The Peace Research Institute Oslo ( PRIO ; Norwegian : Institutt for fredsforskning ) is a private research institution in peace and conflict studies , based in Oslo , Norway , with around 100 employees. It was founded in 1959 by a group of Norwegian researchers led by Johan Galtung , who was also the institute's first director (1959–1969). It publishes the Journal of Peace Research , also founded by Johan Galtung.
58-560: PRIO was founded in 1959 by a group of Norwegian researchers led by Johan Galtung . The institute originally was a department of the Norwegian Institute for Social Research in Oslo and became an independent institute in 1966. It was one of the first centres of peace research in the world, and it is Norway's only peace research institute. The institute's director since 2017 is Henrik Urdal , with Torunn Tryggestad as deputy director. Since 2005,
116-507: A 12-year-old saw his father arrested by the Nazis . By 1951, he was already a committed peace mediator, and elected to do 18 months of social service in place of his obligatory military service. After 12 months, Galtung insisted that the remainder of his social service be spent in activities relevant to peace. Galtung died in Stabekk Helsehus og Hospice, Baerum, Norway, on 17 February 2024, at
174-503: A University of Oslo historian known for his scholarship on conspiracy theories. Asked by NRK about his controversial remarks, Galtung reiterated his recommendation that people should read The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Galtung rejected that he was anti-Semitic. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz accused Galtung in May 2012 of antisemitism for (1) suggesting the possibility of a link between
232-686: A certain liberal sense", but he insisted "the whole theory about what an 'open society' is must be rewritten, probably also the theory of 'democracy'—and it will take a long time before the West will be willing to view China as a master teacher in such subjects." Calling Galtung a "lifelong enemy of freedom", Bawer said Galtung discouraged Hungarian resistance against the Soviet invasion in 1956 , and criticized his description in 1974 of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov as "persecuted elite personages". Galtung recommended that people should read The Protocols of
290-631: A core group of 40-50 full-time researchers and support staff. In addition, there are researchers with a part-time affiliation with PRIO, visiting scholars, interns and students. From 2003 to 2012, PRIO hosted the Centre for the Study of Civil War, one of the original 13 "Centres of Excellence" in Norway. The director for the full 10-year period was Scott Gates . The institute maintains a centre in Nicosia , Cyprus , known as
348-685: A given culture that they function as absolute and inevitable and are reproduced uncritically across generations. Galtung expanded on the concept of cultural violence in a 1990 paper also published in the Journal of Peace Research. This concept has been applied in a limited number of cases, with most occurring after Galtung's follow up paper in 1990, some of the most notable of which are listed below. Johan Galtung has written about Zionism and violence. He has discussed various forms of violence, including structural and cultural violence, in his extensive body of work. Galtung has been critical of Zionism, particularly in
406-436: A high correlation between social class and disempowerment. Structural violence can be recognized through its relative stability, having been built into the social structure. This can make structural violence difficult to ascertain, despite its often vast consequences. This concept has been applied in a large number of cases, some of the most notable are listed below. Akhil Gupta argued in 2012 that structural violence has been
464-675: A large number of cases, some of which are listed below. A 2011 paper by the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) demonstrated the widespread nature of child marriage in South Asia . The ICRW highlighted marriage before the age of 18 as a fundamental human rights violation, one that leads to early childbearing, with significantly higher maternal mortality and morbidity rates as well as higher infant mortality rates amongst women. The paper most directly presented evidence to show that child brides are at heightened risk of violence in
522-401: A large poverty gap enshrined in the demographic diversity of the country. The Austrian peace researcher Franz Jedlicka has tried to measure the level of cultural violence in a "Culture of Violence Scale" in 2023. Direct Violence is characterised as having an actor that commits the violence, and is thus able to be traced back to persons as actors. Direct violence shows less stability, given it
