies drawn based on population to
1330-493: Is to minimise racial explosions that the amendments were made [to the Sedition Act]. Article 10(c)(1) guarantees the freedom of association subject only to restrictions imposed through any federal law on the grounds of national security, public order or morality or through any law relating to labour or education (Article 10(2)(c) and (3)). In relation to the freedom of incumbent elected legislators to change their political parties,
1400-479: Is where the law passed by Parliament relates to land law (such as the registration of land titles and compulsory acquisition of land) and local government (Article 76). States have legislative power over Islamic matters listed in item 1 of the State List which amongst other things includes the power to: Article 3 declares that Islam is the religion of the Federation but it then goes on to say that this does not affect
1470-614: The Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) of the Parliament. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints senators to represent the territories in the Dewan Negara; Kuala Lumpur has two senators, while Putrajaya and Labuan each has one. The local governments for the territories varies: Kuala Lumpur is administered by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall ( Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur ), headed by an appointed mayor ( Datuk Bandar ), while Putrajaya
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#17328487974141540-464: The Malay Peninsula , collectively called Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia ) or West Malaysia . Two states are on the island of Borneo , and the remaining federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo; they are collectively referred to as East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo. Out of the 13 states in Malaysia, 9 are monarchies. The governance of the states is divided between
1610-769: The Parliament , which consists of the House of Representatives ( Dewan Rakyat ) and the Senate ( Dewan Negara ); the executive branch led by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet Ministers and the judicial branch headed by the Federal Court . Constitutional Conference: A constitutional conference was held in London from 18 January to 6 February 1956 attended by a delegation from the Federation of Malaya , consisting of four representatives of
1680-593: The Reid Commission , consisting of constitutional experts from fellow Commonwealth countries and headed by Lord (William) Reid, a distinguished Lord-of-Appeal-in-Ordinary , was appointed to make recommendations for a suitable constitution. The report of the commission was completed on 11 February 1957. The report was then examined by a working party appointed by the British Government, the Conference of Rulers and
1750-554: The "Special Cabinet Committee To Review the Malaysia Agreement" and directed a Special Task Force Team (Taskforce MA63) to prepare a final report on the 1963 agreement before 31 August 2019. Two years after the failed attempt, on 16 September 2021, Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob pledged to look into issues relating to Sabah and Sarawak via the Special Council on Malaysia Agreement 1963, with negotiations being chaired by
1820-683: The 2019 proposed amendments by the then Pakatan Harapan government, being tabled by Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Law and Parliament) Wan Junaidi . Discussions on restoring Sabahans and Sarawakians' rights will continue in the meantime. The same meeting also saw the council agree to empower both the Sabah and Sarawah governments to issue deep fishing licences as opposed to the federal government currently. The amendments were tabled on 3 November 2021, consisting of four changes, being restoring Sabah and Sarawak as "partners", defining Malaysia Day as
1890-459: The Act are punishable by imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months; but for more serious offences the maximum prison sentence is higher (e.g. 10 years for using offensive weapons or explosives) and sentences may include whipping. Another law which previously curtailed the freedoms of Article 10 is the Police Act 1967, which criminalised the gathering of three or more people in a public place without
1960-545: The Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and was amended in 1963 to form the Constitution of Malaysia, is the supreme law of Malaysia and contains a total of 183 articles. It is a written legal document influenced by two previous documents, the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948 and the Independence Constitution of 1957. The Federation was initially called the Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ) and it adopted its present name, Malaysia, when
2030-678: The Federal Constitution.) These provide for: The Federal Parliament has the power to amend state constitutions if they do not contain the essential provisions or have provisions that are inconsistent with them. (Art. 71(4)) Parliament has the exclusive power to make laws over matters falling under the Federal List (such as citizenship, defence, internal security, civil and criminal law, finance, trade, commerce and industry, education, labour, and tourism) whereas each State, through its Legislative Assembly, has legislative power over matters under
2100-586: The Federation but decided not to in the end due to several issues, such as the status of the Sultan within Malaysia, division of Bruneian oil royalties , and pressure from opposition groups which amounted to the Brunei Revolt . Administrative divisions: Constitution of Malaysia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The Federal Constitution of Malaysia ( Malay : Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia ), which came into force in 1957 as
