Misplaced Pages

#604395

87-853: National Liberation Front may refer to: As a full name [ edit ] National Liberation Front (Algeria) (FLN), Group that fought for Algerian independence National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), Group that fought for Angolan independence National Liberation Front – Bahrain (NLF), Marxist Leninist Party in Bahrain National Liberation Front (Burundi) (FROLINA), Hutu Political Party National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC), Corsican Nationalist Militant Group National Liberation Front (Greece) (EAM), Greek Resistance Movement against Axis occupation National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir) (NLF) National Liberation Front (Macedonia) (NOF), Militant group participating in

174-559: A ceasefire agreement with the FLN. In July of the same year, the Algerian people approved the cease-fire agreement with France in a referendum , supporting economic and social cooperation between the two countries as well. Full independence followed, and the FLN seized control of the country. Political opposition in the form of the MNA and Communist organizations was outlawed, and Algeria was constituted as

261-523: A one-party state . The FLN became its only legal and ruling party. Immediately after independence, the party experienced a severe internal power struggle. Political leaders coalesced into two large camps: a Political Bureau formed by the radical Ahmed Ben Bella , who was assisted by the border army, faced off against the political leadership in the former exile government; Boumédiène's army quickly put down resistance and installed Ben Bella as president. The single most powerful political constituency remained

348-436: A people with a legal right to self-determination are entitled to wage wars of national liberation. While Western states tend to view these wars as civil wars , Third World and communist states tend to view them as international wars. This difference in classification leads to varying perceptions of which laws of war apply in such situations. However, there is general agreement among all states today in principle that

435-406: A "pro-system" party. Its role as Algeria's liberators has remained the absolute cornerstone of the party's self-perception, and the defining feature of its otherwise somewhat fluid ideology. The FLN was close to former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika , who was made honorary chairman. It mixes its traditional populist interpretations of Algeria's nationalist- revolutionary and Islamic heritage with

522-622: A colony. At the start of the Algerian War, the FLN offered Jews the opportunity to join their efforts, and in return Jews would be given Algerian citizenship when Algeria won independence. Most of the Jews in Algeria sided with the French Government, much to the dismay of the FLN and their supporters. During the course of the war, Jews in Algeria began to feel as if the FLN was targeting Jews and not just

609-610: A consultative member at the SI's spring congress on 4–5 February 2013. It was expelled from the Socialist International during the 2019 protests in Algeria . Wars of national liberation Wars of national liberation , also called wars of independence or wars of liberation , are conflicts fought by nations to gain independence . The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) to establish separate sovereign states for

696-771: A ground offensive to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation . The 1991 breakup of Yugoslavia led to fewer wars of independence in part of the Yugoslav Wars , including the Ten-Day War and the Croatian War of Independence . The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide saw the AFDL invade Zaire , overthrowing the regime of Mobutu and reverting its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In

783-425: A larger context of great power politics and are often proxy wars . These strategies explain why they are quite successful against foreign regimes and quite unsuccessful against indigenous regimes. Foreign regimes usually have a threshold beyond which they would prefer to go home rather than to fight the war. By contrast, an indigenous regime has no place to which they can retreat, and will fight much harder because of

870-474: A movement within a wider Arab nationalism and also a pan-Arab solidarity. It essentially drew its political self-legitimization from three sources: Nationalism , and the revolutionary war against France; Socialism , loosely interpreted as a popular anti-exploitation creed; Islam , defined as the main foundation for the national consciousness, and a crucial factor in solidifying the Algerian identity as separate from that of French Algerians or pied-noirs . As

957-466: A name [ edit ] Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) (El Salvador) Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) (India) Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) (New Caledonia) Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF) (India) Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) Kurdistan Workers' Party , or National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ENRK) -- military wing of PKK Liberation Front of

SECTION 10

#1732844589605

1044-430: A pro-system conservatism , and support for gradual pro-market reform qualified by statist reflexes. Since the breakdown of the one-party system and its detachment from the state structure in ca. 1988–1990, the FLN has been in favor of multi-party democracy , whereas it upheld itself as the only organization representing the Algerian people before this period. The FLN was admitted into Socialist International (SI) as

