137-574: 23 Beekman Place , also the Paul Rudolph Apartment & Penthouse , is an apartment building between 50th and 51st streets in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . Built c. 1869 as a five-story brownstone residence, it was substantially redesigned in the late 20th century by Paul Rudolph , an American architect and one-time dean of Yale University . It
274-483: A "floating platform" overlooking the East River. The penthouse has five levels of terraces, which Rudolph hung with plants and other greenery to blunt the effect of the steel frame. According to one of his associates, Rudolph initially struggled to create a satisfactory arrangement of vegetation, but the plants were "full and abundant" before he died. The penthouse includes one terrace with a metal-grating floor overhanging
411-544: A "more modest" alteration than others that were conducted on Beekman Place in the same era. By the 1930 United States census , Cornell and McClintic lived with a butler, a cook, and likely one tenant. The couple had three residences by the 1940s: their Beekman Place townhouse; a weekend house at Sneden's Landing on the Hudson River in Palisades, New York ; and a vacation home at Martha's Vineyard . Their Beekman Place apartment
548-449: A Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, Hang Li Po , to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Hang Li Poh's Well (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is Bukit Cina , where her retinue settled. The strategic value of the Strait of Malacca , which was controlled by Sultanate of Malacca in
685-442: A cantilevered seating platform, and his furnishings included kid-fur carpets as well as transparent-glass-topped tables. Low cantilevered platforms in his living room had lighting beneath, giving the impression that the platforms were floating. In the 1970s, Rudolph greatly redesigned the entire house and built the penthouse. During this renovation, he installed beige-carpeted floors and platforms, with plastic-tube lighting inlaid in
822-399: A descendant of Dutch colonist Willem Beekman . Beekman Place, running two blocks from 49th to 51st Street, was laid out in the 1860s and was originally flanked by four-story brownstone residences. It had developed as a residential enclave because the topography was higher compared to the rest of the neighborhood. With the surge of immigration from Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century,
959-622: A dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025. The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the Khmer Empire and Kahuripan . Continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia are
1096-756: A framework for the integration of commerce and regional responses to international concerns. China has asserted broad claims over the South China Sea , based on its nine-dash line , and has built artificial islands in an attempt to bolster its claims. China also has asserted an exclusive economic zone based on the Spratly Islands . The Philippines challenged China in the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in 2013, and in Philippines v. China (2016),
1233-414: A grand piano in front of the entrance to his apartment. To further personalize his space, he installed part of a billboard along one wall of his bedroom, as well as posters from gasoline companies along his kitchen wall. Rudolph also built his own bookshelves; installed plastic furniture, panels, and doors to give a united character to his small apartment; and decorated his spaces in white. His living room had
1370-531: A lease was signed for the penthouse unit. The three other units were occupied at that time. The building was again placed for sale in April 2017 for $ 19.5 million, and its penthouse became available for lease that August for $ 14,500 a month. The owner advertised the house for sale yet again in 2019 for $ 18.5 million. 50th Street (Manhattan) 50th Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan . The street runs eastbound from 12th Avenue , across
1507-400: A milk bottle". Rudolph largely eschewed furniture, opting instead for built-in furnishings, such as a daybed with pillows that could be attached to springs. The primary materials used were painted brown steel, metal beams, concrete panels, acrylic, and mylan. When contractors renovated the building in the 1970s, they found a piece of sheetrock with the words melamine everything , referring to
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#17328514607721644-513: A new local power emerged. Myinsaing Kingdom became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma in 1300, which was repulsed by Myinsaing. The Mongols would later in 1303 withdrawn from Burma. In 1292, The Mongols sent envoys to Singhasari Kingdom in Java to ask for submission to Mongol rule. Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured
1781-550: A part of Southeast Asia because of its cultural and religious ties to Mainland Southeast Asia. The eastern half of the island of New Guinea , which is not a part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included as a part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and so are Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Palau , which were all parts of the Spanish East Indies with strong cultural and linguistic ties to
1918-416: A plaque next to the door, as well as a camera next to the rightmost window. On the west facade, there are three windows on each of the second through fifth stories. The windows on the second story consist of nine-over-nine windows, and the bottom portion of each window is covered by a short decorative metal railing. The third through fifth stories have double-hung windows with sills beneath them. Above each of
2055-553: A result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who then defeated Japan (and other allies of Axis ) in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence. Gujarat , India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries. The trade relationship with Gujarat declined after
2192-492: A set of steps descending from the sidewalk. The keystone above the doorway contains a lamp made of metal and glass, which in turn has decorative reliefs on either side of it. The entrance contains an arch, wood-paneled door designed in the Adamesque style, along with an arched transom surrounding the door. In front of the first story on Beekman Place, there are four columns surrounding a black-painted metal awning. The wall also has
2329-522: A stoop in front of it. According to the Department of City Planning, the building was completed c. 1869 . Maria L. Higgins owned the town house until 1906, when she sold it to Charles P. Schmid, secretary of the Schaefer Brewing Company . Either Schmid or Higgins eliminated the stoop from the original structure and divided the townhouse into two apartments. Schmid and his family lived in