2170-405: The Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Federal Constitution was enacted on the basis of its recommendations. Constitution: The Constitution came into force on 27 August 1957 but formal independence was only achieved on 31 August. This constitution was amended in 1963 to admit Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore as additional member states of the Federation and to make the agreed changes to
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2240-556: The Prime Minister, joined by the Chief Ministers of Sabah and Sarawak, as well as eight federal ministers. On 19 October 2021, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Sabah and Sarawak Affairs) Maximus Ongkili announced a Bill to be tabled in the coming Parliament sitting after the Special Council on Malaysia Agreement 1963 agreed to Articles 1(2) and 160(2) of the Federal Constitution to restore Sabah and Sarawak as equal partners to Peninsular Malaysia. The proposed law differs from
2310-734: The Rulers, the Chief Minister of the Federation ( Tunku Abdul Rahman ) and three other ministers, and also by the British High Commissioner in Malaya and his advisers. Reid Commission: The conference proposed the appointment of a commission to devise a constitution for a fully self-governing and independent Federation of Malaya . This proposal was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II and the Malay Rulers . Accordingly, pursuant to such agreement,
2380-523: The State List (List IIA) and the Concurrent List (List IIIA) that apply only to Sabah and Sarawak. These give the two states legislative powers over matters such as native law and customs, ports and harbours (other than those declared to be federal), hydro electricity and personal law relating to marriage, divorce, family law, gifts and intestacy. Residual Power of States: The States have the residual power to make laws on any matter not listed in any of
2450-500: The State List (such as land, local government, Syariah law and Syariah courts, State holidays and State public works). Parliament and State legislatures share the power to make laws over matters under the Concurrent List (such as water supplies and housing) but Article 75 provides that in the event of conflict, Federal law will prevail over State law. These lists are set out in Schedule 9 of the Constitution, where: There are supplements to
2520-661: The Supreme Court of Malaysia in the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly v Nordin Salleh held that an "anti party-hopping" provision in the Kelantan State Constitution violates the right to freedom of association. That provision stipulated that a member of the Kelantan legislative assembly who is a member of any political party shall cease to be a member of the legislative assembly if he or she resigns or
2590-691: The Third Schedule of the Act). However, street protests, which consist of "mass" marches or rallies, are not permitted (See section 4(1)(c) of the Act). The following are comments from the Malaysian Bar Council on the Peaceful Assembly Act: PA2011 appears to allow the police to decide what is a "street protest" and what is a "procession". If the police say that an assembly being organised by Group A to gather at one place and move to another
2660-401: The Yang di-Pertuan Agong and an executive Chief Minister or Ketua Menteri . except for Sarawak whose head of government is styled 'Premier'. While the population of Malaysia is ethnically and religiously diverse, such diversity is spread throughout the country and not inherently reflected by the borders of the states. There is a significant distinction however between the peninsular states and
2730-485: The appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment". The exceptions expressly allowed under the Constitution includes the affirmative actions taken to protect the special position for the Malays of Peninsular Malaysia and
2800-401: The city of George Town , which also administers the surrounding islets. With an area of 295 km (114 sq mi), Penang Island is the fourth largest island wholly in Malaysia, after Banggi Island , Bruit Island and Langkawi Island . It is also the most populated island city in the country, with a population of 794,313 as of 2020. The island's terrain is irregular and consists of
2870-466: The compulsory acquisition or use of property without adequate compensation. The Federation is required to guarantee the sovereignty of the Malay Sultans in their respective States. Each State, irrespective of whether it has a Sultan as its Ruler, has its own State constitution but for uniformity, all State constitutions must have a standard set of essential provisions (See Art. 71 and the 8th Schedule of
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2940-511: The constitution that were set out in the Malaysia Agreement , which included changing the name of the Federation to "Malaysia". Thus, legally speaking, the establishment of Malaysia did not create a new nation as such but was simply the addition of new member states to the Federation created by the 1957 constitution, with a change of name. The Constitution, in its current form (1 November 2010), consists of 15 Parts containing 230 articles and 13 schedules (including 57 amendments). The following