1131-471: A secular institutional dominance over religion. The later FLN's ideological change towards anti-socialism and anti-communism can be illustrated by Kaid Ahmed's opposition towards Boumédiène's leftist agenda, which featured the radical agrarian revolution that hurt rich landowners who defended themselves on the religious ground and fueled the Islamic movement, which gradually took over the national sentiment later in

1218-676: A series of campaigns in the war of independence (1919-1922), which resulted in the subsequent withdrawal of Allied forces and establishment of the Republic of Turkey . The Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949) followed with the Liberation of Irian Jaya (1960-1962), the First Indochina War (1946–54), Vietnam War (1959–75), Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) and the Algerian War (1954–62) were all considered national liberation wars by

1305-450: A threat to Western power and regarded themselves as such, using their resources to politically, economically and militarily assist movements such as in Vietnam . When the nation is defined in ethnic terms, wars fought to liberate it have often entailed ethnic cleansing or genocide in order to rid the claimed territory of other population groups. International law generally holds that

1392-645: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages National Liberation Front (Algeria) The FLN was established in 1954 following a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary; its armed wing, the National Liberation Army , participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After

1479-509: The 2017 parliamentary elections , FLN won 164 of the 462 seats, thus losing 44 seats; however, thanks to the good performance of the RND (which won 100 seats), the Presidential Alliance was able to maintain a parliamentary majority and continue to rule the country. Jews in Algeria were given French citizenship during the colonial era starting in 1870, while Muslims were denied citizenship by

1566-753: The OAU at that time included the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC). It is the only non-African national liberation movement to hold observer status in the OAU, and was one of the first national liberation movements granted permanent observer status by the United Nations General Assembly pursuant to a 1974 resolution. The PLO also participates in UN Security Council debates; since 1988, it has represented

1653-502: The Vietnam War , Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev would pledge support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. In the same decade, Cuba , led by Fidel Castro , would support national liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique . The Portuguese colonial wars finally led to the recognition of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau as independent states in 1975, following

1740-485: The first Libyan Civil War (2011), an uprising developed into a rebellion , toppling the regime of Muammar Gaddafi and the National Transitional Council declared the liberation of Libya from 42 years of his rule. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is a national liberation movement, meaning that it holds official recognition of its legal status as such. Other national liberation movements in

1827-469: The pouvoir , General Mediene's face remains unknown; it is said that anyone who has seen it expires soon after." On 13 September 2015, it was announced that Mediène was retiring and President Bouteflika had appointed General Athmane Tartag to succeed him. Mediène's dismissal was viewed as the culmination of a long "behind-the-scenes power struggle" with Bouteflika, leaving the latter fully in charge and giving him more power to determine his own successor. In

SECTION 20

#1732844589605

1914-729: The royalists , which resulted in the formation of new Latin American states. The Siege of Patras (1821) led to the Greek War of Independence , ending Ottoman domination in the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece . The Easter Rising (1916) in Dublin eventually led to the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), ending in the establishment of the Irish Free State . In the aftermath of World War I and

2001-664: The third world , against Western powers and their economic influence, and a major aspect of the Cold War , the phrase has often been applied selectively to criticize the foreign power involved. Some of these wars were either vocally or materially supported by the Soviet Union , which claimed to be an anti-imperialist power, supporting the replacement of western-backed governments with local communist or other non pro-western parties. In January 1961 Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev pledged support for "wars of national liberation" throughout

2088-460: The Évian Accords of 1962, the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state . After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) against Islamist groups, the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election , and has generally remained in power until 2007, when it started forming coalitions with other parties. The background of

2175-589: The 1917 Russian Revolution the Bolsheviks unsuccessfully fought a number of independence movements until Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland gained independence. The Ukrainian People's Republic fought its war of independence (1917-1921), which resulted in being absorbed into a Soviet republic . Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire , the Turkish National Movement fought

2262-528: The 1956 Suez Crisis . Once Algeria gained independence in 1962, Arab nationalist leader Ahmed Ben Bella was elected president after winning elections with 99.6 per cent of the votes. He composed the Algerian constitution in October 1963, which asserted that Islam was the state religion, Arabic was the sole national and official language of the state, Algeria was an integral part of the Arab world , and that Arabization