2466-565: Is among New York City's few remaining structures designed by architects or artists as their own residences. Within Turtle Bay, other examples include the Morris B. Sanders Apartment and Lescaze House . Rudolph experimented with industrial materials, such as concrete , even though he did not use it as a primary material in some of his major works. The penthouse was made of steel, the exposed sections of which he painted brown, thereby contrasting against
2603-490: Is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate , embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout
2740-604: Is geographically divided into two subregions, namely Mainland Southeast Asia (or the Indochinese Peninsula) and Maritime Southeast Asia . Mainland Southeast Asia includes : Maritime Southeast Asia includes : While Peninsular Malaysia is geographically situated in Mainland Southeast Asia, it shares many similar cultural and ecological affinities with surrounding islands, thus it is often grouped with them as part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Geographically,
2877-600: Is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He ." There are several theories to the Islamization process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India, and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from South Arabia ( Hadhramaut ) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This
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#17328514607723014-609: Is more than 675 million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia. The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups. Ten countries in the region are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational, and cultural integration among its members. Southeast Asia
3151-482: Is on 50th Street between Eleventh and Tenth Avenues . Five different high schools share the campus: Facing History High School, Manhattan Bridges High School, Food and Finance High School, High School of Hospitality Management, and Urban Assembly School for Design and Construction. Worldwide Plaza is at the intersection with Eighth Avenue . The Paramount Plaza building at Broadway was used in Silent Movie as
3288-482: Is one of the few known projects Rudolph designed in the city. The house is part of a secluded residential enclave surrounding Beekman Place . It consists of the original brownstone residence, along with a four-story steel skeletal penthouse with concrete wall panels, which is cantilevered slightly over the street. The rear walls contain full-width windows with East River views, while the interiors contain high ceilings and open floor plans. Throughout his occupancy at
3425-463: Is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by Indian , Chinese , Muslim , and colonial cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonised by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from
3562-640: Is politically represented through the Pacific Islands Forum , a governing body which, up until 2022, included Australia, New Zealand and all independent territories in Melanesia , Micronesia, and Polynesia . Several countries of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership. Maritime Southeast Asia
3699-685: Is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar , northern Thailand , northern Laos , northern Vietnam , and northern Luzon of the Philippines , while the Sunda Plate only includes western Indonesia to as far east as the Indonesian province of Bali . The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia , and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra , Java , Bali , Lesser Sunda Islands , and Timor are part of
3836-647: Is the only country where its folk religion makes up the plurality. Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government. Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia that resisted conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks in Kalimantan , the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar. After
3973-525: Is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere . Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere . East Timor and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the equator . The region lies near the intersection of geological plates , with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities. The Sunda Plate
4110-565: The Alpide belt , while the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia as well as East Timor are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire . Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia . It covers about 4,500,000 km (1,700,000 sq mi), which is 8% of Eurasia and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population
4247-725: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India is also considered a part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and Northeast India have strong cultural ties with Mainland Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between South Asia and Southeast Asia. To the east, Hong Kong is sometimes regarded as part of Southeast Asia. Similarly, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands have strong cultural ties with Maritime Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between Southeast Asia and Australia/Oceania. On some occasions, Sri Lanka has been considered
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4384-782: The Australian mainland , which is part of Oceania . Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia , to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal , to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean , and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean . Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia
4521-620: The Austronesian peoples , who form the majority of the modern population in Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, and the Philippines, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan in the first seaborne human migration known as the Austronesian Expansion . They arrived in the northern Philippines between 7,000 BC to 2,200 BC and rapidly spread further into the Northern Mariana Islands and Borneo by 1500 BC; Island Melanesia by 1300 BC; and to
4658-698: The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are located on the Australian Plate , south of the Sunda Trench . Even though they are geographically closer to Maritime Southeast Asia than mainland Australia , these two Australian external territories are not geologically associated with Asia as none of them is actually on the Sunda Plate . The UN Statistics Division 's geoscheme , which is a UN political geography tool created specifically for statistical purposes, has classified both island territories as parts of Oceania , under