580-419: A paradigm of clear-cut, currently testable propositions as the ‘whole’ of the system, and thus is often deemed reductionist . Galtung also wields an explicit normative orientation in the paper, in which there is a weighting toward evaluative statements that may show bias or simply opinion, or indeed a trend toward the institutions and concepts of peace in the West, which may serve to limit the applicability of
638-448: A ransom for support as well as rewarding their fighters with guaranteed healthcare and support for their families. Chandler argues this is due to opposition within the group to harming Lebanese civilians, who they view as "their own", or exacerbating conflict through civil war. In 2005, Steven Wright made the case for Peacekeeping efforts to be regarded as violence due to increasing use of techniques such as pre-interrogation treatment, and
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#1732851462963696-570: A short time before he died the same day, he was given morphine. Upon receiving his mag. art. degree, Galtung moved to Columbia University , in New York City , where he taught for five semesters as an assistant professor in the department of sociology. In 1959, Galtung returned to Oslo, where he founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) . He was the institute's director until 1969. In 1964, Galtung led PRIO to establish
754-403: A social system, which may include a conflict or a nation-state, whereas the absence of these three typologies of violence results in peace. Galtung's concept of structural violence refers to the indirect forms of violence originating from social, economic, and political structures and manifesting primarily as oppression and exploitation. These indirect forms of violence result in injustices in
812-588: Is "to engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, groups and individuals". Researchers come from a variety of disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, including political science , sociology , anthropology , psychology , human geography , history , history of religion , and philosophy . Output from the research is primarily published as articles in peer-reviewed academic journals , anthologies or monographs, but also as more policy-oriented reports and papers such as PRIO's in-house series. Approximately 15 percent of
870-615: Is mainly funded by the Research Council of Norway and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , with some additional funding from the Ministry of Defence , various international organisations such as the World Bank and the European Union , and private foundations. PRIO has around 100 employees. Its headquarters are located in central Oslo. The institute's purpose, as formulated in the statutes,
928-601: Is so large and so varied that it is hard to believe that it comes from a human". He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters . In 1993, he co-founded TRANSCEND: A Peace Development Environment Network. In 1987, he was given the Right Livelihood Award . In Galtung's 1969 paper, " Violence, Peace and Peace Research ", he presents his theory of the Conflict Triangle, a framework used in
986-440: Is subject to the preference sets of individuals, and thus is more easily recognised. Direct violence is the most visible, occurring physically or verbally , and the victim and the offender can be clearly identified. Direct violence is highly interdependent with structural and cultural violence: cultural and structural violence causes direct violence which on the other hand reinforces the former ones. This concept has been applied in
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1102-590: The Journal of Peace Research in 1964. In 1969, he was appointed to the world's first chair in peace and conflict studies, at the University of Oslo . He resigned his Oslo professorship in 1977 and thereafter held professorships at several other universities; from 1993 to 2000 he taught as Distinguished Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Hawaii . He was the Tun Mahathir Professor of Global Peace at
1160-410: The 2011 Norway attacks and Israel's intelligence agency Mossad ; (2) maintaining that "six Jewish companies" control 96% of world media; (3) identifying what he contends are ironic similarities between the banking firm Goldman Sachs and the conspiratorial antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ; and (4) theorizing, although not justified, antisemitism in post– World War I Germany
1218-663: The Cold War and what his critics perceived as a positive attitude to the Soviet Union , Cuba and Communist China . A 2007 article by Bruce Bawer published by the City Journal magazine and a subsequent article in February 2009 by Barbara Kay in the National Post criticised Galtung's opinion of China during the rule of Mao Zedong . China, according to Galtung, was "repressive in
