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64-428: Paul-Henri Charles Spaak ( French: [pɔl ɑ̃ʁi ʃaʁl spak] ; 25 January 1899 – 31 July 1972) was an influential Belgian Socialist politician, diplomat and statesman who thrice served as the prime minister of Belgium and later as the second secretary general of NATO . Along with Robert Schuman , Alcide De Gasperi and Konrad Adenauer , he was a leader in the formation of the institutions that evolved into

128-404: A Royal Order of 22 December 1938 amended the entries in the second column of the schedule (list of occupations) which was now brought into conformity with Convention No. 42, and added "in the case of pneumoconiosis , sand-blasting processes in iron and steel foundries. When he was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1936 to 1940, Spaak adhered to the political independence of Belgium and carried on

192-513: A considerable forest cover. Timber was once the largest export product and main source of income in Bohuslän. But with the increased importance of fishing, more wood was needed as construction material for houses and boats, and as fuel for herring oil boilers ( trankokerier ). Deforestation during the 19th century gave rise to today's rugged, rocky landscape. A version of the Götaland dialect of Swedish

256-717: A constitutional conflict with part of the government (including Spaak), which wanted to continue military operations together with France. The rump of the Belgian government regrouped in Limoges and Bordeaux and stayed close to the French, who surrendered on 22 June . Again conflict rose in the Belgian government between those who wanted to stay in France (and maybe return to Belgium) — among these Spaak and Belgian Prime Minister Hubert Pierlot — and others who wanted to leave for London and to continue

320-426: A law was passed that introduced nonconfessional moral instruction in secondary education. Company and sector-based joint committees were alsoestablished by a social law, with work councils in big companies needing to be consulted whenever economic issues with a social impact were tackled. He was again foreign minister from April 1954 to June 1958 in the cabinet of Achille Van Acker and from April 1961 to March 1966 in

384-427: A loan of 350 million francs," while a Royal Decree of July 1938 laid down the rules of applying the provisions of a Holidays with Pay Act passed in 1936 to agricultural, horticultural and forestry undertakings. An Act of 20 August 1938 amended and supplemented the 1936 Holidays with Pay Act by extending its coverage to all undertakings, whatever their number of wage earners, as well as to home workers. The Act also removed

448-563: A method of negotiation. Paul-Henri Spaak was born on 25 January 1899 in Schaerbeek , Belgium , to the distinguished Belgian family Spaak , of a branch that immigrated to Belgium in the 17th century, originally from Bohuslän in Sweden . His maternal grandfather, Paul Janson , was an important member of the Liberal Party . His mother, Marie Janson , was a socialist, and the first woman to enter

512-568: A new and more promising forum: from 1952 to 1953, he presided over the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , the body which was eventually to grow into the European Union. But, as Spaak had shrewdly foreseen, tying the coal and steel industries of France and Germany together - at that time the two industries necessary to make war - was just the first step. His next goal

576-413: A previous requirement in which a wage earner had to work for at least a year with the same employer in order to earn an annual holiday. The old-age, invalidity, and survivors' insurance program for miners was modified by an act passed on 8 July 1938, which increased the benefits available to invalids, the elderly, and widows who already received pensions while also significantly expanding the requirements for

640-526: A site in the UNESCO World heritage program. Rock carvings can be found scattered throughout Bohuslän. The carvings portray the life of an agricultural society with images of daily life, with human figures, religious rituals, ships, circular objects, soles, animals, and fertility figures (e.g. phalluses ); and the creation of shallow bowls. Hundreds of Sweden were sub-divisions of the Swedish provinces until

704-486: A state visit by the prince to Brussels. He became a member of the Socialist Belgian Labour Party in 1920. He was elected deputy in 1932. In 1935, he entered the cabinet of Paul Van Zeeland as Minister of Transport. In February 1936 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, serving first under Van Zeeland and then under his uncle, Paul-Émile Janson . From May 1938 to February 1939 he was Prime Minister for