4795-576: The East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred to the region as Nanyang (" 南洋 "), which literally means the "Southern Ocean". The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as Indochina by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and its having cultural influences from both neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, however,
4932-531: The Indonesian region of Western New Guinea (Papua and West Papua ). Both countries share the island of New Guinea . Islands to the east of the Philippines make up the region of Micronesia . These islands are not biogeographically, geologically or historically linked to mainland Asia, and are considered part of Oceania by the United Nations , The World Factbook , and other organisations. The Oceania region
5069-633: The International Building , on the north side of 50th Street between Sixth and Fifth Avenues, and La Maison Francaise , on the south side of the same block. On 50th Street between Fifth and Madison Avenues is the St. Patrick's Cathedral on the northern sidewalk, and 623 Fifth Avenue and 18 East 50th Street on the southern sidewalk. At the northeast corner with Madison Avenue are the Villard Houses and Lotte New York Palace Hotel . One block east, at
5206-572: The Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram ( Kedah ); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with
5343-538: The Sultanate of Kedah established in 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya
5480-516: The UNSD subregion "Australia and New Zealand" ( Australasia ). Some definitions of Southeast Asia may include Taiwan . Taiwan has sometimes been included in Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but is not a member of ASEAN . Likewise, a similar argument could be applied to some southern parts of mainland China , as well as Hong Kong and Macau , may also considered as part of Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but are not members of ASEAN . The region
5617-494: The melamine used in the kitchen and likely dating to his 1960s fittings. Rudolph's penthouse residence was characterized largely by obscured boundaries, which was in part due to its shiny materials and multilevel living spaces. The elevator from ground level to his residence, which could fit one person at a time, was reached by a passageway with niches that were lit up and decorated with toy soldiers. The elevator cab itself had no ceiling, along with transparent walls and floors; it
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5754-618: The 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer Tomé Pires , who wrote in the Suma Oriental : "Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice ." (Venice was a major European trading partner, and goods were transported there via the Straight.) Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, Maluku , and
5891-422: The 1960s, he configured his fourth-floor apartment with mirrors, exposed lighting, and curtains composed of plastic discs. Three windows at the rear of the fourth floor were combined into one large window. The curtains consisted of nylon wires with disk mirrors, which allowed the illumination of the interior to be shown at night, while making it nearly invisible from the outdoors during the day. Rudolph also installed
6028-770: The Court ruled in favour of the Philippines and rejected China's claims. Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and is also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook ). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua , Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,503 feet), on
6165-467: The DOB and BSA rejected those ideas. The contractors first repaired standing brick walls that had been deemed unsafe. After that, the penthouse was constructed starting in late 1977 and continued through the following year. Almost all of the interior work for the rentable apartments was finished by the end of 1978, and all the necessary materials for the penthouse were lifted to the fifth floor. During 1979 and 1980,
6302-473: The DOB issued interim certificates of occupancy , with the permanent certificate of occupancy being issued in January 1982. Following the renovations, the building had five residential units: four at the base as well as a penthouse unit. Rudolph continued to modify the interiors for the rest of his life. Some writers attributed the penthouse as having been completed at a later date, such as Michael Sorkin , who cited
6439-537: The Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India and Chinese southern coast. Gold from Sumatra is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyre , two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the vinta , were capable to sail across
6576-571: The Mongols tried to invade Đại Việt and Champa . The invasions were unsuccessful, yet both Dai Viet and Champa agreed to become tributary states to Yuan dynasty to avoid further conflicts. The Mongols also invaded Pagan Kingdom in Burma from 1277 to 1287, resulted in fragmentation of the Kingdom and rise of smaller Shan States ruled by local chieftains nominally submitted to Yuan dynasty. However, in 1297,
6713-545: The Papuan-related and East Asian-related branches of the Eastern non-African lineage. The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately ~50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry, and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded from Mainland Southeast Asia into Maritime Southeast Asia much earlier than previously suggested, as early as 25,000BC, long before
6850-425: The Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spaniards years later, which they used to trade between Asia and Latin America . Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies ; the French Indochina ; and the British Strait Settlements . By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for Thailand . European explorers were reaching Southeast Asia from
6987-493: The Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia in the 17th century. The United States took the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Internal autonomy was granted in 1934, and independence in 1946. Most countries in the region maintain national autonomy. Democratic forms of government are practised in most Southeast Asian countries and human rights is recognised but dependent on each nation state. Socialist or communist countries in Southeast Asia include Vietnam and Laos. ASEAN provides