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#17328514629631276-673: The International Islamic University Malaysia until 2015. Galtung was born in Oslo . He earned the cand. real. degree in mathematics at the University of Oslo in 1956, and a year later completed the mag. art. (PhD) degree in sociology at the same university. Galtung received the first of thirteen honorary doctorates in 1975. Galtung's father and paternal grandfather were both physicians . The Galtung name has its origins in Hordaland , where his paternal grandfather
1334-522: The Norwegian University of Science and Technology . Until 2020 this was a Research School funded Research School which took up members and focused on courses concentrating on academic writing, research methodology and topical issues. Since 2020 PRIO has offered PhD level courses on an individual basis and ceased accepting members. Until 2013, PRIO and Bjørknes College provided joint master's degree programs with Australian National University and
1392-573: The RCSC ) [REDACTED] Kosovo (non-member) [REDACTED] Macau (autonomous branch of the RCSC ) [REDACTED] Oman (non-member) [REDACTED] Ossetia, South (non-member) [REDACTED] SADR (pending recognition and admission) [REDACTED] Somaliland (non-member) [REDACTED] Taiwan (former member) [REDACTED] Transnistria (non-member) [REDACTED] Vatican City (autonomous branch of
1450-476: The University of Stellenbosch in international political economy and conflict dynamics, as well as peace and conflict studies. Initiated in 2010, the PRIO Annual Peace Address intends to create awareness, stir public debate and increase understanding about the conditions for peace in the world. Inviting researchers and other people with strong views on peace-related topics, the idea is to challenge
1508-539: The civil war of 1989-1996 suffered from structural violence in the form of association with different blocs, leading to poverty, joblessness and marginalisation effects. Galtung defines cultural violence as ideas, consciousness, language, art, or science that can be used to legitimize or enable direct violence or structural violence. The existence of prevailing or prominent social norms make direct and structural violence seem natural or at least acceptable, and serves to explain how prominent beliefs can become so embedded in
1566-419: The study of peace and conflict , with the purpose of defining the three key elements of violence that form this "triangle." The theory is based on the principle that peace must be defined by widely accepted social goals, and that any state of peace is characterized by the absence of violence. When a conflict has features of all three areas of violence, the result is a more consolidated, static state of violence in
1624-486: The "structural fascism" of the US and other Western countries that make war to secure materials and markets, stating: "Such an economic system is called capitalism , and when it's spread in this way to other countries it's called imperialism", and praised Fidel Castro 's Cuba in 1972 for "break[ing] free of imperialism's iron grip". Galtung stated that the US is a "killer country" guilty of "neo-fascist state terrorism " and compared
1682-477: The 2011 book by Cecilia Menjívar , it is argued that the preexisting cultural conditions of mediania , or half and half, agriculture led to women facing large scale cultural violence due to high rents, low returns and high required investment with additionally harsh conditions due to the conflict in Guatemala. Given the patriarchal culture of Guatemala, any earnings would go to the partner of the working woman, leaving
1740-587: The Elders of Zion , a fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. In defending his claims that Jews control American media companies, Galtung cited an article published by National Vanguard , a neo-Nazi organization. Galtung's rhetoric has been criticized by Terje Emberland, a historian at the Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities in Oslo, and Øystein Sørensen,
1798-1997: The Grenadines [REDACTED] Samoa [REDACTED] San Marino [REDACTED] São Tomé and Príncipe [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia [REDACTED] Senegal [REDACTED] Serbia [REDACTED] Seychelles [REDACTED] Sierra Leone [REDACTED] Singapore [REDACTED] Slovakia [REDACTED] Slovenia [REDACTED] Solomon Islands [REDACTED] Somalia [REDACTED] South Africa [REDACTED] South Sudan [REDACTED] Spain [REDACTED] Sri Lanka [REDACTED] Sudan [REDACTED] Suriname [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Switzerland [REDACTED] Syria [REDACTED] Taiwan (Republic of China) [REDACTED] Tajikistan [REDACTED] Tanzania [REDACTED] Thailand [REDACTED] Timor-Leste [REDACTED] Togo [REDACTED] Tonga [REDACTED] Trinidad and Tobago [REDACTED] Tunisia [REDACTED] Turkey [REDACTED] Turkmenistan [REDACTED] Tuvalu [REDACTED] Uganda [REDACTED] Ukraine [REDACTED] United Arab Emirates [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] Uruguay [REDACTED] Uzbekistan [REDACTED] Vanuatu [REDACTED] Venezuela [REDACTED] Viet Nam [REDACTED] Yemen [REDACTED] Zambia [REDACTED] Zimbabwe [REDACTED] Abkhazia (no-member) [REDACTED] Cyprus, North (non-member) [REDACTED] Hong Kong (autonomous branch of