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768-405: A total land area of 4,500 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi) only 177 square kilometres (68 sq mi) is freshwater. Although lakes are common, they tend to be small in size. The largest lakes are the northern and southern Bullaren lakes, with a combined area of about 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi). Most of the coast is made up by Bohus granite formed in the aftermath of

832-455: Is located near Lysekil . It is 25 kilometres (16 mi) long and 1 to 3 kilometres (0.62 to 1.86 mi) wide with a maximum depth of 118.5 metres (389 ft). The fjord is home to unique marine life. Bohuslän's coastline was ranked 7th among the world's last great wilderness areas by CNN Travel . Unlike other parts of Sweden, there are relatively few lakes or streams in Bohuslän: out of

896-418: Is no information on the results of separate lists, hence only the result for the combined lists is shown. [REDACTED] Media related to Parti Socialiste (Belgium) at Wikimedia Commons Bohusl%C3%A4n Bohuslän ( Swedish pronunciation: [ˈbûːhʉːsˌlɛːn] ) is a Swedish province in Götaland , on the northernmost part of the country's west coast. It is bordered by Dalsland to

960-480: Is spoken in Bohuslän. The province was a part of Norway until 1658 as mentioned above. Traces of Norwegian remain in the dialect. 'Bohuslän', literally means the 'Fief of Bohus', referring to Bohus Fortress and län . The Nordic Bronze Age (c. 1700–500 BCE) produced rock art showing scenes from the daily life and religious rituals, such as the examples found in Bohuslän. The rock art at Tanum , possibly made earlier, c. 2,500 to 3,000 years ago, have been entered as

1024-607: The Belgian Senate , and his father, Paul Spaak , was a poet and playwright. Other noted members of his family included his uncle, Paul-Émile Janson , who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from 1937 to 1938, and his niece, Catherine Spaak , a movie star, singer and television presenter. Paul-Henri Spaak and his wife Marguerite Malevez was married in 1921 and had three children: diplomat Fernand Spaak (1923–1981), Marie Marguerite Spaak (1926–2000, later married British diplomat Michael Palliser ), and Antoinette Spaak (1928–2020),

1088-601: The Belgian Socialist Party ) and gained his first ministerial portfolio in the government of Paul Van Zeeland in 1935. He became the prime minister in 1938 and held the position until 1939. During World War II , he served as foreign minister in the London-based Belgian government in exile under Hubert Pierlot , where he negotiated the foundation of the Benelux Customs Union with the governments of

1152-590: The European Union . A member of the influential Spaak family , he served briefly in World War I before he was captured, and rose to prominence after the war as a tennis player and lawyer, becoming famous for his high-profile defence of an Italian student accused of attempting to assassinate Italy's crown prince in 1929. A convinced socialist, Spaak entered politics in 1932 for the Belgian Workers' Party (later

1216-736: The Fouchet Plan , Spaak working with Joseph Luns of the Netherlands rebuffed the idea. He was a staunch defender of the independence of the European Commission. "Europe of tomorrow must be a supranational Europe," he declared. In honour of his work for Europe, the first building of the European Parliament in Brussels was named after him. When France withdrew from an active role in NATO in 1966, he

1280-603: The Netherlands and Luxembourg . After the war, he twice regained the premiership, first for under a month in March 1946 and again between 1947 and 1949. He held various further Belgian ministerial portfolios until 1966. He was Belgium's foreign minister for 18 years between 1939 and 1966. Spaak, a convinced supporter of multilateralism , became internationally famous for his support of international cooperation, in which he hoped to include geopolitical enemies of Belgium and NATO such as

1344-528: The Sveconorwegian orogeny . In detail these granites have been eroded as to contain abundant small rock basins, some of them filled with clay and silt of combined glacial and marine origin. The coast of Bohuslän is a joint valley landscape . Studies of denudation chronology suggest Bohuslän lies at the westernmost reaches of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain ; however, there is some uncerntainty on whether