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#17328514607727124-426: The South China Sea. Mayon Volcano , despite being dangerously active , holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous eruption . Geographically, Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the Australian continent , the boundary between these two regions is most often considered to run through Wallacea . Geopolitically, the boundary lies between Papua New Guinea and
7261-475: The alterations. Conversely, some of the renovations were for practical purposes, such as the air-conditioning and the sprinkler system. Della Valle and Bernheimer received awards for their work on the apartment and, in a New York magazine article in 2006, referred to the apartment as a "laboratory for its designer". The renovations had also encountered problems over the continuing dispute with Rupp. Campus alleged that in 2003, Rupp had repeatedly refused to allow
7398-403: The apartment as a workplace or weekend residence before making it his main residence in 1965. Rudolph also designed and opened his first Manhattan office at 26 West 58th Street around the same time. Rudolph's initial changes to his Beekman Place apartment were meant to maximize use of the relatively small space, as his unit only covered 800 square feet (74 m). His first series of renovations
7535-403: The area was, at the time, "practically a slum". The house had been purchased with McClintic's income from The Dover Road , the first production he had directed. According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC), the couple's private lives were relatively unknown in comparison to their public appearances. In 1929, architect Franklin Abbott designed the first alteration for
7672-420: The area's well-off residents gave way to impoverished workers employed in the East River 's coal yards, although Beekman Place's rehabilitation began in the 1920s. 23 Beekman Place is designed as two distinct parts: the original five-story masonry structure, as well as a four-story penthouse addition over the front and back of the building. The original building comprises the slightly depressed first story and
7809-422: The base. The eastern end of the sixth floor's south wall contains a small rectangular window, visible from the southeast, while the eastern end of the seventh floor's south wall contains a wide rectangular window separated by vertical mullions and glass panes. The eastern end of the penthouse's northern facade is partially visible and consists of a steel frame. The cantilevers of the penthouse were meant to resemble
7946-426: The building at 23 Beekman Place as a city landmark on November 16, 2010. The LPC's decision to designate the house as a landmark was largely influenced by Rudolph's additions to the structure. The house was placed for sale at $ 27.5 million in 2012. At the time, all four units were occupied, but their leases were scheduled to expire the next year. The following year, the asking price was decreased to $ 22.5 million, even as
8083-439: The building in the 1910s, as did Roger Howson (later chief librarian at Columbia University ) and his family. Schmid died at his home in 23 Beekman Place in 1911. His widow mortgaged the property in 1915 to Rudolph J. Schaefer, head of the Schaefer Brewing Company. In 1922, actress Katharine Cornell and her director-producer husband Guthrie McClintic purchased 23 Beekman Place from the Schmid family. Cornell later recalled that
8220-412: The building was sold to the Boyd family and then to Steven Campus, who both renovated the interior. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as a landmark in 2010. The Paul Rudolph Apartment & Penthouse is at 23 Beekman Place in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . It is along the eastern sidewalk of Beekman Place , between 50th Street to
8357-413: The building, from the 1960s to 1990s, Rudolph constantly adjusted the interior layout. The penthouse originally received negative feedback from neighbors, who expressed concerns that it would draw excessive attention to the area and that it would block their own views of the river. The building was originally a brownstone along with the other structures in the area. In the first half of the 20th century, it
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#17328514607728494-402: The building. According to city documents, the neo-classical detailing and the ground-story round-arched windows were installed on the facade at this time. The basement was extended eastward and the garden was surrounded by a wall. The LPC indicates the service entrance, as well as the metal canopy in front of the entrance, were likely added at this time. The New York Times characterized this as
8631-438: The caves of Borneo . Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct. During much of this time the present-day islands of western Indonesia were joined into a single landmass known as Sundaland due to lower sea levels. Ancient remains of hunter-gatherers in Maritime Southeast Asia, such as one Holocene hunter-gatherer from South Sulawesi , had ancestry from both
8768-403: The city. In his late career, Rudolph designed buildings in Southeast Asia , and his renovation of 23 Beekman Place included some aspects of these projects. Rudolph’s style was considered within the "second generation" modernists , and he generally respected pre-existing styles, including the structure of the existing brownstone at 23 Beekman Place. While technically an alteration, 23 Beekman Place
8905-445: The countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. Ten of the eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor is an observer state. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some islands in the South China Sea . * Administrative centre in Putrajaya . Southeast Asia
9042-555: The departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java in 1293. Majapahit would soon grow into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk , whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula , Borneo , Sumatra , and Bali came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi , Maluku , and some areas of western New Guinea and southern Philippines , making it one of
9179-416: The dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia. In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was Salakanagara , established in western Java circa second century CE. This Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as Argyre (Land of Silver). By
9316-413: The early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay Peninsula 50,000–90,000 years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the Semang who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia show greater genetic diversity than