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1856-727: The PRIO Cyprus Centre. Through its network, projects and dialogue forums, the PRIO Cyprus Centre aims to foster cooperation between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and strengthen regional cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean at large. In 2015, PRIO established their Centre on Gender, Peace and Security, which is engaged in research in gender and conflict studies . In particular, the centre studies issues like sexual violence in conflict situations , women's representation in mediation and post-conflict settlements, and gender security . PRIO owns two academic journals, both edited at
1914-418: The Stabekk Helsehus doctor had even confirmed that Johan was - not - dying, and could live weeks, months or years. Galtung was given morphine in Stabekk Helsehus, even though he did not want it because he said it is dangerous. There was no indication that he had the type of pain that necessitated morphine. Galtung was given increasing doses of morphine in the days before he died. At 6 am on February 17, 2024, only
1972-599: The US based Peace Research Endowment. In Oslo, PRIO hosted the Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers, which was shut down in 2017 due to lack of funding. This was a joint initiative of PRIO, the Norwegian Red Cross and the Norwegian Church Aid to help block the spread of small arms to areas where they are likely to be used in warfare, armed violence or human rights abuses. The staff comprises
2030-767: The US to Nazi Germany for bombing Kosovo during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia . In an article published in 2004, Galtung predicted that the US empire will "decline and fall" by 2020. He expanded on this hypothesis in his 2009 book titled The Fall of the US Empire - and Then What? Successors, Regionalization or Globalization? US Fascism or US Blossoming? . Following the election of Donald Trump in 2016, Galtung revised forward his theory of American global power decline, citing Trump's deportation policy and critical views of NATO would accelerate it. During his career, Galtung statements and views have drawn criticism including his criticism of Western countries during and after
2088-635: The Western medical sphere driven by previous atrocities committed against the Aboriginal community has led to a fierce resistance effort against modern medicine, addiction treatment and perhaps fuels a desire to seek out drugs and illicit substances as a starting point of addiction. Wide scale suspicion against medical practitioners and government representatives has become engendered in the Aboriginal community. In Enduring Violence: Ladina Women's Lives in Guatemala,
2146-792: The World Future Studies Federation. He has held visiting positions at other universities, including Santiago, Chile , the United Nations University in Geneva , Witten/Herdecke University in Germany, and at Columbia , Princeton and the University of Hawaii in the USA. In 2014, he was appointed the first Tun Mahathir Professor of Global Peace at the International Islamic University Malaysia . Economist and fellow peace researcher Kenneth Boulding has said of Galtung that his "output
2204-492: The age of 93. Galtung's daughter, Irene Galtung, demanded an autopsy. The final autopsy report (September 2024) revealed the cause of death was pneumonia. Stabekk Helsehus did not know he had pneumonia; nor did they check whether he had it; nor did they treat it. Furthermore, it was revealed (October 2024) that Galtung was not given any treatment whatsoever in Stabekk Helsehus from 2 to 17 February, 2024, even though he repeatedly expressed he wanted to live. On 6 February 2024,
2262-579: The claims were "smearing and libel". Galtung has published more than a thousand articles and over a hundred books. Norwegian Red Cross The Norwegian Red Cross ( Norges Røde Kors ) was founded on 22 September 1865 by prime minister Frederik Stang . In 1895 the Norwegian Red Cross began educating nurses, and in 1907 the Norwegian Ministry of Defence authorized the organization for voluntary medical aid in war. The Norwegian Red Cross
2320-569: The context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and has linked it to broader themes of structural violence. He has framed Zionism within his broader theories of structural and cultural violence, suggesting that the establishment and actions of the state of Israel have contributed to ongoing conflict and suffering in the region. Gregory Phillips argues in his 2003 book, Addictions and Healing in Aboriginal Country, that resistance to
