Misplaced Pages

#532467

36-525: PA I was the first large power plant constructed in Brazil and the complex constitutes the densest area of dams in Brazil. The complex provides electricity to areas in northeastern Brazil and is the main tourist attraction in the region. On January 23, 1913, the 1.1 MW Angiquinho Hydroelectric Plant, built by industrialist Delmiro Gouveia, was the first use of the Paulo Afonso Falls for power production and

72-481: A 1,200,000,000 cubic metres (970,000 acre⋅ft) capacity reservoir with a surface area of 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) and catchment area of 630,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi). The dam and its reservoir are primarily intended to regulate water flow to PA I, II and III 4 km downstream. On the dam's west side, it supports a 20 floodgate spillway with a 28,000 cubic metres per second (990,000 cu ft/s) capacity. The power plant

108-639: A 127,500,000 cubic metres (103,400 acre⋅ft) capacity reservoir with a surface area of 12.9 kilometres (8.0 mi). The reservoir receives water through a channel that originates near the southern end of the Appolonius Sales Reservoir and continues south, skirting the city. The PA IV power house is also underground and is 210 metres (690 ft) long, 52 metres (171 ft) high and 24 metres (79 ft) wide. It contains six 410.4 megawatts (550,400 hp) MW generators for an installed capacity of 2,462.4 megawatts (3,302,100 hp). Each generator

144-468: A dominant shareholding position, a firm or industry whose goods or services are widely consumed. Such individuals have been known by different terms throughout history, such as robber barons , captains of industry , moguls, oligarchs , plutocrats , or tai-pans . The term magnate derives from the Latin word magnates (plural of magnas ), meaning "great man" or "great nobleman". The term mogul

180-505: A new turbine design. Francis turbines are primarily used for producing electricity. The power output of the electric generators generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. The best performance is seen when the head height is between 100–300 metres (330–980 ft). Penstock diameters are between 1 and 10 m (3.3 and 32.8 ft). The speeds of different turbine units range from 70 to 1000  rpm . A wicket gate around

216-436: A wide range of heads and flows. This versatility, along with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world. Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft), and their connected generator output power varies from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW. Large Francis turbines are individually designed for each site to operate with the given water flow and water head at

252-476: Is a 104-metre (341 ft) long, 36-metre (118 ft) high and 18-metre (59 ft) wide power house. It contains six Vertical Sync-type generators with Francis turbines. Two of the generators are 70 megawatts (94,000 hp), one is 75 megawatts (101,000 hp) and the remaining three are 176 megawatts (236,000 hp), for a total installing capacity of 443 megawatts (594,000 hp) MW. The generators were manufactured by S. Morgan Smith and Hitachi while

288-469: Is a SíncronoVertical-type manufactured by Siemens and utilizes vertical shaft Francis turbines that were manufactured by Voith. Industrialist A business magnate , also known as an industrialist or tycoon , is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the creation or ownership of multiple lines of enterprise . The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur and investor who controls, through personal enterprise ownership or

324-432: Is a concrete gravity type. The reservoir formed by the dam has a 26,000,000 cubic metres (21,000 acre⋅ft) capacity and surface area of 4.8 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi). The dam has one uncontrolled spillway and a controlled spillway on its outer linings while also supporting four controlled spillways on the front of the falls. These four surface spillways when open, discharge water below and essentially recreate

360-508: Is a type of water turbine . It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency. The process of arriving at the modern Francis runner design took from 1848 to approximately 1920. It became known as the Francis turbine around 1920, being named after British-American engineer James B. Francis who in 1848 created

396-404: Is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid. A part of the energy is given up by the fluid because of pressure changes occurring on the blades of the turbine, quantified by the expression of degree of reaction , while the remaining part of the energy

SECTION 10

#1732844807533

432-623: Is an English corruption of mughal , Persian or Arabic for "Mongol". It alludes to emperors of the Mughal Empire in Early Modern India , who possessed great power and storied riches capable of producing wonders of opulence, such as the Taj Mahal . The term tycoon derives from the Japanese word taikun ( 大君 ) , which means "great lord", used as a title for the shōgun . The word entered

468-472: Is equal to that at the inlet to the draft tube. Using the Euler turbine equation, E / m = e = V w1 U 1 , where e is the energy transfer to the rotor per unit mass of the fluid. From the inlet velocity triangle, and Therefore The loss of kinetic energy per unit mass at the outlet is V f2 /2 . Therefore, neglecting friction, the blade efficiency becomes i.e. Degree of reaction can be defined as

504-445: Is extracted by the volute casing of the turbine. At the exit, water acts on the spinning cup-shaped runner features, leaving at low velocity and low swirl with very little kinetic or potential energy left. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and recover the pressure. Usually the flow velocity (velocity perpendicular to the tangential direction) remains constant throughout, i.e. V f1 = V f2 and