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1408-494: The 1971 general election, the Belgian Socialist Party ran separate lists for Flanders and Wallonia; however, they still existed under a single party. The letters in bold thus show the results of the combined lists and consequently the true result of the Belgian Socialist Party in each election Whilst the Belgian Socialist Party also ran separate lists for Flanders and Wallonia in the 1974 general election, there

1472-777: The 40th place in the Flemish version and on the 11th place in the Walloon version. Belgian Socialist Party The BSP was founded by activists from the Belgian Labour Party (1885–1940), which was the first Belgian socialist party. It ceased to function during the Second World War , while Belgium was under Nazi occupation. Its main support bases were the co-operative and trade union movements, and it won relatively more support in Wallonia . Like most Belgian political organisations,

1536-471: The Brunfaut Act of 1949 established a central budgeting organisation for governmental social housing policy, shifted the financial burden of infrastructural works to the state, and organised the financing of the two National Housing Societies. Under a law of 16th of June 1947 holiday duration was tripled for under 18 year olds, and doubled for those between the ages of 18 and 21. Holiday pay was also doubled for

1600-562: The European Commission , until he became the victim of his wife's murder–suicide on 18 July 1981. During World War I , Spaak attempted to join the Belgian Army but was captured by the Germans and spent the next two years in a German prisoner of war camp . At the end of the war, Spaak was released from captivity and entered the Université Libre de Bruxelles , where he studied law. During

1664-700: The Soviet Union and its satellite states. In 1945, he was chosen to chair the first session of the General Assembly of the new United Nations . A long-running supporter of European integration , Spaak had been an early advocate of customs union and had negotiated the Benelux agreement in 1944. He served as the first President of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1949 and 1950 and became

1728-544: The Viken area properly. The earliest proof of Båhus lands being in Norway's hands is from the 11th century. As long as Norway was a kingdom of its own, the province prospered, and Båhus castle was one of the key fortresses of the kingdom. When Norway was united with Denmark , the province began its decline in wealth; the area was frequently attacked by Swedish forces as part of the larger border skirmishes. The Norwegian fortress, Båhus ,

1792-496: The cabinets of Théo Lefèvre and Pierre Harmel . Although his political base was in the Socialist Party, he disagreed with its policies on several critical points, including Atlanticism , recognition of Franco's Spain, and the language issue inside Belgium . During Spaak's final term as Belgium's Foreign Minister, he presided over Belgium granting independence to Burundi following the assassination of Prince Louis Rwagasore ,

1856-701: The cornerstone of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at Val Duchesse in 1956 and led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the Treaties of Rome establishing a European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Paul-Henri Spaak signed the treaty for Belgium, together with Jean Charles Snoy et d'Oppuers . It was a crowning achievement of decades of patient work, and his role in

1920-720: The country's first elected prime minister. Despite allegations of Belgian involvement in Rwagasore's murder, Spaak appealed to Belgian King Baudouin not to grant Rwagasore's convicted murderer a pardon. Spaak gained international prominence in 1945, when he was elected chairman of the first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. During the third session of the UN General Assembly in 1948 in Paris, Spaak apostrophized

1984-472: The creation of the Council of Europe . In August 1949, at its first session, he was elected President of the Council of Europe's Consultative Assembly, where he helped develop a network of intergovernmental contacts in many fields, and did his best to encourage further steps towards a political body to unite Europe. However, after three years of patient cajoling at the Council of Europe, Spaak came to understand that

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2048-553: The creation of the EEC earned Spaak a place among the founding fathers of the European Union . In 1956, he was chosen by the Council of NATO to succeed Lord Ismay as secretary general. He held this office from 1957 until 1961, when he was succeeded by Dirk Stikker . He feuded constantly with French president Charles de Gaulle. He publicly attacked de Gaulle, blaming him for unjustly and unwisely blocking NATO's progress and stalling efforts toward European and Atlantic integration. De Gaulle

