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47-512: The Peachtree Arcade was a shopping arcade in downtown Atlanta , Georgia , United States. The building, modeled after the Arcade in Cleveland , was designed by Atlanta-based architect A. Ten Eyck Brown and was located between Peachtree Street and Broad Street near Five Points . Construction began in 1917 and was completed the following year. Located in the city's central business district , it

94-434: A labor shortage caused by emergency government work in the area slowed down progress, and it wasn't completely finished until 1918. By February 1918, with work still going on finishing touches that were expected to take several weeks, businesses had already begun moving into the building, with an occupancy of over 75 percent. The arcade was very popular with the public at large, with the chamber of commerce describing it as

141-518: A " civic center " and "the show place of Atlanta". In its first few years it attracted several nationwide retail chains, such as a Carson Pirie Scott & Co. department store , and the arcade also served as the home for what would eventually be known as Georgia State University . In its role as a civic center, the arcade hosted numerous events, such as annual Christmas tree displays and Veterans Day dance and music programs performed by schoolchildren. During World War I , prayer services were held in

188-603: A face-lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe . An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and Syria . It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets. A year later American architect William Thayer created

235-466: A feature of Romanesque architecture that influenced Gothic architecture . In the Gothic architectural tradition, the arcade can be located in the interior, in the lowest part of the wall of the nave , supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral , or on the exterior, in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the courtyard and cloisters . A different, related meaning

282-566: A glass skylight spanning over 300 feet (91 m), along the four balconies . Erected in 1890, at a cost of $ 867,000 ($ 29,400,000 in 2023 dollars), the Arcade opened on Memorial Day (May 30, 1890), and is identified as one of the earliest indoor shopping arcades in the United States. The Arcade was modified in 1939, remodeling the Euclid Avenue entrance and adding some structural support. It

329-424: A less expensive and more functional Neoclassical design submitted by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (1729–1800). Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century. During the post- World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got

376-409: A multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting. The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes. In time, these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from

423-546: A popular nineteenth-century pastime for the emerging middle classes. The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open loggias of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as 'butterwalks' were traditional jettied colonnades in British and North European marketplaces; examples remain for example in Totnes and Dartmouth in Devon . During

470-630: Is arcature , which is either a small arcade or a blind arcade . Arcades go back to at least the Ancient Greek architecture of the Hellenistic period , and were much used by the Romans, for example at the base of the Colosseum . Church cloisters very often use arcading. Islamic architecture very often uses arcades in and outside mosques in particular. In Renaissance architecture elegant arcading

517-491: Is "a covered passage with shops on one or both sides". Many medieval open arcades housed shops or stalls, either in the arcaded space itself, or set into the main wall behind. From this, "arcade" has become a general word for a group of shops in a single building, regardless of the architectural form . The word "arcade" comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata , based on Latin arcus , ‘bow’ (see arc and arch ). A related but ambiguous term

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564-403: Is another early shopping arcade. Sprawling at the intersection of Nevsky Prospekt and Sadovaya Street for over one kilometer and embracing the area of 53,000 m (570,000 sq ft), the indoor complex of more than 100 shops took twenty-eight years to construct. Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by Bartolomeo Rastrelli , but that subsequently was discarded in favour of

611-574: Is original, but the Euclid Avenue front was remodeled in 1939 by the firm of Walker and Weeks . The level of the Superior Avenue entrance is about 12 feet (3.7 m) lower than the Euclid entrance, so that there are two bottom arcade floors, joined by staircases at each end. Since Euclid and Superior avenues are not parallel, a passage leads, at a 23-degree angle, off the Euclid entrance to a rotunda at

658-583: The American Institute of Architects named the building as one of Atlanta's most notable landmarks to have been destroyed. The arcade was located on a plot of land between Peachtree Street and Broad Street near Five Points , running parallel to the Western and Atlantic Railroad . The site had originally been the location of several natural springs that served as the headwaters for Intrenchment Creek, which, through several tributaries , eventually flowed to

705-544: The Atlantic Ocean via the Altamaha River , with the springs constituting the river's most northwesterly source. In 1845, the land came under the ownership of Patrick Connally and his daughter Mary A. Dougherty, and the land would remain in the family under her descendants until at least 1969. During the mid-1850s, the land was home to a ten-pin bowling alley and the first bakery in the city, which were both operated by

752-677: The Bleckley Plaza Plan . The building as a whole was designed in the Beaux-Arts style. The open central area was about 40 feet (12 m) wide and ran the length of the building from entrance to entrance, which was 316 feet (96 m). This central atrium area included three levels of shops, with the main floor holding 40 stores. The interior featured wrought iron railings , marble floors, and bronze finishings throughout. [REDACTED] Media related to Peachtree Arcade at Wikimedia Commons Shopping arcade Blind arcades are