2349-409: The 1980s the FLN toned down the socialist content of its programme, enacting some free-market reforms and purging Boumédiène stalwarts. It was not until 1988 that massive demonstrations and riots jolted the country towards major political reform. The riots led to the constitution being amended to allow a multi-party system. The first multi-party elections were the 1990 local elections , which saw

2436-482: The 389 seats. The party nominated Ali Benflis as its candidate for the 2004 presidential elections . He finished as runner-up to the incumbent Abdelaziz Bouteflika , but received only 6.4% of the vote. In 2005 FLN formed the Presidential Alliance with the National Rally for Democracy (RND) and the Movement of Society for Peace (MSP). The 2007 parliamentary elections saw the FLN reduced to 163 seats, although

2523-493: The Algerian indigenous elites; the elimination of class structure undertoned the later FLN populism and socialist agendas. Such egalitarianism , which implies a liberation struggle, reflects the FLN's militant socialism during Ben Bella's period, who considered the struggle was to invent a new society to release the peasantry's potential. This ideological construct of the FLN is controversial and disputed but can be analyzed through lenses of different socio-economic contexts. Given

2610-742: The April Carnation Revolution . The Rhodesian Bush War became a scene of guerrilla warfare by factors of the ZANLA and ZAPU against Rhodesia until white-majority rule came to an end in 1979 and the Lancaster House Agreement led to the independence of Zimbabwe in April 1980. In February 1991, six months after the outbreak of the Gulf War , the coalition led by the United States launched

2697-494: The FLN believed in the harmony between religion and socialism and it was in their political interest to renew the FLN party by leading a popular revolution to integrate Islam and socialism. Despite being challenged by the Algerian Ulema and other domestic conservatives who criticized Ben Bella on the shallowness of his intentionally Islamism-leaning policies, the FLN kept its Marxist–Leninist organization principles that featured

National Liberation Front - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-601: The FLN can be traced back to the growing anti-colonialism and Algerian nationalist sentiments since the outbreak of WWII . The repression against the Algerian Muslim population intensified as Abdelhamid Ben Badis got placed under house arrest and Marshal Pétain 's government banned the Algerian Communist Party and Algerian People's Party . As the war turned gradually more in favor of the Western Allies, given

2871-641: The FLN heavily defeated by the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (ISF), which won control of over half the local councils; the FLN received just over a quarter of the vote, retaining control of a similar number of councils. The first round of the parliamentary elections the following year saw the ISF win 188 of the 231 seats, whilst the FLN won only 16, placing third behind the Socialist Forces Front . However, shortly afterwards, due to fears of

2958-462: The FLN ticket in the 2014 presidential elections with 82% of the vote. The elderly and ailing Bouteflika is widely seen as a mere frontman for what has often described as a "shadowy" group of generals and intelligence officers known to the Algerians collectively as le pouvoir ("the power") and whose individual members are called décideurs with The Economist writing in 2012 "The most powerful man in

3045-471: The FLN's Abdelaziz Belkhadem remained Prime Minister. Bouteflika was the party's candidate in the 2009 presidential elections , which he won with 90% of the vote. In 2012, MSP left the Presidential Alliance and joined the Green Algeria Alliance . Despite that, the FLN remained the largest party following the 2012 parliamentary elections , winning 208 of the 462 seats. Bouteflika was re-elected on

3132-540: The French people living in Algeria. This led to increased tensions between Jews and Muslims in the area. After the war, Algerian citizenship was only extended to Muslims whose fathers and grandfathers were Muslim at the time the FLN won independence from the French Government and those who participated directly or indirectly in the national liberation movement. Algerian Jews were no longer considered Algerian, but they still retained French citizenship. With their French citizenship,

3219-400: The French. Abane Ramdane was recruited to take control of the FLN's Algiers campaign, and went on to become one of its most effective leaders. By 1956, nearly all the nationalist organizations in Algeria had joined the FLN, which had established itself as the main nationalist group through both co-opting and coercing smaller organizations; the most important group that remained outside the FLN