2112-506: The delegation of the Soviet Union with the famous words: "peur de vous" (fear of you). Spaak became a staunch supporter of regional co-operation and collective security after 1944. While still in exile in London, he promoted the creation of a customs union uniting Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (see Benelux ). In 1948 he helped organize a Congress that met in The Hague and pressed hard for

2176-523: The examples found throughout Bohuslän. During the Migration Period (300–700 CE) and the Viking Age (700–1000 CE), the area was part of Viken , and was actually known as two entities: Rånrike in the north and Elfsyssel in the south. It has been claimed that King Harald Fairhair made it part of the unified Norway in about 872, but contemporary sources give rise to doubt that Harald actually ever held

2240-652: The false bottom of a truck, they arrived in London in October 1940. After the war, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs under the subsequent ministers Achille Van Acker and Camille Huysmans . He was twice appointed Prime Minister as well, first from 13 to 31 March 1946, the shortest government in Belgian history, and again from March 1947 to August 1949. During his last government, two important pieces of housing legislation were enacted. The De Taeye Act of 1948 organised fiscal rebates, credit facilities, and premiums for social dwellings built either on private or public initiative, while

2304-578: The first Belgian woman to lead a political party, the Democratic Front of Francophones . In 1943 Malevez was arrested by the Gestapo as a member of a resistance movement and imprisoned for a few weeks in Saint-Gilles Prison in Brussels. After his wife's death on 14 August 1964, he married 56-year-old Antwerp-born divorcee and longtime friend Simonne Rikkers Hottlet Dear on 23 April 1965. His brother

2368-606: The first President of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1952 and 1954. In 1955, he was appointed to the so-called Spaak Committee studying the possibility of a common market within Europe and played an influential role in preparing the 1957 Treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC). He received the Charlemagne Prize the same year. Between 1957 and 1961, he served as

2432-587: The first time. In 1938, he allowed Herman Van Breda to smuggle the legacy of Edmund Husserl out of Nazi Germany to Belgium through the Belgian Embassy in Berlin. In social policy, a number of progressive reforms were realised during Spaak's first premiership. An Act of June 1938 "increased the functions of the National Society for Cheap Houses and Dwellings and empowered it, under State guarantee, to contract

2496-482: The first week by the law of August the 10th 1947. A bill on war damage, agreed in October 1947, stipulated that owners of homes damaged by the war and took their initiative to restore them were entitled to compensation. In 1948, voting rights for women were introduced. An Act providing for the establishment of works councils was promulgated in September 1948, while a school building fund was set up that same year "to supply

2560-574: The granting of invalidity pensions. An Order of 25 August 1938 prohibited the use of so-called motor spirit "for greasing, cleaning (hands) etc.," while a Royal Order of 27 August 1938 fixed normal weekly hours of actual work in the ship-repairing industry in Antwerp at 42 hours "distributed over the seven days of the week." A Royal Order of 27 December 1938 extended the scope of an eight-hour Act passed in June 1921 to cover technical staff employed in cinemas, and

2624-552: The hilltops are remnants of the peneplain . Rather than Sub-cambrian most of the province is made up of a relief unit known as the Sub-Mesozoic hilly peneplain . Bohuslän's chartered cities are: Their central areas are now non-administrative urban areas . In addition there are several other notable settlements: During the 2nd millennium BC E, the Nordic Bronze Age began (c. 1700–500 BCE), including rock art such as

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2688-507: The long-standing Belgian policy of neutrality , with no formal military cooperation with France or the United Kingdom and no open hostility to the Germans. On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded Belgium , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and France . In disarray and with almost all of the country occupied, the Belgian Army — by the command of King Leopold III — surrendered on May 18, leading to