2378-412: The distribution of political power and economic benefits. Rather than conveying a physical image, structural violence is an avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs . Structural violence is increased in situations where low income individuals also suffer in the rank dimensions of education, health, and power. This is due to an overall consolidation of factors in the social structure, resulting in
Peace Research Institute Oslo - Misplaced Pages Continue
2436-653: The first academic journal devoted to Peace Studies: the Journal of Peace Research . In the same year, he assisted in the founding of the International Peace Research Association . In 1969, he left PRIO for a position as professor of peace and conflict research at the University of Oslo , a position he held until 1978. Galtung was the director general of the International University Centre in Dubrovnik and helped to found and lead
2494-509: The home. In Matthew Chandler's 2009 paper on so-called "non-violent" techniques utilised by Hezbollah still include forms of Direct Violence, most notably the threat of violence toward Fouad Siniora 's allies after his 2008 order to dismantle the Hezbollah telecommunications network in 2008, which led to the freezing of the order. Further, Hezbollah are argued to have used their operation of social services , in lieu of government operations, as
2552-474: The institute and published by SAGE Publications : Journal of Peace Research , edited by Scott Gates , and Security Dialogue , edited by Mark B. Salter . PRIO provides a limited number of education services. The Research School on Peace and Conflict has been a multidisciplinary training center, where a number of courses are taught by visiting scholars. Partner institutions include the University of Oslo and
2610-1104: The institute has been located in the former gas works building in central Oslo. PRIO is an independent foundation, governed by a seven-member board. The board includes two PRIO employees, two members appointed by the Research Council of Norway , one member appointed by the Institute for Social Research, one by the University of Oslo , and one by the Nordic International Studies Association. Previous PRIO directors are, chronologically, Johan Galtung (1959–69), Asbjørn Eide (1970, 1980–81), Helge Hveem (1971), Nils Petter Gleditsch (1972, 1977–78), Kjell Skjelsbæk (1973–74), Ole Kristian Holthe (1975–76), Tord Høivik (1979–80, 1984–86), Marek Thee (1981–83), Sverre Lodgaard (1986–92), Hilde Henriksen Waage (const., 1992–93), Dan Smith (1993–2001), Stein Tønnesson (2001–09), Kristian Berg Harpviken (2009–2017), and Henrik Urdal (2017–present). After Galtung's resignation in 1969,
2668-570: The institute staff elected a leader for one year at a time. In 1986 this was changed to a three-year period, and again in 1993 to a maximum of two consecutive four-year periods. PRIOs first chairman of the board was Erik Rinde (1966–79), director of Institute for Social Research . He was succeeded by Torstein Eckhoff (1979–1986), Bernt Bull (1987–94), Frida Nokken (1995–2000), Helge Pharo (2000–2003), Øyvind Østerud (2004–06), Bernt Aardal (2007–2016) and Åslaug Marie Haga (2016 – present). PRIO
2726-462: The institute's budget is made up of a core grant from the Research Council of Norway, and the remaining 85 per cent is funded on project basis. The two largest project funders are the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Other funders include the European Union , the World Bank , and the Norwegian Ministry of Defence . In 2009, PRIO initiated the founding of
2784-570: The key influence in the nature and distribution of extreme suffering in India, driven by the Indian state in its alleged corruption, overly bureaucratic standards of governance used to exclude the middle and working classes from the political system through a system of politicized poverty. Jacklyn Cock's 1989 paper in the Review of African Political Economy applied Galtung's theory of structural violence, analysing
2842-549: The mechanisms of such violence. In terms of reinforcing factors, Galtung identifies six key areas: Beyond Galtung's initial paper and thesis, scholars have applied the Conflict Triangle to a broad array of conflicts, struggles and occupations since 1969, and retroactively. Galtung's Conflict Triangle and Peace Research paper are widely cited as the foundational pieces of theory within peace and conflict studies. However, they are not without criticism. Galtung uses very broad definitions of violence , conflict and peace , and applies