799-587: The Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul's Çiçek Pasajı opened in 1870. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern shopping mall , and the word "arcade" is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all. The Palais-Royal , which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as

846-719: The Jardin du Palais-Royal in Paris and the Westminster Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island . In 1916, Atlanta-based architect A. Ten Eyck Brown drew up designs for the new structure, modeling the overall design heavily after the Cleveland Arcade. Brown's work on the arcade would later help him in acquiring more large architectural projects in the city, including the City Hall (1930) and

893-467: The Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings. Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration . Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments and sometimes brothels . Cleveland Arcade The Arcade in downtown Cleveland, Ohio , is a Victorian -era structure of two nine-story buildings, joined by a five-story arcade with

940-579: The Post Office (1933). Otis selected the site of the Emery Steiner Building to be the location for this new arcade, in large part because it was one of the few pieces of land large enough to accommodate the new structure that was under one ownership. Otis would oversee the construction of the building and would also be in charge of its management after completion, though it would remain under the ownership of Flynn Realty. The completed building would be

987-547: The YWCA relocated their Atlanta headquarters to inside the arcade, and by the 1920s the arcade also hosted two schools that prepared women for work in clerical professions . The arcade was such a fixture among women in Atlanta that in a 1996 article about the arcade, historian Georgina Hickey said it "was the physical embodiment of early-Twentieth-Century Atlanta's consumer culture and its ties to Atlanta's women". Despite its popularity, by

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1034-502: The real estate firm of Otis & Holliday. During a visit to Cleveland around the turn of the century, he became enamored by the city's Arcade , and he believed that a similar building could be successful in Atlanta. Both the Cleveland and the proposed Atlanta arcade were part of a trend in urban design that saw arcades constructed in numerous cities in Europe and North America , such as

1081-553: The 16th-century, a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence, from where it spread throughout Italy. Examples of the earliest open loggias include: Mercato Nuovo (1547) by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the Medici family ); Mercato Vecchio, Florence by Giorgio Vasari (1567) and Loggia del Grano (1619) by Giulio Parigi . Arcades soon spread across Europe, North America and

1128-462: The 1960s, the arcade faced increasing competition from shopping malls in Atlanta's suburbs. The decade saw a construction boom in Atlanta, though many of these new buildings were constructed north of Five Points, further hurting the arcade. Around this time, the First National Bank of Atlanta , which had its headquarters next to the arcade at Five Points, announced that they would be purchasing

1175-636: The Doughertys. That same decade, the three-story Concert Hall Building, which served as barracks and a prison during the American Civil War , was constructed. James J. Andrews , a spy known for his participation in the Great Locomotive Chase , was kept imprisoned at the building prior to his hanging . This building was demolished after the war and was replaced by the National Hotel, which

1222-627: The High Street front with its four entrances. In 1772, the newly formed Market committee, half of whose members came from the town and half from the university, accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings, for the building of twenty butchers' shops. Twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products and fish. Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg , Russia

1269-454: The Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in

1316-515: The antipodes. Examples of these grand shopping arcades include: Palais Royal in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791); London's Piccadilly Arcade (1810) and Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (1878). Some examples of arcades in North America include New York's Paddock Arcade (1850), Ohio's Dayton Arcade (1904), and Rhode Island's Westminster Arcade (1828). Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include

1363-488: The arcade and demolishing it in order to build a skyscraper addition to their headquarters. The arcade was demolished in 1964. The First National Bank Building that replaced it was completed in 1966 and was the tallest building in both Atlanta and the entire southeastern United States at the time. In a 1993 book on the architecture of Atlanta , the American Institute of Architects listed the Peachtree Arcade as one of

1410-462: The arcade, and in 1950, during one of his crusades , evangelist Billy Graham held another large service. The arcade primarily catered to women consumers, and many of the shops were also run by women. The arcade featured several stereotypically feminine businesses, such as a floral , jewelry , millinery , and perfume shops, and also included a day care that allowed mothers to shop without watching their children. Additionally, during World War I ,

1457-458: The area in order to make it more inviting to consumers. By the 1910s, Peachtree Street had become the main business thoroughfare in the city, with a 1917 article published by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce calling the site the "most central location" in Atlanta's central business district . The idea for a shopping arcade in Atlanta was proposed by local businessman R. R. Otis, a partner in