2752-484: The material needs of secondary education." Also in 1948, the multilateral school was introduced. Various measures were also introduced to improving working conditions in mines. A decree of September 1947 introduced the compulsory establishment of mine safety services and safety and health committees in all mines, while another Decree issued that same month revised and expanded the provisions related to hygiene installations, medical examination, rescue, and first aid. Order of

2816-499: The mining industry. From June 1947 onward, all young workers under the age of 18 became entitled to three weeks' annual paid leave, while workers between the ages of 18 and 21 entitled to at least a fortnight. In September 1947, Orders were promulgated providing for the supervision of health and hygiene in mines, surface mines and quarries. In June 1948, legislation was introduced that doubled holiday remuneration for workers, and in August 1948

2880-612: The name Båhuslen (Bohuslen in Danish), it was a Norwegian county from the Norwegian conquest of the region from the Geats and subsequent unification of the country in the 870s until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, when the union of Denmark–Norway was forced to cede this county, as well as Skåneland (part of Denmark proper), to Sweden. As of 31 December 2016 , the number of inhabitants

2944-482: The new, much larger Västra Götaland County . Bohuslän was granted its arms at the time of the funeral for Charles X Gustav of Sweden in 1660. It was identical to the arms of the Town of Kungälv . In 1962 the higher claim of the town was established and a variation for the arms of the county was introduced. The coat of arms is surmounted by a ducal coronet. Blazon: 'Argent, a Castle embattled Gules with one embattled Tower of

3008-545: The northeast, Västergötland to the southeast, the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the west, and the county of Østfold , in Norway, to the north. In English it literally means Bohus County , although it shared counties with the city of Gothenburg prior to the 1998 county merger and thus was not an administrative unit in its own right. Bohuslän is named after the medieval Norwegian castle of Bohus (Norwegian: Båhus ). Under

3072-564: The organization was not ready to move towards the united Europe that he dreamed of, and in December 1951 - after the Assembly rejected a proposal to set up a European "political authority" - he resigned, declaring his great regret at this missed opportunity . But he continued to press for European integration as head of the European Movement , and it was not long before he returned to the fray, in

3136-694: The party supported greater integration with the European Economic Community , albeit in a socialist context. As linguistic and community issues became more divisive, the Belgian Socialist Party split into two new entities: the Flemish Socialist Party for the Flemish community and the Parti Socialiste (PS) for the Francophone community. 623,395 1,172,878 11.80% 22,20% 725,513 1,327,645 13.01% 23,81% From

3200-432: The regent regulating the use of explosives in undertakings other than mines and underground quarries dated 31 March 1949 “ deals with the loading, priming, tamping, firing and signalling of shots and policing of the area; certain special types of shotfiring such as firing in a confined space or under water; incomplete explosions and misfires; liquid air or liquid oxygen explosives and the use of detonating fuses; supervision of

3264-512: The same and two doors Or hinged Sable between a Sword point upwards and Lion rampant holding the Tower both Azure langued and armed Or." The geography is distinguished by the rocky coast, bordering an archipelago : there are about 3,000 islands and 5,000 islets ( skerries ). These make up the northern part of the Gothenburg archipelago , Sweden's second largest after Stockholm archipelago . In old days,

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3328-404: The same period, Spaak was also a tennis star, and played for the Belgian team in the 1922 Davis Cup . After receiving his law degree, Spaak practised law in Brussels, where he "excelled in defending Communists charged with conspiring against the security of the realm", and others including Fernando de Rosa , an anarchist Italian student who attempted to kill Crown Prince Umberto of Italy during

3392-407: The seascape was renowned for its many reefs and sunken rocks which caused many shipwrecks. Two of the largest islands, Orust and Tjörn , constitute their own municipalities. Both islands have a distinctive culture and history. However, the rocky terrain cannot be said to be mountainous: the highest point is Björnepiken at 222 meters. Sweden's only threshold fjord, Gullmarn or Gullmarsfjorden ,