9453-439: The eighth floor; and front and rear terraces on the seventh through ninth floors. There are three additional duplex residences beneath the penthouse. The lower floors had been modified to a lesser extent than the penthouse. After Rudolph's death, the lowest unit remained largely in the same condition as it was after World War II. 23 Beekman Place was constructed in the 1860s, like the surrounding townhouses, and originally contained
9590-469: The elite language of the region, which effectively made Southeast Asia part of the Indosphere . Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines later Indianised c. ninth century when Kingdom of Tondo was established in Luzon. Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of Chinese domination it experienced. The first Indian-influenced polities established in
9727-458: The envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by Kadiri, one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named Raden Wijaya offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java. After
9864-522: The expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian groups. Distinctive Basal-East Asian (East-Eurasian) ancestry was recently found to have originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry into Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania could be estimated to ~25,000BC (possibly also earlier). The pre-Neolithic Papuan-related populations of Maritime Southeast Asia were largely replaced by
10001-411: The expansion of various East Asian-related populations, beginning about 50,000BC to 25,000BC years ago from Mainland Southeast Asia. The remainders, known as Negritos, form small minority groups in geographically isolated regions. Southeast Asia was dominated by East Asian-related ancestry already in 15,000BC, predating the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian peoples . In the late Neolithic ,
10138-590: The fifth century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as Malacca and Sunda Strait due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as Srivijaya , Tarumanagara , and Mataram emerged. Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait . This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were invaded by Chola Empire ,
10275-416: The floors and bookshelves. The fireplace in his bedroom was also clad with mirrors. In the upper stories was a Jacuzzi, the bottom of which contained a skylight looking down some 30 feet (9.1 m). In the guest bedroom, the sink contains a skylight looking down into another bedroom, while the shower stall has glass doors that open onto a balcony above the street. Rudolph likened the shiny spaces to "living in
10412-593: The former western colonies under the concept of " Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ". However, the Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as live human experimentation, sexual slavery under the brutal " comfort women " system, the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour , such as the one involving four to ten million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as
10549-430: The fourth and fifth stories is visible from the southeast, with small rectangular windows on these stories. The penthouse, on the sixth through ninth stories, consists of metal panels and steel I-beams, as well as concrete-panel walls. Along the west side of the house, the penthouse cantilevers about 5 feet (1.5 m) over Beekman Place. The bottom of the cantilever has a grate on the left (north) and an empty opening on
10686-466: The full width of the island, ending at Beekman Place . The M50 bus line serves 50th Street eastbound, with westbound service on 49th Street. There is no service east of Second Avenue. The following subway stations serve the street, west to east: A telephone exchange building at 435 West 50th Street in Hell's Kitchen serves the northwestern section of Midtown Manhattan . The Park West Educational Campus
10823-557: The house for investment. Up until the 1960s, the five-story residence was like the others on the block, with its rusticated base and its metal entrance canopy. Paul Rudolph leased the fourth-floor apartment from Marsciano in 1961, and he began making modifications to the apartment soon afterward. At the time, he was still living in New Haven, Connecticut , serving as department head at the Yale School of Architecture. He initially may have used
10960-422: The house in the 1980s and placing a wine glass on what he assumed to be a transparent shelf, only for it to fall three stories. Giovannini said that another guest was once taken away on a stretcher after becoming disoriented, an event Rudolph recalled "with mischievous glee". The penthouse was organized in four linked stories, but the center of the apartment is placed on various terraces and platforms. The penthouse
11097-563: The house might be demolished. At the time, since the house was not designated as a city landmark, a buyer could theoretically perform any alterations to the interior. Sotheby's received "six or eight" offers, many of whom reneged upon learning of the costs of restoration. Among those interested in buying the house were Joseph Holtzman, editor of Nest magazine. Rudolph's estate sold the house in May 2000 for $ 5.5 million to Gabrielle and Michael Boyd, architectural historians from California who moved into
11234-451: The house to convert the penthouse unit into a usable space and preserving some of its design features. This work necessitated replacing rusted steel and remedying water damage, which involved going through Rupp's house. Architects Andrew Bernheimer and Jared Della Valle were commissioned to renovate the penthouse apartment. The renovation was completed in 2006. The renovations to the interior were controversial, with some critics speaking against
11371-523: The house was placed on sale for $ 6.25 million, and property agent Sotheby's placed advertisements in Southeast Asia, where Rudolph had been active at the end of his life. The profit from the sale was to be donated to the Library of Congress , which had almost 1,500 renderings for the house. In the meantime, the vacant space was used for fashion shoots. By late 1998, the asking price had been reduced to $ 5.65 million. Critics and preservationists raised concerns that
11508-488: The house. The Boyds partially modified the staircases with frosted-acrylic railings and removed chromed laminate strips from the beams and columns. The fourth story was converted into a playroom. One duplex unit was used for the Boyds' library, another duplex became a seating area, and a third unit with high ceilings became a recording studio. The renovations were largely conducted closely to Rudolph's design ideal, and details such as
