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32-613: Democratic Front is a name used by political parties and alliances in several countries, such as: Democratic Front (Albania) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Angola Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Democratic Front (Cyprus) Democratic Front Party (Egypt) Democratic Front (France) Democratic Front (Georgia) Democratic Front (Guinea-Bissau) Democratic Front (India) Democratic Front (Italy) Democratic Front (Montenegro) Democratic Front for

64-503: A great tribune of the revolutionary opinion of the masses, a powerful lever of the Party to draw the working people into governing the country and solving problems of the socialist construction and the defence of the homeland." Following the death of Hoxha, his wife Nexhmije served as Chairwoman of the Front from 1986 until being replaced by Adil Çarçani in 1990. The famous writer Ismail Kadare

96-522: A list of its own." During the subsequent period in Albanian history no electoral list opposite that of the Front was tolerated. In these elections the Front and the mass organizations united within it nominated members of electoral committees and presented candidates. Unlike other states in Eastern Europe , the Party of Labour's official History noted that "there have never been other political parties in

128-595: A meeting of the Albanian Party of Labour. Hoxha proposed to her in 1942 at a house which was being rented to him by the generous party supporter Syrja Selfo, who would be sentenced to death and executed in 1946. Then for the next several months, the Hoxhas stayed on and off in the house of Enver's brother-in-law Bahri Omari , who was destined to be executed by a firing squad in 1945 for collaboration with Nazi occupation forces. They married in 1945. Enver Hoxha steadily rose to

160-592: A prominent position after the end of the war and the establishment of a Communist government . In 1966, as Albania increasingly isolated itself, she became director of the Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, a body which was responsible for ensuring ideological purity and spreading propaganda . Her relationship with the Sigurimi secret police is widely discussed. Nexhmije later claimed in her 1998 memoir, My Life with Enver , that her husband expressed some regrets over

192-583: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Democratic Front (Albania) On September 16, 1942, the National Liberation Front was established at the initiative of the Communist Party of Albania and with the aim of uniting all Albanians in a national liberation war against the Italian (and later Nazi German) occupiers. On November 29, 1944

224-513: The Fall of communism in Albania , she described Ramiz Alia as a "national traitor", but later recanted her statement, claiming that Alia and the entire Party of Labour of Albania only tried to save what could be saved of socialism, that he could not be described as a "national traitor" and that the original accusation came only out of personal anger and emotion. She was expelled from APL on 13 June 1991 and

256-861: The Second World War she fought against the forces of Fascist Italy and German Wehrmacht troops , as part of the First Division of the National Liberation Army, a resistance group which was dominated by communists and supported by Special Operations Executive forces which were sent to Albania by the British. In 1943 she was elected to the Secretariat of the Albanian Women's League , and served as its chairwoman from 1946 to 1952, replacing Ollga Plumbi . The then Nexhmije Xhuglini met Enver Hoxha at

288-416: The Front is called upon to carry out all-round work with the urban and rural masses to make the policy, orientations and directives of the Party clear to them, to educate them in the spirit of socialist patriotism, revolutionary vigilance, combat readiness and irreconcilability towards all alien manifestations, to constantly strengthen and temper the unity of the people. The Democratic Front has been and remains

320-481: The Party and the socialist state and also in providing organised attendance to what the masses in the countryside and cities have to say so that they can participate actively in solving social and state problems and in struggling against regressive habits and tendencies inimical the building of socialism." Together with other mass organizations the Front also played a role in the struggle against religion, patriarchy and other customs deemed backward, as well as promote in

352-503: The Party of Labour in July 1950 following amendments to the Constitution. Party historiography summed up the early work of the Front as follows: "The front was to be the mainstay of the people's power in its struggle to safeguard freedom and national independence, to reconstruct the country, to achieve its economic, social and cultural development on the road to socialism. The role of the front

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384-621: The Reunification of Korea (North Korea) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front (Peru) Democratic Front of National Unity (Peru) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Togo Sikkim Democratic Front (India) See also [ edit ] National Front (disambiguation) Popular Front (disambiguation) Progressive Democratic Front (disambiguation) United Front (disambiguation) Left Democratic Front (disambiguation) National Democratic Front (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

416-470: The activity of government employees' should be discarded as a erroneous idea which hampers the initiative of the masses and that of the organizations of the Democratic Front to organize and encourage worker supervision.... The organizations of the Front should be more active and combative as rostrums whence the powerful voice of criticism by the masses should be heard about every shortcoming and weakness in

448-491: The brunt of battle in the National-liberation War, remained the broadest base of the Democratic Front." At the 7th Congress of the Party of Labour in 1976 Hoxha referred to the Front as a "great political organization which realizes the unity of the Albanian people under the leadership of the Party, has wide scope of action in this field." Continuing, he stated that, "In cooperation with the other social organizations,

480-488: The country [which] has been a very favorable phenomenon for the working class, the people, for the revolution and socialism in Albania." In general practice it was tasked with "enlist[ing] the widest possible support for the party's programme and its revolutionary enterprises... disseminat[ing] the teachings of Marxist-Leninist ideology beyond the narrow circle of the communist élite, it campaigns against political, social and other attitudes regarded as harmful or reactionary by