3010-460: The day when Sabah and Sarawak joined and changes to the definition of the Federation, and defining who are natives of Sabah and Sarawak. On 14 December 2021, the proposed amendment was passed in the Parliament unanimously with 199 votes in favour, and 21 MPs absent from the 6-hour long debate. On 6 January 2022, Minister Ongkili announced the setting up of a joint technical committee to study Sabah's proposal for increased annual grants in addition to
3080-406: The existing states of the Federation of Malaya . However, through the process of the amendment, the bill failed to pass following the failure to reach two-thirds majority support (148 votes) in the Parliament with only 138 agreed with the move while 59 abstained from the voting. Nevertheless, the Malaysian federal government agreed to review the 1963 agreement to remedy breaches of the treaty with
3150-480: The federal government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia . Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as
3220-530: The freedom of assembly that is guaranteed under the Federal Constitution." Open letter from Lim Chee Wee, President of Malaysian Bar The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 gives the Home Affairs Minister the discretion to grant, suspend and revoke newspaper publishing permits. Up until July 2012, the Minister could exercise "absolute discretion" on such matters but this absolute discretionary power
3290-491: The freedom of speech, assembly and association). Article 5 enshrines a number of basic fundamental human rights: Article 6 provides that no person may be held in slavery. All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but federal law, such as the National Service Act 1952, may provide for compulsory service for national purposes. It is expressly provided that work incidental to serving a sentence of imprisonment imposed by
3360-563: The ground of resigning from one's political party is not one of them. Article 11 provides that every person has the right to profess and practice his own religion. Every person has the right to propagate his religion, but state law and, in respect of the Federal Territories, federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among Muslims. There is, however, freedom to carry on missionary work among non-Muslims. In respect to education, Article 12 provides that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on
3430-417: The grounds of religion, race, descent or place of birth (i) in the administration of any educational institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of fees and (ii) in providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by
3500-411: The indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak under Article 153 . This Article protects Malaysian citizens against being banished from the country. It further provides that every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the Federation but Parliament is allowed to impose restrictions on the movement of citizens from Peninsular Malaysia to Sabah and Sarawak. Article 10(1) grants freedom of speech,
3570-494: The island has been limited. Standing at 833 m (2,733 ft), Penang Hill , at the centre of the island, is the highest point in Penang . The hilly centre of the island serves as a crucial water catchment area and is also home to rainforests that have been around for over 130 million years. In 2021, the 12,481-hectare (30,840-acre) Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve was inducted into UNESCO 's World Network of Biosphere Reserves as
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#17328487974143640-411: The island's southern coastline. This is in addition to the creation of Andaman Island off the island's north coast. Meanwhile, the shoreline off Gurney Drive is also being transformed into Gurney Bay , intended as a " new iconic waterfront destination for Penang ". The island is connected with the mainland by two road bridges. The Penang Bridge begins at Gelugor on the island and ends at Perai on
3710-585: The mainland, while the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge links Batu Maung with Batu Kawan on the mainland. States and federal territories of Malaysia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia . Malaysia is a federation of 13 states ( Negeri ) and 3 federal territories ( Wilayah Persekutuan ). Eleven states and two federal territories are located on
3780-563: The majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament , to have state elections running concurrently with
3850-460: The other states, however it was later amended again to list both these entities together with the other states, suggesting a status equal to the original states of Malaya. Sabah and Sarawak still retained a higher degree of autonomy than the peninsular states in areas such as immigration, state revenue, and legislative power over land and local government. However, federal influence over their politics increased over time, including direct interference in
3920-481: The parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the Dewan Negara (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament. The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on
3990-481: The peninsular states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states . Each Malay state has a hereditary ruler as titular head of state and an executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar as politically responsible head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans . Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the title of Yamtuan Besar , whereas