540-528: Is located on the east side of the dam near the reservoir's shore and contains four generators , each with Kaplan turbines . Each generator has a nameplate capacity of 100 megawatts (130,000 hp) for a total installed capacity of 400 megawatts (540,000 hp). Situated directly on top of the Paulo Afonso Falls , the Delmiro Gouveia Dam supports Paulo Afonso I, II and III. The dam is 20 metres (66 ft) high, 4,707 metres (15,443 ft) long and

576-455: Is necessary, as these are major parameters affecting power production. Draft tube : The draft tube is a conduit that connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is discharged from the turbine. Its primary function is to reduce the velocity of discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet. This permits the turbine to be set above the tail water without appreciable drop of available head. The Francis turbine

612-572: The Apollonius Sales (Moxotó) Dam and power plant 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) upstream from the falls. In 1977, construction was completed and its four generators went online in April of that year. In 1972, construction began on the final dam and power plant, PA IV, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the falls. Construction was complete in 1979 and its first generator commissioned on December 1. Two more generators were commissioned in 1980, two in 1981 and

648-1221: The English language in 1857 with the return of Commodore Perry to the United States. US President Abraham Lincoln was humorously referred to as the Tycoon by his aides John Nicolay and John Hay . The term spread to the business community, where it has been used ever since. Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in the process of building or running their own businesses. Some are widely known in connection with these entrepreneurial activities, others through highly-visible secondary pursuits such as philanthropy , political fundraising and campaign financing, and sports team ownership or sponsorship. The terms mogul , tycoon , and baron were often applied to late-19th- and early-20th-century North American business magnates in extractive industries such as mining , logging and petroleum , transportation fields such as shipping and railroads , manufacturing such as automaking and steelmaking , in banking , as well as newspaper publishing. Their dominance

684-496: The depth and strength of the river near the falls, it was not diverted until 1954. On January 15, 1955, Brazilian President João Café Filho inaugurated PA I. Previously, in 1953, CHESF negotiated with the government for a third generating unit at PA I and the excavation of another underground power plant for the future PA II adjacent to PA I on the falls. The third generator at PA I was commissioned on September 18, 1955, and construction of PA II began that year as well. By 1961, PA II

720-406: The design of high-efficiency turbines to precisely match a site's water flow and pressure ( water head ). A Francis turbine consists of the following main parts: Spiral casing : The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as the volute casing or scroll case. Throughout its length, it has numerous openings at regular intervals to allow the working fluid to impinge on the blades of

756-409: The falls is 35 metres (115 ft) high and 7,430 metres (24,380 ft) long. The dam is an earth and rock-fill type but is 1,053 metres (3,455 ft) in length of concrete structures which include the power plant's intake and the spillway. The spillway is composed of eight floodgates and has a maximum discharge capacity of 10,000 cubic metres per second (350,000 cu ft/s). The dam withholds

SECTION 20

#1732844807533

792-544: The falls. All three power plants are about 82 metres (269 ft) underground and adjacent to one another. PA I lies in the center and is housed in a 60-metre (200 ft) long, 31-metre (102 ft) high and 15-metre (49 ft) wide cavern. It contains three 60 megawatts (80,000 hp) generators with Francis turbines , for an installed capacity of 180 megawatts (240,000 hp). The generators are Vertical Sync-type and were manufactured by Westinghouse . The turbines were manufactured by Dominion Engineering Works . PA II

828-408: The final on May 28, 1983. Construction of the dams caused a loss of 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) of land along with displacing 52,000 people. The Apolônio Sales Dam and power plant were originally known as Moxotó but were renamed after Apolônio Sales, the founder of CHESF. The dam is a 30 metres (98 ft) high, 2,825 metres (9,268 ft) long rock and earth-fill embankment dam . The dam creates

864-470: The first hydroelectric power plant in northeastern Brazil. Construction of the power plant was intended to spur economic growth in the area and soon after another hydroelectric plant was constructed upstream near Petrolândia . By the 1940s Brazil's Ministry of Agriculture recognized the importance of harnessing the São Francisco River for economic development in the semi-arid region. They began to plan

900-436: The guide and stay vanes is to convert the pressure energy of the fluid into kinetic energy. It also serves to direct the flow at design angles to the runner blades. Runner blades : Runner blades are the heart of any turbine. These are the centers where the fluid strikes and the tangential force of the impact produces torque causing the shaft of the turbine to rotate. Close attention to design of blade angles at inlet and outlet

936-456: The highest possible efficiency, typically over 90% (to 99% ). In contrast to the Pelton turbine , the Francis turbine operates at its best completely filled with water at all times. The turbine and the outlet channel may be placed lower than the lake or sea level outside, reducing the tendency for cavitation . In addition to electrical production , they may also be used for pumped storage , where