512-729: The country was liberated, and the NLF began its First Congress on August 5, 1945. It elected Enver Hoxha Chairman, renamed itself the Democratic Front, and oriented its work "against the manoeuvres of reaction, its organizational consolidation, the activization of the masses in concrete actions, the political mobilization of the whole people to wipe out the remnants of fascism in the political, economic and cultural fields." Subsequent Congresses were held in May 1950, June 1955, September 1967, June 1979 and June 1989. The Front gained official recognition alongside labor unions, cooperatives, and other mass organizations of

544-593: The countryside a better quality of life through improved hygiene, communal and educational services, and greater access to culture. At the Sixth Congress of the Front in 1989 Nexhmije Hoxha noted that, "The Democratic Front has always been in the front lines to free the people from the chains of religion and the savage laws of the unwritten code of the mountains." Nexhmije Hoxha Nexhmije Hoxha ( Albanian pronunciation: [nɛdʒˈmijɛ ˈhɔdʒa] ; née   Xhuglini ; 8 February 1921 – 26 February 2020)

576-561: The main political news organs. The Front also had a semiweekly newspaper titled Laiko Vima for the Greek minority . In Albania's first post war election held in December 1945 the Front submitted its own list of candidates, winning over 93% of the vote. Hoxha later recalled that, "The list of the Front found the approval of the masses everywhere, and this fact was so evident that reaction did not even attempt to organize itself and to come out with

608-399: The masses fully aware of the duty to take active work in running the affairs of the country. Without this we cannot speak of enforcing further democratization of the people's power, of fighting bureaucratism." According to a 1982 government work, "The Democratic Front has played and still plays an important role in the struggle against bureaucracy... encourag[ing] the control of the masses over

640-530: The number of executions which the Sigurimi carried out. After her husband died in 1985, Nexhmije was elected chairwoman of the Democratic Front , an umbrella association, and she defended her husband's heritage during the period of reforms (1990–1991). She was forced to resign as chairwoman of the Democratic Front in December 1990, and she was replaced by Prime Minister Adil Çarçani . In the initial days after

672-631: The party leadership." It united all "organizations of trade unions, of the youth and students, of women, of veterans from the national liberation struggle and of pioneers" such as the Trade Unions of Albania , the Union of Albanian Women , the League of Writers and Artists of Albania , the Labour Youth Union of Albania , and other mass organizations. The Party's History notes that, "The PLA has always regarded

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704-537: The party organ Zeri i Popullit criticised her for her allegedly pompous way of life. She was arrested on 10 December 1991 and at the end of January 1993 she was sentenced to nine years in prison for embezzlement of 750,000 leks . The sentence was increased to eleven years by the appeal court. Hoxha was released from prison in January 1997. Hoxha died on 26 February 2020 aged 99 at her home in Tirana from natural causes. At

736-473: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Democratic Front . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Front&oldid=1215347298 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

768-445: The state organs and the persons working there.... At their meetings, the organizations of the Democratic Front encourage the broad and free debating of problems which concern and preoccupy them. In particular, they stimulate open and unrestricted criticism by the masses of shortcomings and errors." The Front and its organizations were also tasked with "transmitting the Party line to the people, in educating them in political unity around

800-448: The time of her death she was the oldest living member of the communist leadership of Albania. For many years she lived with her husband in the section of Tirana which was known as the Bllok , reserved for the country's ruling elite. However, Nexhmije maintained that she personally did not live extravagantly, emphasizing the prosaic nature of her marriage ceremony in 1945, which did not include

832-528: The unity of the people in the Democratic Front as a unity of classes, strata and people who have no antagonistic contradictions, who are linked by common interests and aims for one or more definite historical stages." In relations among the people the Front sought to expand the practice of criticism ; at the Fourth Congress of the Front Hoxha stated that, "The idea that 'there are special people to supervise

864-402: The work of state organs and of persons employed in them. They should show more courage and severity towards every one who looks down upon and smothers their voice. State problems are the concern of the working people as a whole... a major role belongs to the organization of the Democratic Front to increase the participation of the masses in the study and solution of major problems of state, to make

896-602: Was an Albanian communist politician. For many years she was the wife of Enver Hoxha , the first leader of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania and the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania . Very close to her husband, she attempted to remain politically influential after his death in 1985. She was one of the few spouses of a ruling communist party leader with a high political profile of her own. Nexhmije Hoxha

928-708: Was born Nexhmije Xhuglini in Bitola , in present-day North Macedonia , then Yugoslavia . Later moving with her parents to the Albanian capital, Tirana , she studied at the Queen Mother Pedagogical Institute . In November 1941, while still training to be a schoolteacher, she joined the newly founded Communist Party of Albania and a year later was elected to the General Council of the Albanian National Liberation Movement . During

960-433: Was open to all Albanians aged eighteen and older excepting the former bourgeoisie , kulaks , and other perceived anti-state elements. Albanian author Anton Logoreci writes that, "Without a Democratic Front card [a person] cannot obtain work, get a ration book (when one is required), make a purchase at government stores and so on." Its newspaper was titled Bashkimi , which with the Party daily Zëri i Popullit constituted

992-608: Was the deputy chairman of the organization during those years. As a result of the 12th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour in November 1990 the Front as well as other mass organizations were given the ability to put forward multiple candidates in elections to the People's Assembly independently of the PLA. In the 1991-1992 period the Front was disbanded. The Democratic Front

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1024-445: Was the mobilization and political education of the broad masses of the people and the strengthening of the political unity of the Albanian people around the CPA.... The leading force in the front was the working class, to which were now opened wide vistas of increasing in numbers and becoming an industrial working class of a high socialist consciousness... The laboring peasantry, which had borne

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