3306-454: The French. The Jews in Algeria were seen as a go-between for French-Muslim relations; however, the lack of citizenship on behalf of the Muslims created tension between the two groups. During the Algerian War, Jews felt as if they were being forced to choose sides; they were either Algerian and fighting with the FLN for independence, or they were French and fighting with the French to keep Algeria as

3393-578: The Greek Civil War National Liberation Front (Peru) (FLN), Peruvian political party National Liberation Front (South Africa) (NLF), co-founded by Neville Alexander National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (India) National Liberation Front of Venezuela (NLFV) (Venezuela) National Liberation Front (Sri Lanka) (NLF) National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLFSV), also called "Viet Cong". National Liberation Front (South Yemen) (NLF) As part of

3480-704: The Highest Stage of Capitalism . For example, Ho Chi Minh — who founded the Viet-Minh in 1941 and declared the independence of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, following the 1945 August Revolution — was a founding member of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 1921. In January 1961, over three years before the Gulf of Tonkin incident which would mark the United States government 's increased involvement in

3567-455: The ISF forming an Islamic state , a military coup d'état cancelled the election process and forced president Bendjedid to resign, sparking the Algerian Civil War . Algeria was under direct military rule for several years, during which the party remained in opposition to the government during the first part of the war, notably in 1995 signing the Sant'Egidio Platform , which was highly critical of

National Liberation Front - Misplaced Pages Continue

3654-485: The Islamic movement had been rather successfully monitored and subdued by the government during the previous 20 years, but the Iranian Revolution rekindled the movement and posed a greater threat to the state. Since the Algerian independence, Religion had been relegated to the role of legitimizing factor for the party-regime, especially under the presidency of Col. Houari Boumédiènne (1965–78), but even then Islam

3741-509: The Islamism started with the noticeable wave of Islamic discourse led by religious scholars such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838–97), Mohammed Abduh (1849–1905) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935) that focused on resisting the foreign economic control and establishing an Islamic country based on the sharia, which were the core values of the Algerian Ulama . The movement absolutely rejected atheism and

3828-571: The MNA in Algeria (and wrestling with Messali's followers over control of the expatriate community, in the " Café Wars " in France), and another, stronger component more resembling a traditional army. These units were based in neighbouring Arab countries (notably in Oujda in Morocco , and Tunisia), and although they infiltrated forces and ran weapons and supplies across the border, they generally saw less action than

3915-516: The MTDL's ability to gain further political power. Consequently, the Algerian nationalists veered to a more military approach as noted in their participation in the Special Organisation (Algeria) , which is a paramilitary component of the MTLD and included the important figures in Algerian politics such Ahmed Ben Bella , Hocine Aït Ahmed , and Mohammed Boudiaf . Later in 1951, the capture of Ahmed Ben Bella and

4002-777: The Slovene Nation (Slovenia) Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) (Philippines) National Liberation Movement (Albania) , or Albanian National Liberation Front (NLF) Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) (Ethiopia) Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) (Nicaragua) Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) Unitary National Liberation Front , or People's Liberation Front (Yugoslavia) United National Liberation Front (UNLF) (India) National Front for Liberation (Syria) See also [ edit ] National Liberation Army (disambiguation) National Liberation Movement (disambiguation) Wars of national liberation [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

4089-626: The US's global engagement and its ideological campaign against colonialism, the core sentiment amongst the Algerian nationalists was to use the victory in Europe to promote the independence of the country, which is reflected by the issuing of the Manifesto of the Algerian People by Ferhat Abbas . As this objective failed to materialize, a new party Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTDL) founded by

4176-473: The War of Independence for pragmatic reasons but refused to allow them to organize separately from the FLN after the war. The FLN then quickly moved to dissolve the pro-Moscow Algerian Communist Party (PCA). However, since independent Algeria was set up as a one-party system under the FLN soon thereafter, many communist intellectuals were later co-opted into the regime at various stages. The cooperation occurred during

4263-497: The army. In 1965, the tension between Boumédiène and Ben Bella culminated in a coup d'état, after Ben Bella had tried to sack one of the Colonel's closest collaborators, Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika (who was elected President of Algeria in 1999). A statist- socialist and anticolonial nationalist, Boumédiène ruled through decree and "revolutionary legitimacy", marginalizing the FLN in favor of his personal decision-making and