11645-612: The interior was conceptual, being "never more than a series of sketches, or studies, for other projects". Amid a weak real estate market in Manhattan, Rudolph bought 23 Beekman Place in October 1976 for $ 300,000. Afterward, Rudolph filed plans for an alteration, projected to cost $ 120,000. The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) rejected his plans in July 1976. The areas of the second to fourth stories would increase by 25 percent, more than what
11782-461: The island of New Guinea ; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 metres (19,577 feet) and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest . The South China Sea is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into
11919-472: The lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region. Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the Japanese Empire during World War II . The aftermath of World War II saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states. The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as
12056-465: The largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history. By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as Samudera Pasai and Malacca Sultanate around the strategic Strait of Malacca . Majapahit then collapsed around 1500. It was the last major Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in
12193-468: The lighter concrete facade of the base. The concrete panels themselves were light in color, similar to the base. The first story, slightly depressed beneath sidewalk level, contains a rusticated -stone facade and three round-arched openings. The northernmost opening, on the left of the Beekman Place facade, contains an entrance doorway and is wider than the other two openings. The doorway is accessible by
12330-547: The location of the "Engulf and Devour" company. The Theater Center is also at the intersection with Broadway. West 50th Street passes through Rockefeller Center between Seventh Avenue and Fifth Avenues . 1271 Avenue of the Americas , Radio City Music Hall , 30 Rockefeller Plaza , and 1251 Avenue of the Americas are respectively at the northwest, northeast, southeast, and southwest corners of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street. Also along 50th Street are 50 Rockefeller Plaza and
12467-443: The neighbors had not kept in mind. Architectural reception of the house was mixed. Goldberger, writing for The New York Times in 1979, described the house as indicative of "both Mr. Rudolph's strengths and weaknesses", praising the aesthetic arrangement but writing that it conflicted with the design of the surrounding buildings. In the same newspaper in 1997, Joseph Giovannini called the house "the best thing that could have happened to
12604-520: The northeast corner with Park Avenue , is the Waldorf Astoria New York . The Beverly Hotel is at Lexington Avenue. The east end of the street, at Beekman Place, contains 23 Beekman Place . Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia , consisting of the regions that are situated south of China , east of the Indian subcontinent , and northwest of
12741-641: The ocean. Magellan's voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships. A slave from the Sulu Sea was believed to have been used in the Magellan expedition as a translator. Studies presented by the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby
12878-537: The rather pickled enclave". Sorkin, writing for House & Garden in 1989, called it "easily one of the most amazing pieces of modern urban domestic architecture" created in the United States. Rudolph continued to work and live at 23 Beekman Place until his death in 1997. Before he died, Rudolph had been discussing the possibility of having a nonprofit organization take over the building and maintain his interior features, but he had been unable to do so. Consequently,
13015-668: The region and Sri Lanka . Buddhism later established a strong presence in Funan region in the fifth century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practised by the Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. Mahayana Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in
13152-407: The region and made contacts with local courts. Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of Indianisation in the region. Shaivism
13289-423: The region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes. Gujarati Muslims played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Southeast Asia. Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence, and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country. From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam
13426-513: The region before the arrival of the Europeans. Islam began to make contacts with Southeast Asia in the eighth-century CE, when the Umayyads established trade with the region via sea routes. However its spread into the region happened centuries later. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia . The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked
13563-523: The region came under contact with the Indian subcontinent c. 400 BCE , it began a gradual process of Indianisation where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures, and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions. Sanskrit and Pali became
13700-639: The region en route to Nalanda . It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practised by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists. The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. The Maluku Islands and New Guinea were never Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when Islam began to spread in those areas. While in Vietnam, Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence. In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam
13837-626: The region were the Pyu city-states that already existed circa second century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China. Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread. In the first century, the Funan states centered in Mekong Delta were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became
13974-541: The region, specifically, the Philippines. East Timor and the eastern half of Indonesia (east of the Wallace Line in the region of Wallacea ) are considered to be geographically associated with Oceania due to their distinctive faunal features. Geologically, the island of New Guinea and its surrounding islands are considered as parts of the Australian continent , connected via the Sahul Shelf . Both Christmas Island and
14111-487: The rest of Indonesia , Malaysia , southern Vietnam , and Palau by 1000 BC. They often settled along coastal areas, replacing and assimilating the diverse preexisting peoples. The Austronesian peoples of Southeast Asia have been seafarers for thousands of years. They spread eastwards to Micronesia and Polynesia , as well as westwards to Madagascar , becoming the ancestors of modern-day Malagasy , Micronesians , Melanesians , and Polynesians . Passage through