972-607: The outside of the turbine's rotating runner controls the rate of water flow through the turbine for different power production rates. Francis turbines are usually mounted with a vertical shaft, to isolate water from the generator. This also facilitates installation and maintenance. Water wheels of different types have been used for more than 1,000 years to power mills of all types, but they were relatively inefficient. Nineteenth-century efficiency improvements of water turbines allowed them to replace nearly all water wheel applications and compete with steam engines wherever water power

1008-433: The ratio of pressure energy change in the blades to total energy change of the fluid. This means that it is a ratio indicating the fraction of total change in fluid pressure energy occurring in the blades of the turbine. The rest of the changes occur in the stator blades of the turbines and the volute casing as it has a varying cross-sectional area. For example, if the degree of reaction is given as 50%, that means that half of

1044-530: The river's development and the Companhia Hidro-Elétrica do São Francisco ( CHESF ) was formed in 1945. On May 23, 1944, construction on Paulo Afonso I had been authorized with two generators. Construction began in 1948; workers and engineers experienced difficulty diverting the river, transporting the turbines to the site while in midst of dangerous work conditions. Tunnels and a cavern had to be excavated for Brazil's first underground power plant . Due to

1080-400: The runner. These openings convert the pressure energy of the fluid into kinetic energy just before the fluid impinges on the blades. This maintains a constant velocity despite the fact that numerous openings have been provided for the fluid to enter the blades, as the cross-sectional area of this casing decreases uniformly along the circumference. Guide and stay vanes : The primary function of

1116-602: The same principles. S. B. Howd obtained a US patent in 1838 for a similar design. In 1848 James B. Francis , while working as head engineer of the Locks and Canals company in the water wheel-powered textile factory city of Lowell, Massachusetts , improved on these designs to create more efficient turbines. He applied scientific principles and testing methods to produce a very efficient turbine design. More importantly, his mathematical and graphical calculation methods improved turbine design and engineering. His analytical methods allowed

Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-876: The total energy change of the fluid is taking place in the rotor blades and the other half is occurring in the stator blades. If the degree of reaction is zero it means that the energy changes due to the rotor blades is zero, leading to a different turbine design called the Pelton Turbine . The second equality above holds, since discharge is radial in a Francis turbine. Now, putting in the value of 'e' from above and using V 1 2 − V f 2 2 = V f 1 2 cot ⁡ α 2 {\displaystyle V_{1}^{2}-V_{f2}^{2}=V_{f1}^{2}\cot \alpha _{2}} (as V f 2 = V f 1 {\displaystyle V_{f2}=V_{f1}} ) Francis turbines may be designed for

1188-452: The turbines by Voith . PA III's power house is 127 metres (417 ft) long, 46 metres (151 ft) high and 18 metres (59 ft) wide. It contains four 198.55 megawatts (266,260 hp) Vertical Sync-type generators manufactured by Siemens for an installed capacity of 795.2 megawatts (1,066,400 hp). Each generator utilizes a Francis turbine manufactured by Voith. The Paulo Afonso Dam located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of

1224-516: Was available. After electric generators were developed in the late 1800s, turbines were a natural source of generator power where potential hydropower sources existed. In 1826 the French engineer Benoit Fourneyron developed a high-efficiency (80%) outward-flow water turbine. Water was directed tangentially through the turbine runner, causing it to spin. Another French engineer, Jean-Victor Poncelet , designed an inward-flow turbine in about 1820 that used

1260-438: Was complete and on October 24 that year, its first generator was commissioned. PA II's five other generators became operational between 1962 and December 18, 1967. Construction on PA III started soon after in 1967 and was complete in 1971 with its first generator commissioned on October 21 that year. Another generator was commissioned in 1972 and the final two in 1974, the last of which on August 5. In 1971, construction had moved to

1296-1514: Was known as the Second Industrial Revolution , the Gilded Age , or the Robber Baron Era . Examples of business magnates in the western world include historical figures such as pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood , oilmen John D. Rockefeller and Fred C. Koch , automobile pioneer Henry Ford , aviation pioneer Howard Hughes , shipping and railroad veterans Aristotle Onassis , Cornelius Vanderbilt , Leland Stanford , Jay Gould and James J. Hill , steel innovator Andrew Carnegie , newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst , poultry entrepreneur Arthur Perdue , retail merchant Sam Walton , and bankers J. P. Morgan and Mayer Amschel Rothschild . Contemporary industrial tycoons include e-commerce entrepreneur Jeff Bezos , investor Warren Buffett , computer programmers Bill Gates and Paul Allen , technology innovator Steve Jobs , vacuum cleaner retailer Sir James Dyson , media proprietors Sumner Redstone , Ted Turner and Rupert Murdoch , industrial entrepreneur Elon Musk , steel investor Lakshmi Mittal , telecommunications investor Carlos Slim , Virgin Group founder Sir Richard Branson , Formula 1 executive Bernie Ecclestone , and internet entrepreneurs Larry Page and Sergey Brin . Francis turbine The Francis turbine

#532467