4060-503: The point where it comes within the mischief of the Sedition Act. Suffian LP in the case of PP v Mark Koding [1983] 1 MLJ 111 said, in relation to the amendments to Sedition Act in 1970, after 13 May 1969 riots, which added citizenship, language, special position of bumiputras and sovereignty of rulers to the list of seditious matters: Malaysians with short memories and people living in mature and homogeneous democracies may wonder why in
4130-548: The questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III, Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Constitution. Several acts of law regulate the freedoms granted by Article 10, such as the Official Secrets Act , which makes it a crime to disseminate information classified as an official secret. Under the Public Order (Preservation) Act 1958,
4200-457: The relevant Minister may temporarily declare any area where public order is seriously disturbed or seriously threatened to be a "proclaimed area" for a period of up to one month. The Police has extensive powers under the Act to maintain public order in proclaimed areas. These include the power to close roads, erect barriers, impose curfews, and to prohibit or regulate processions, meetings or assemblies of five persons or more. General offences under
4270-569: The request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is further divided into districts , which are then divided into mukim . In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into "Divisions". The 3 federal territories were formed for different purposes: Kuala Lumpur
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#17328487974144340-505: The right to assemble peaceably and the right to form associations to every Malaysian citizen but such freedom and rights are not absolute: the Constitution itself, by Article 10 (2), (3) and (4), expressly permits Parliament by law to impose restrictions in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order, morality, to protect the privileges of Parliament, to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence. Article 10
4410-486: The right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and (ii) no person shall be required to receive instruction in or take part in any ceremony or act of worship of a religion other than his own and that for this purpose the religion of a person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian. Article 13 provides that no person may be deprived of property save in accordance with law. No law may provide for
4480-597: The right to organise and participate in peaceful assemblies subject to the restrictions under the Act. Under the law, citizens are allowed to hold assemblies, which includes processions (see the definition of "assembly" and "place of assembly" in section 3 of the Act), upon giving 10 days notice to the police (section 9(1) of the Act). However, no notification is required for certain types of assemblies, such as wedding receptions, funeral processions, open houses during festivals, family gatherings, religious assemblies and assemblies at designated places of assembly (see section 9(2) and
4550-516: The ruler of Perlis is titled Raja . The federal head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (commonly referred to as "King" in English), is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular), and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a titular Governor (styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri ) appointed by
4620-570: The state assemblies. In conjunction with the celebration of Malaysia Day in 2018 under the new Pakatan Harapan (PH) government, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad promised to restore Sabah and Sarawak status in the Malaysian federation in accordance with the Malaysia Agreement , restoring "their status from merely a state to an equal partner of the Malayan states". Although the status of both entities were clearly defined in Article I, Malaysia Agreement 1963 as 'states' which shall be federated with
4690-447: The states of Sabah , Sarawak and Singapore (now independent) became part of the Federation. The Constitution establishes the Federation as a constitutional monarchy , having the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Head of State with largely ceremonial roles. It provides for the establishment and organisation of three main branches of the government : the bicameral legislative branch called
4760-442: The three lists (Article 77). Power of Parliament to make laws for States: Parliament is allowed to make laws on matters falling under the State List in certain limited cases, such as for the purposes of implementing an international treaty entered into by Malaysia or for the creation of uniform State laws. However, before any such law can be effective in a State, it must be ratified by law by its State Legislature. The only except
4830-460: The two states of East Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak , which have significant indigenous populations. Both states have greater autonomy that those on the peninsula, including additional powers over their immigration controls as part of the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement drawn up by the respective states when they, together with the Federation of Malaya and Singapore, formed Malaysia. They have separate immigration policies and controls and
4900-497: Was expressly removed by the Printing Presses and Publications (Amendment) Act 2012. The Act also makes it a criminal offence to possess a printing press without a licence. The Sedition Act 1948 makes it an offence to engage in acts with a " seditious tendency", including but not limited to the spoken word and publications. The meaning of "seditious tendency" is defined in section 3 of the Sedition Act 1948 and in substance it
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