14248-453: The result of the Chola expeditions. As Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital Angkor hosts majestic monuments—such as Angkor Wat and Bayon . Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world. The Champa civilisation
14385-427: The right (south). The north and south walls of the cantilever have several concrete panels each while the west wall has one large concrete panel. The cantilever's roof contains a terrace on the south side and a staircase between the seventh and eighth floors on the north side. The cantilever was meant to provide extra space for the guest room, as well as for the terrace staircase, but it also served to increase privacy for
14522-569: The second through fourth stories. The penthouse consists of the sixth through ninth stories. The west facade faces Beekman Place and is visible from 50th Street, and the east facade overlooks the FDR Drive and the East River . The original structure, dating from the 1860s, was redesigned in the late 20th century by architect Paul Rudolph , a former chairman of Yale University 's School of Architecture . Rudolph completed at least five other buildings in
14659-484: The south and 51st Street to the north. The building has an area of 2,000 square feet (190 m), a frontage of 20 feet (6.1 m) along Beekman Place, and a depth of 100 feet (30 m). According to the New York City Department of City Planning , the building has a gross floor area of 9,296 square feet (863.6 m). The land at 23 Beekman Place was once part of the country estate of James Beekman,
14796-480: The space with their two young sons. The Boyd family expressed appreciation for Rudolph's work and promised to restore the interior to match his intent as closely as possible. The next year, the Boyds renovated the building to convert the apartments into a single-family unit. The three duplex units, which Rudolph had less extensively changed compared to the penthouse, were combined into the Boyd family residence. The renovation
14933-453: The street several stories below, in what Progressive Architecture magazine called "a gantry from nowhere". William Grindereng, who once stayed in Rudolph's apartment while the latter was on a trip, found the views to be "really scary". According to Grindereng, "I mentioned this to Rudolph when he came back. He said, 'Yes, I’m afraid to go out there myself.'" When Rudolph moved into the house in
15070-484: The term became more restricted to territories of the former French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the Malay Archipelago , a term derived from the European concept of a Malay race . Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and Australasia . The term "Southeast Asia"
15207-445: The third through fifth stories, prompting the Boyds to file a complaint with the city government. By November 2001, the Boyds had placed the building on sale for $ 10.5 million, with plans to move back to California. The dispute with Rupp meanwhile became acrimonious; Michael Boyd recalled that his wife sprayed water onto Rupp's workers, prompting Rupp to call the police and accuse them of throwing bricks. Michael Boyd also claimed that Rupp
15344-466: The third-story windows are large keystones, which extend upward to a scalloped cornice running just beneath the fourth floor. The center window in each of the third through fifth stories has an air-conditioning unit underneath it. On the east facade of the first through fifth stories, there are balconies extending the full width of the house, overlooking the FDR Drive. The eastern part of the south facade at
15481-429: The top floors. The cantilever was unusual for the largely residential area around it, although Rudolph had often included cantilevers in his previous work. As he had written in 1954, Rudolph disliked the "tyranny of the endless streets" and wished for some designs to overhang the street to create an aesthetic point of interest. The rear of the penthouse contains full-width balconies facing the FDR Drive, similar to those at
15618-475: The wall persisted for several more years. The court ruled in favor of Rupp in April 2007, but Rupp died shortly afterward, just as Campus was appealing the decision. The Rupp estate placed number 21 for sale and filed plans in June 2008 to disassemble the wall adjoining number 23, which the DOB approved that October. The wall between number 21 and number 23 was subsequently disassembled in 2009. The LPC voted to designate
15755-402: The west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the 18th and 19th centuries, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there
15892-507: The white kitchen shelves were preserved. The neighboring property to the south, at 21 Beekman Place, was purchased by Florida businessman William R. Rupp in June 2001. Soon afterward, Michael Boyd became involved in a dispute with Rupp, initially over the need for the Boyds to dismantle an air conditioner outside number 23 for construction at number 21. Rupp erected a brick wall between 21 and 23 Beekman Place in August 2001, blocking some windows on
16029-421: The work as being finished in 1988. When the penthouse was completed, many of Rudolph's neighbors disapproved of the additions. One neighbor compared the penthouse to "assault as in rape", and others worried that their views of the East River would be blocked. Of the neighbors' complaints, architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote that Beekman Place's buildings were designed in a variety of styles, which he said
16166-530: The workers to access the property, then scared the workers away with his dog, and finally extended the brick wall until it reached the roof of the penthouse. This prompted Campus to file a lawsuit in the New York Supreme Court in December 2004, alleging that the wall was not only attached to his property in an structurally unsafe manner, but also existed only to block Campus's view. Though the DOB fined Rupp,
16303-520: The younger population of China. Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD. The Bronze Age Dong Son culture flourished in Northern Vietnam from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia. The region entered the Iron Age era in 500 BC, when iron
16440-511: Was allowed by zoning regulations. In February 1977, the proposal was presented to the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals (BSA), which had authority to override legislative limits. Following the hearing, the BSA approved the plans, and the Department of Buildings granted a permit in June 1977. Donald Luckenbill, an architect at Rudolph's firm, designed the renovations, while Marco Martelli
