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18-533: Pembina Hills may refer to: Pembina Escarpment , a landform in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Manitoba Pembina Hills Regional Division No. 7 , a school board in Alberta See also [ edit ] Pembina (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

36-468: A bay off of Lake Agassiz. South of this valley is the Pembina Escarpment , which also formed part of the shores of Lake Agassiz. The range is intersected by three rivers, whose valleys divide the range into four distinct sets of hills. The final form of the escarpment was not created until the end of the last ice age , between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago. During the ice age, much of North America

54-527: Is difficult. 50°37′02″N 99°31′35″W  /  50.617232°N 99.52652°W  / 50.617232; -99.52652 Manitoba Escarpment The Manitoba Escarpment , or the Western Manitoba Uplands , are a range of hills along the Saskatchewan – Manitoba border. The eastern slopes of the range are considered to be a scarp . They were created by glacial scouring and formed

72-475: Is reminiscent of pastoral sections of New England . Streams flowing off the escarpment have high gradients and a cobble substrate. The final form of the escarpment we know today was not created until the end of the last ice age around 12,000 years ago. During the ice age, much of North America was covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet . As the ice sheet began to melt and recede, the meltwaters filled

90-641: The US , the Pembina Escarpment is a Level 4 ecoregion , as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . The ecoregion covers 274 square miles (710 km ), and is part of the Level 3 Northern Glaciated Plains ecoregion. In Canada , the Pembina Escarpment is considered an Ecodistrict within the Southwest Manitoba Uplands Ecoregion, and the Southwest Manitoba Uplands Ecoregion is part of

108-696: The Europeans settled in this region, the slopes and peaks of the escarpment were largely covered by a deciduous forest of burr oak and trembling aspen . The wetter, cooler, shadier slopes had more aspen, and the drier, warmer, sunnier slopes had more oak. The shrubbery along the slopes consisted of beaked hazel , high bush cranberry , saskatoon berry , and pin cherry . The areas along rivers and creeks with more moisture had Manitoba maple , green ash , red osier dogwood and willows . Native vegetation has largely been cleared to make way for agriculture, but still exists on steep slopes and near water where farming

126-517: The Prairies Ecozone. A Canadian Ecodistrict is equivalent to a US Level 4 Ecoregion and a Canadian Ecoregion is equivalent to a US Level 3 Ecoregion. A Canadian Ecozone is equivalent to a US Level 1 Ecoregion. Both the US and Canada consider Turtle Mountain to be a sibling ecodistrict with the Pembina Escarpment, as both countries place both areas within the same larger ecoregions. Some US sources use

144-562: The ancestral Red River Valley to create Lake Agassiz . The valley walls, including the escarpment to the west, provided east and west boundaries for the lake, and remaining part of the ice sheet provided the northern boundary. During this period of time—known as the Lockhart Phase of Lake Agassiz—water flowed south from the lake into the Mississippi River and into the Gulf of Mexico . In

162-505: The escarpment which was eventually terminated in the Red Deer River Valley at Erwood in 1900. The building of this railroad led to the establishment of the forestry industry in this region, which overtook trapping as the main economic sector of the region. Throughout the 20th century, people began immigrating to the region to farm on the east and west sides of the range, and also in the river valleys. In Western Canada , it

180-608: The last remnants of Lake Agassiz. To the north lies the Saskatchewan River , and its associated lowlands, which were once covered by prehistoric Lake Saskatchewan which may have been a bay off of Lake Agassiz. To the west lies Aspen Parkland which was a sparse deciduous forest until the 20th century, but today has been cleared to make way for farmland. To the south lies the Assiniboine and Souris River valleys, which were once covered by Lake Souris , which may have been

198-477: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembina_Hills&oldid=1029389373 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pembina Escarpment The escarpment

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216-599: The term "Manitoba Escarpment" for the Canadian portion of the Pembina Escarpment, but in Canada, the term Manitoba Escarpment refers to a separate geographical region along the Saskatchewan -Manitoba border. The Pembina Escarpment is separated from the Manitoba Escarpment by the Assiniboine and Souris River valleys, which were covered by Lake Souris at the time of Lake Agassiz when both escarpments were formed. Before

234-406: The western shore of prehistoric Lake Agassiz . The region was inhabited by several different aboriginal tribes before Europeans arrived including: Swampy Cree , Plains Cree , Assiniboine , and Saulteaux . The geography of the hills helped to demarcate the boundaries of the land controlled by different tribes, and the river valleys provided trade routes. The first European to explore the region

252-582: Was Henry Kelsey , who travelled with a group of Cree traders from York Fort to the Red Deer River to encourage the aboriginal people there to trade with the Hudson's Bay Company . Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the fur trade brought many Europeans to the region who established trading posts and communities. In the 1890s, the Canadian Northern Railway built a line on the east side of

270-544: Was after the ice age that the eastern slopes were steepened into an escarpment. The forests of the hills are mixed, and consist of mainly aspen , poplar , spruce , and fir . Clusters of white birch are also prevalent. Drier parts of the hills contain jack pines , while wetter parts contain tamarack . A dense layer of shrubs and herbs exists below the trees, and the forest floor is covered by mosses , ferns , and grass . The isolated nature of these hills means that many rare plant species can be found here. For example,

288-517: Was common for settlers to arrange themselves by ethnicity to form Block Settlements , and in this area, most settlers were Ukrainian , Russian , or Polish . To the east of the range lie the Manitoba Lowlands, which consist of many interconnected lakes, including Lake Winnipegosis , Dauphin Lake , and Lake Manitoba . The lakes in this lowland region (with the largest being Lake Winnipeg ) are

306-462: Was covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet . As the ice sheet began to melt and recede, the meltwaters became trapped between the higher-elevated land to the west and the remaining portion of the ice sheet to the east, which steepened the slopes of the escarpment to give it the form it has today. The Pasquia and Porcupine Hills, and the Duck and Riding Mountains, did already exist before the ice age, but it

324-581: Was originally formed by the undercutting of Cretaceous sandstones (the Dakota Formation ) by the ancestral Red River . The escarpment was later steepened by glacial scouring . The escarpment is preserved due to a layer of erosion-resistant shale (the Pierre Formation ) on top of the sandstone. The vista today, of wooded hills with small farms tucked into valleys (such as the Pembina Valley ),

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