4350-520: The ceasefire of 19 March 1962, the FLN is thought to have massacred thousands of harkis , Muslim Algerians who had served in the French army and whom the French, contrary to promises given, had denied a "repatriation" to France. An example of an FLN massacre is the Philippeville massacre . The war for independence continued until March 1962, when the French government finally signed the Évian Accords ,

4437-467: The century. Starting in 1971 and ending in 1992, the government under Chadli Bendjedid was authoritative but collegial, less rigid on ideologies but more moderate on domestic and international issues, while Bendjedid and his advisers believed in socialism. The organization initially committed itself to socialism , but understood this along the lines of Arab socialism , and opposed orthodox Marxism . The existence of different classes in Algerian society

SECTION 50

#1732844589605

4524-515: The conservative social mores of Algeria's population. It has strongly condemned the radical- fundamentalist religious teachings of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) and other Islamist groups, even while supporting the inclusion of non-violent Islamist parties in the political system and working with them. Arab nationalism and Pan-Arabism are considered core principles of the FLN and Algerian nationalism . Arab themes were glorified as

4611-482: The early Ben Bella and late Boumédiènne years when the Socialist Vanguard Party (PAGS), established in 1966, cooperated and tactically consulted with the FLN and recognized the FLN as the sole legitimate party in the country. During all periods of Algerian post-colonial history, except for a few years between 1990 and 1996, the FLN has been a pillar of the political system and has primarily been viewed as

4698-598: The first wars of national liberation. It pitted self-liberated slaves against Imperial France , coming about during a period in history where interconnected movements such as the American and French Revolutions had caused a rise of national consciousness in the Atlantic world. At the same time during the Spanish American wars of independence (1808-1833), the patriots launched a series of complex wars of independence against

4785-492: The formation of the FLN and later during the Islamist movement . The Muslim population had been discriminated against at a constitutional level, as illustrated by the fact that French settlers formed up to 80% of the membership in three departmental councils in 1875; and at a local level, the metropolitan model composed of a major and municipal council only granted voting right to 5% of the adult male Muslim population until 1919, when

4872-430: The former ALN, which had returned largely unscathed from exile and was now organized as the country's armed forces ; added to this were regionally powerful guerrilla irregulars and others who jockeyed for influence in the party. In building his one-party regime, Ben Bella purged remaining dissidents (such as Ferhat Abbas ), but also quickly ran into opposition from Boumédiène as he tried to assert himself independently from

4959-427: The foundation of Algerian nationalism that would fit into Pan-Arabism. Albert Camus argued that Algerian nationalism was closely tied to Nasserism and Pan-Arabism in an essay titled 'Algeria 1958'. A prominent member of the Algerian independence movement, Abdel-Hamid ibn Badis (1889–1940), emphasized the Arab and Muslim character of Algeria through his Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema , and famously coined

5046-520: The global background of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War , Algeria was considered the entry point into the Third World in this ideological conflict; the FLN's ideologies under Ben Bella and Boumédiène were largely shaped by the fundamental needs of the country such as radical economic reforms, getting international aids and recognition, along with the domestic Islamic pressure. Facing

5133-504: The grave economic consequences of the Algerian War of Independence that included the destruction of 8,000 villages and millions of acres of land, a centralized authority, in this case, the FLN, was forced to act and redress the problem through a Leninist and corporatist framework. In response, Ben Bella also experimented the socialist autogestion among the Muslim workers who entered industrial and agricultural businesses that featured profit-sharing and equity. Ben Bella and his supporters in

5220-420: The just-released Messali Hadj started to gain momentum and took the lead in the nationalist movement. However, the Algerian Assembly's double electoral college system stipulated an equal number of 60 representation between the French settlers and the Muslim community while the Muslim community was significantly larger than the settlers. The underrepresentation combined with the unfair election in 1948 limited

5307-529: The lack of alternatives. Moreover, foreign regimes usually have fewer active supporters in the theater, and those that exist can often be easily identified, making it possible for guerrilla armies to identify their targets. By contrast, indigenous regimes often have much more popular support, and their supporters are often not easily recognized as such, making it much harder to conduct operations against them without also causing harm to neutral parties. The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) can be considered to be one of