16577-501: Was already inhabited by Homo erectus from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene age. Distinct Homo sapiens groups, ancestral to Eastern non-African (related to East Asians as well as Papuans) populations, reached the region by between 50,000BC to 70,000BC, with some arguing earlier. Rock art (parietal art) dating from 40,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in
16714-598: Was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence-level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilisations, hunting and gathering was still hard. Europeans brought Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and Russia. During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of
16851-466: Was completed by 1967, when he was still largely based in New Haven. With the completion of Rudolph's first renovation, Barbara Plumb wrote that the "one-bedroom apartment may be small, but its influence is likely to be huge" because of Rudolph's residence there. Rudolph ultimately remained at 23 Beekman Place for the rest of his life. Rudolph opened an office at 54 West 57th Street after his 58th Street office
16988-507: Was demolished in 1968 to make way for the Solow Building . It was at the 57th Street office that Rudolph planned further alterations to the Beekman Place townhouse. Rudolph continued to modify the designs, being not completely satisfied by them. By 1975, architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern said Rudolph's apartment had become "a remarkable composition of floating townhouses and mirrored units". Rudolph wrote in 1978 that his first design of
17125-668: Was first used in 1839 by American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book Travels in South-Eastern Asia . Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia. The term was officially used in the midst of World War II by the Allies , through the formation of South East Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943. SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia
17262-459: Was forged also in northern Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighbouring China. Most Southeast Asian people were originally animist , engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by Hinduism and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contact with Indian subcontinent during the first century. Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to
17399-544: Was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu Kingdom. The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa , ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture. During the 13th century CE, the region experienced Mongol invasions , affected areas such as Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and Java . In 1258, 1285 and 1287,
17536-414: Was not fixed; for example, SEAC excluded the Philippines and a large part of Indonesia while including Ceylon . However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged. Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by
17673-418: Was occupied by actress Katharine Cornell and director and producer Guthrie McClintic , who were married. Starting in 1961, Rudolph leased a fourth-story apartment at 23 Beekman Place, and he ultimately bought the entire building outright in 1976. Following that, Rudolph redeveloped the building from 1977 to 1982, constructing the steel penthouse above the existing masonry apartments. After Rudolph died in 1997,
17810-431: Was performed in conjunction with Thomas Stephens. The Boyd family covered the translucent bathtubs and sinks, added a wall, and removed the small elevator to the penthouse. The Boyds wanted to buy Rudolph's furniture from his estate, which had reneged and sold the furniture off. As a result, the family brought various pieces of furniture from different architects and artists. They also installed their art collection throughout
17947-400: Was removed in the early 2000s. On the sixth and seventh stories, the portion of the penthouse facing Beekman Place had a guest room. The lucite bathtub hanging above the kitchen was a very popular aspect of 23 Beekman Place, as the base of the tub is translucent. The stairs had no railings or risers, which at one time scared Rudolph's housekeeper. The writer Joseph Giovannini recalled visiting
18084-436: Was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the first century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via Bay of Bengal , Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in the region. Theravada Buddhism entered the region during the third century, via maritime trade routes between
18221-430: Was the general contractor and Vincent J. DeSimone was the structural engineer. The renovation involved destroying the rear wall and installing a new facade of steel and glass, which extended up to 17.5 feet (5.3 m) past the previous lot line. A new penthouse was constructed and designed to support a number of terraces and annexes. Rudolph had proposed a rooftop swimming pool, as well as some rooms without windows, but
18358-413: Was throwing dog feces into his family's backyard, which Douglas Elliman executive Jan Hashey corroborated when she was selling the house for the Boyds. In January 2003, videoconferencing executive Steven Campus bought the house for $ 6.3 million. According to New York City Department of Finance records, the deed was officially conveyed to an entity named Ruppert LLC. Campus began planning a renovation of
18495-500: Was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the Han , Eastern Han , Eastern Wu , Cao Wei , Jin , Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang , Sui , Tang , and Southern Han . Records from Magellan's voyage show that Brunei possessed more cannon than European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them. Malaysian legend has it that
18632-427: Was used for at least a few organized events, including a 1941 visit by a gardening club. According to a guest during that decade, Cornell lived on the third floor and McClintic on the fourth. Cornell and McClintic moved to their Palisades home in 1951 and sold the Beekman Place townhouses two years later. The building was sold by Georgia M. Williams to an unknown buyer in May 1955. The next year, Philomena Marsciano bought
18769-422: Was variously considered to have 15, 17, 27, or 30 distinct levels. When Rudolph had renovated the building in the 1970s, the front of the sixth floor was occupied by the penthouse's guest room, but the rear was part of another unit spanning the fifth and sixth floors. As of 2017, the penthouse has one bedroom each on the sixth, eighth, and ninth floors; a living room on the seventh floor; a dining area and kitchen on
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