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1504-461: The area near Five Points, and local business leaders, boosters , and city officials attempted to improve the area's image as a more consumer-friendly part of the city. In 1901, a viaduct was constructed for Peachtree Street over the railroad tracks, improving pedestrian mobility in the area, and between 1909 and 1914, the Atlanta City Council began a project to add electric street lights to

1551-474: The building was 6 stories tall, while it was only 4 stories tall on the Broad Street side. The building was also built to allow the addition of eight more floors, if desired. The arcade connected the two streets, functioning similarly to a covered pedestrian road , and both entrances were located at viaduct level. It ran parallel to the railroad's right-of-way , and the building was designed to be compatible with

1598-467: The building. One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford , England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today. The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn , the architect of Magdalen Bridge , drew up the plans and designed

1645-416: The chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the harsh elements, and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became

1692-452: The earliest example of the grand shopping arcades. Originally, a royal palace, the complex consisted of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in luxury goods such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to

1739-604: The first and only shopping arcade in the city. According to an article published in The Atlanta Constitution after the arcade's announcement, the building "will undoubtedly compare favorably with any other such structure in the larger cities of this country and in Europe". Construction on the building began in March 1917, with A. V. Gude & Co. serving as the general contractors . The project, which cost approximately $ 500,000,

1786-587: The most notable landmarks in the city to have been demolished, alongside the Carnegie Library , the Equitable Building , and Terminal Station . The arcade had a frontage of 111 feet (34 m) on its Peachtree Street entrance and a frontage of 146 feet (45 m) on its Broad Street entrance. Both entrances featured glazed terracotta designs. On the Peachtree entrance, which included a three-story arc,

1833-520: The southern end of the Arcade. The arcade itself is a 300-foot (91 m)-long covered light court , ringed by four levels of balconies, which step back above the Euclid Avenue level. The vertical lines of the columns, rising nearly 100 feet (33 m) to the glass roof, create a spacious domed interior. The Arcade's design inspired a similar shopping arcade in Atlanta called the Peachtree Arcade , which

1880-473: The wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus,

1927-528: Was constructed in the 1910s. In 2001, the Hyatt corporation redeveloped the Arcade into Cleveland's first Hyatt Regency hotel. The Hyatt Regency occupies the two towers and the top three floors of the atrium area. The two lower floors of the atrium area remain open to the public with retail merchants and a food court . In addition, the Hyatt's lobby and offices are located near the Superior Avenue entrance. That same year,

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1974-621: Was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The Arcade was built in 1890 by Detroit Bridge Co., run by Stephen V. Harkness . Designed by John Eisenmann and George H. Smith, the Arcade is one of the few remaining arcades of its kind in the United States. Modeled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II located in Milan , the Arcade comprises two nine-story towers with a skylight , 100 feet (30 m) high, made of 1,800 panes of glass spanning over 300 feet (91 m). The construction

2021-499: Was financed by John D. Rockefeller , Stephen V. Harkness , Marcus Hanna , Charles F. Brush and several other wealthy Clevelanders of the day. The Arcade is a cross between a lighted court and a commercial shopping street. The building is a complex of three structures: two nine-story office buildings facing out to Euclid and Superior Avenues, connected via the five-story iron-and-glass-enclosed arcade. The Richardsonian arched entrance of Hummelstown brownstone along Superior Avenue

2068-547: Was financed by the Northwestern Life Insurance Company . As part of construction, a part of the structure of the Steiner Building was incorporated into the new building. Initially, work went smoothly, aided by good weather, and a September 10 article published by the chamber of commerce on the building stated that it was expected to be completed on time. However, despite the plans for a completion in 1917,

2115-667: Was often used as a prominent feature of facades, for example in the Ospedale degli Innocenti (commissioned 1419) or the courtyard of the Palazzo Bardi , both by Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence . The French architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as l’Ère des passages couverts (the Arcade Era). He was referring to the grand shopping "arcades" that flourished across Europe during that period. A shopping arcade refers to

2162-479: Was the largest hotel in the city until the Kimball House was constructed. In addition to operating as a hotel, it also served as a hospital. This building was destroyed by a fire in 1902 and was later replaced by the Emery Steiner Building. This property was owned by Flynn Realty Co., which was owned by Dougherty's heirs. Starting in the late 1890s, the city went through a period of rapid growth focused primarily on

2209-511: Was very popular with citizens, functioning as an unofficial " civic center " for the city. However, by the 1960s, the arcade was facing increased competition from shopping malls located in Atlanta's suburbs, and in 1964, the building was demolished to make way for the First National Bank Building , a skyscraper that, at the time of its construction, was the tallest building in both Atlanta and the southeastern United States . In 1993,

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