SECTION 60

#1732844589605

5394-458: The land may be Mohamed Mediène, known as Toufiq who has headed military intelligence for two decades". General Mohamed Mediène , the chief of military intelligence from 1990 to 2015 was known to be a leading décideur within le pouvior and for his secrecy with The Economist reporting on 21 September 2013: "Despite his leading role in defeating Islamic militants in a brutal civil war between 1991 and 2000, and his less public role as kingmaker in

5481-407: The majority of Jews in Algeria decided to emigrate to France, with a small number of Jews deciding to emigrate to Israel and an even smaller number of Jews deciding to stay in Algeria under the rule of the FLN. Between 1961 and 1962, 130,000 out of Algeria's 140,000 Jews left for France, while around 10,000 immigrated to Israel . The FLN's ideology was primarily Algerian nationalist, understood as

5568-406: The mid- to late-1980s, Bendjedid reintroduced religiously conservative legislation in an attempt to appease growing Islamist opposition. During and after the Algerian Civil War , the party's position has remained that of claiming Algerian Islam as a main influence, while simultaneously arguing that this must be expressed as a progressive and modern faith, even if the party generally keeps in line with

5655-417: The military establishment, even while retaining the one-party system. Boumédiène held tight control over party leadership until his death in 1978, at which time the party reorganized again under the leadership of the military's next candidate, Col. Chadli Bendjedid . The military remained well-represented on the FLN Central Committee and is widely thought to have been the real power-broker in the country. During

5742-435: The military establishment. After internal power struggles and a leadership change, it returned to supporting the presidency. After formal democracy was restored, the FLN initially failed to regain its prominent position; in the 1997 parliamentary elections it emerged as the third-largest party, receiving 14% of the vote and winning 69 of the 231 seats. However, it won a landslide victory in the 2002 elections , winning 199 of

5829-537: The name implies, it viewed itself as a "front" composed of different social sectors and ideological trends, even if the concept of a monolithic Algerian polity gradually submerged this vision. A separate party ideology was not well developed at the time of independence, except insofar as it focused on the liberation of Algeria. This latter aspect led to the denial of or refusal to deal with the separate Berber identity held by Algerian Berbers who made up about 20% of Algeria, something which caused fierce opposition and led to

5916-414: The number increased to 25%. Therefore, its nationalist outlook was also closely interwoven with anti-Colonialism and anti-imperialism, something which would remain a lasting characteristic of Algerian foreign policy . Islamism pertained its dominance in Algerian politics because of the specific social contexts during different periods. The humiliating failure of the Mokrani Revolt in 1871 facilitated

6003-403: The often-cited phrase: "Islam is our religion, Algeria is our homeland, Arabic is our language", while his fellow 'alim Ahmad Tawfiq al-Madani (1889–1983) wrote extensive historical writings in Arabic celebrating the Muslim and Arab ancestors of Algeria. During the Algerian war of independence, the FLN emerged as the main socialist group after uniting with several smaller independence groups, and

6090-423: The popular masses, Algeria will engage itself in the promotion of the formulas of union, integration or fusion that may fully respond to the legitimate and deep aspirations of the Arab people". Like Ben Bella, Boumédiène imposed Arab socialism as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion. He was more assertive than Ben Bella in carrying out Arabization, especially between 1970 and 1977. The year 1971

6177-406: The pro-Islamism sentiment in the society as people generally regarded Islam as the long-lasting and never-fading symbolic opposition towards the French rule; also the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911 provoked sympathy in the Muslim community and strengthened the Islamic cultural identity and these two events together consolidated the Islamism-Colonialism opposition rhetoric. The politicization of

6264-414: The rebelling nationality. From a different point of view, such wars are called insurgencies or rebellions . Guerrilla warfare or asymmetric warfare is often utilized by groups labeled as national liberation movements , often with support from other states. The term "wars of national liberation" is most commonly used for those fought during the decolonization movement. Since these were primarily in

6351-638: The rebelling sides of the conflicts. The African National Congress (ANC)'s struggle against the apartheid regime is also another example. Most of these rebellions were in part supported by the Soviet Union . Since the Russian Revolution the revolutionary objectives of communism and socialism were shared by many anticolonialist leaders, thus explaining the objective alliance between anticolonialist forces and Marxism . The concept of " imperialism " itself had been theorized in Lenin's 1916 book, Imperialism,