2900-448: The model more widely. Galtung proposes resolving conflicts through peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding . Peacekeeping and peacemaking primarily involve eliminating violence and bringing about immediate peace. In Galtung's view, addressing the root causes of violence requires peacebuilding which goes beyond ending direct violence to end structural violence and cultural violence. The peacebuilding structures needed to address
2958-438: The peace research community by suggesting new measures and bringing new perspectives on peace and war. Johan Galtung Johan Vincent Galtung (24 October 1930 – 17 February 2024) was a Norwegian sociologist and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies . He was the main founder of the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) in 1959 and was its first director until 1970. He also established
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#17328514629633016-522: The role of militarized society under the apartheid regime of South Africa in the development of patriarchal values that is a form of structural violence against women. Cock found that tacit misdirection of women in society by its leadership focused their energies toward the direct and indirect incorporation of the patriarchal regime in order to maintain the status quo. Mats Utas claimed that even those youth in Liberia indirectly unaffected by direct violence in
3074-550: The root causes of conflict and support local capacity for peace management and conflict resolution. Galtung has held several significant positions in international research councils and has been an advisor to several international organisations . Since 2004, he has been a member of the Advisory Council of the Committee for a Democratic UN . Galtung is strongly associated with the following concepts: In 1973, Galtung criticised
3132-405: The terms of mean both direct and indirect, negative and positive, and violence in which one cannot distinguish actors or victims, which serves to limit the direct application of the model itself. Galtung uses a positivist approach, in that he assumes that every rational tenet of the theory can be verified, serving to reject social processes beyond relationships and actions. This approach enforces
3190-454: The use of non-lethal weapons such as tear gas for crowd dispersal and plastic bullets, which he terms "torture-lite", being increasingly common in peacekeeping manuals across a number of nation-states and supranational organisations. Galtung focuses a section of the paper on the means of direct and structural violence, in particular, developing groups of factors that may be included as types of such forms and methods of maintaining and reinforcing
3248-615: Was a predictable consequence of German Jews holding influential positions. As a result of such statements, TRANSCEND International, an organisation co-founded by Galtung, released a statement in May 2012 attempting to clarify his opinions. On 8 August 2012, the World Peace Academy in Basel , Switzerland announced it was suspending Galtung from its organization, citing what it posited were his "reckless and offensive statements to questions that are specifically sensitive for Jews." Galtung said
3306-533: Was born. Nevertheless, his mother, Helga Holmboe, was born in central Norway, in Trøndelag , while his father was born in Østfold , in the south. Galtung was married twice, and had two children by his first wife Ingrid Eide , Harald Galtung and Andreas Galtung, and two by his second wife Fumiko Nishimura, Irene Galtung and Fredrik Galtung. Galtung experienced World War II in German-occupied Norway, and as
3364-1904: Was one of the first national organizations in the International Red Cross . The organization now has 150,000 members and provides a variety of humanitarian services, including care for old and the infirm, prisoner visits, outdoor rescue, and international work. Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps [REDACTED] Afghanistan [REDACTED] Albania [REDACTED] Algeria [REDACTED] Andorra [REDACTED] Angola [REDACTED] Antigua and Barbuda [REDACTED] Argentina [REDACTED] Armenia [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Austria [REDACTED] Azerbaijan [REDACTED] The Bahamas [REDACTED] Bahrain [REDACTED] Bangladesh [REDACTED] Barbados [REDACTED] Belarus (suspended) [REDACTED] Belgium [REDACTED] Belize [REDACTED] Benin [REDACTED] Bhutan [REDACTED] Bolivia [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina [REDACTED] Botswana [REDACTED] Brazil [REDACTED] Brunei [REDACTED] Bulgaria [REDACTED] Burkina Faso [REDACTED] Burundi [REDACTED] Cambodia [REDACTED] Cameroon [REDACTED] Canada [REDACTED] Cape Verde [REDACTED] Central African Republic [REDACTED] Chad [REDACTED] Chile [ es ] [REDACTED] China [REDACTED] Colombia [REDACTED] Comoros [REDACTED] Congo [ it ] [REDACTED] Congo, Democratic Republic of
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