3456-405: The second secretary general of NATO , becoming the only secretary general to had previously served as prime minister until Anders Fogh Rasmussen in 2009. Retiring from Belgian politics in 1966, Spaak died in 1972. He remains an influential figure in European politics and his name is carried, among other things, by a charitable foundation , one of the buildings of the European Parliament, and

3520-446: The use of explosives; the reporting of accidents and incidents.” Automatic indexation of 95% of wages was provided from 1948 onwards, while women were provided with access to the magistracy from 1948 onwards. In December 1948, an Act was passed that replaced the National Society for War Orphans with the National Society for Orphans, Widows and Ascendants of War Victims. Various measures were also introduced to improve working conditions in

3584-452: The war effort further. Minister Marcel-Henri Jaspar — done with the quarreling — left on June 24 for London and tried to form a new government and obtain recognition from the British. For this, he was thrown out of the government at once by Pierlot and Spaak. After the repeal of diplomatic status by the French, Spaak finally went to Britain. Travelling in difficult circumstances with Pierlot through Spain and Portugal , partially even in

3648-553: Was 299,087, giving a population density of 68 inhabitants per square kilometre (180/sq mi). The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by the counties of Sweden . For centuries, the administrative county for Bohuslän was Gothenburg and Bohus County , and as its name implies it consisted of the entire Bohuslän province together with the city Gothenburg . In 1998, some Swedish counties were merged to reduce administration costs, and Gothenburg and Bohus County were therefore merged into

3712-403: Was also a free port (porto Franco), with a free religious practice and, as such, home to the only synagogue in Sweden at the time. The commercial fishing of herring increased in the 18th century, and the province flourished during a major herring period around 1747–1809. Many small fishing communities grew up around the coast. Before the large scale fishing of herring started, Bohuslän had

3776-417: Was built to protect this territory. Being a border zone towards the Swedish kingdom, and to a lesser extent against Danish lands in Halland, the Båhus region was disproportionately populated by soldier families. Båhuslen belonged to Denmark-Norway until it was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The fortress of Carlsten was built in Marstrand during the 17th century. For a period, Marstrand

3840-466: Was buried in Braine-l'Alleud . Paul-Henri Spaak, nicknamed "Mr. Europe", was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin , minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names Robert Schuman , Paul-Henri Spaak and Konrad Adenauer , the three unifiers of Europe. In the election for De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian) Spaak ended on

3904-555: Was instrumental in the selection of Brussels as the new headquarters. On 21 February 1961, Spaak was presented with the Medal of Freedom by US President John F. Kennedy . Paul-Henri Spaak retired from politics in 1966. He was member of the Royal Belgian Academy of French Language and Literature . In 1969, he published his memoirs in two volumes titled Combats inachevés ("The Continuing Battle", literally, "unfinished fights"). Spaak died aged 73, of kidney failure on 31 July 1972, in his home in Braine-l'Alleud near Brussels , and

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3968-416: Was the screenwriter Charles Spaak . One of his granddaughters is journalist and novelist Isabelle Spaak , one of his grandsons is the artist Anthony Palliser . During the 1940s, during his time in New York with the United Nations, he also had an affair with the American fashion designer Pauline Fairfax Potter (1908–1976). His son Fernand served in 1981 as chief of staff for Gaston Thorn , president of

4032-400: Was to expand the concept far beyond these two industries into a much wider economic body, which could in turn form the embryo of a political union. In 1955, the Messina Conference of European leaders appointed him as chairman of a preparatory committee ( Spaak Committee ) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market. The so-called " Spaak Report " formed

4096-471: Was uncompromising in issues related to national sovereignty, mistrusted the United States and considered Britain to be an American puppet; he insisted on developing French nuclear capabilities. Although Spaak used every diplomatic method at his disposal, his opinion mattered little to the main players in NATO. When, in 1962, France, under de Gaulle, attempted to block both British entry to the European Communities and undermine their supranational foundation with

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