6438-517: The rural guerrilla forces. These units were later to emerge under the leadership of army commander Colonel Houari Boumediene as a powerful opposition to the political cadres of the FLN's exile government , the GPRA , and they eventually came to dominate Algerian politics. The Algerian war resulted in between 300,000 and 400,000 deaths. The FLN is considered responsible for over 16,000 civilians killed and over 13,000 disappeared between 1954 and 1962. After

6525-518: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about military units and formations which are associated with the same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Liberation_Front&oldid=1187945811 " Category : Military units and formations disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

6612-576: The splintering of the movement immediately after independence, as Hocine Aït Ahmed set up the Berberist and pro-democracy Socialist Forces Front (FFS) in Tizi Ouzou and began a rebellion in Kabylia which was defeated by the government in 1965. Anti-Colonialism is widely considered as the core value in Algerian official discourse during its entire contemporary political and social history, especially during

6699-631: The subsequent dismantling of the Special Organisation temporarily subdued the nationalist movement but sparkled the desire inside the Special Organisation militants to form a new organization – Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action (CRUA). It initially had a five-man leadership consisting of Mostefa Ben Boulaïd , Larbi Ben M'hidi , Rabah Bitat , Mohamed Boudiaf and Mourad Didouche . They were joined by Krim Belkacem in August, and Hocine Aït Ahmed , Ahmed Ben Bella and Mohamed Khider later in

6786-586: The summer. The FLN was established on 10 October 1954. It succeeded the CRUA which had been formed earlier in the year because the CRUA failed to provide unity within the MTLD Party. On 1 November 1954, the FLN launched the Algerian War after publishing the Declaration of 1 November 1954 written by journalist Mohamed Aïchaoui . Didouche was killed on 18 January 1955, whilst both Ben Boulaïd and Bitat were captured by

6873-490: The use of force to frustrate a people's legal right to self-determination is unlawful. Wars of national liberation are usually fought using guerrilla warfare. The main purpose of these tactics is to increase the cost of the anti-guerrilla forces past the point where such forces are willing to bear. Wars of national liberation generally depend on widespread public support, with ordinary civilians providing crucial support. Finally, wars of national liberation are often embedded in

6960-628: The world. On the other hand, the Soviet involvement was often viewed as a way to increase the size and influence of the Soviet Bloc , and thus a form of imperialism itself. The People's Republic of China criticized the Soviet Union as being social imperialist . In turn, China presented themselves as models of independent nationalist development outside of Western influence, particularly as such posturing and other long-term hostility meant they were regarded as

7047-494: Was Messali Hadj 's Algerian National Movement (MNA). At this time the FLN reorganized into something like a provisional government, consisting of a five-man executive and legislative body, and was organized territorially into six wilayas , following the Ottoman -era administrative boundaries. The FLN's armed wing during the war was called the National Liberation Army (ALN). It was divided into guerrilla units fighting France and

7134-408: Was considered the state religion and a crucial part of Algerian identity, as Boumédiènne himself took pride in his Quranic training. His predecessor Ahmed Ben Bella (1962–65) was more committed to the Islamic component of the regime, although always viewed as more of an Arab nationalist than an Islamic activist (and he remains far removed from what is today referred to as Algeria's Islamists). During

7221-517: Was declared the "year of Arabization". Chadli Bendjedid had talks with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 1988 about forming an Algeria-Libya Arab union. Instead the Arab Maghreb Union was formed in 1989. A historical reference of socialist values is the implementation of the Warnier Law of 1873, which allowed the selling of community land at an individual base toppled the economic power of

7308-497: Was generally rejected, even if several of the party's top ideologues were influenced to varying degrees by Marxist analysis. Borrowed Marxist terminology was instead commonly reinterpreted by party radicals in terms of the conflict with France, e.g. casting the colonizer in the role of economic exploiter-oppressor as well as national enemy, while the label of " bourgeoisie " was applied to uncooperative or pro-French elites. The FLN absorbed some communist activists into its ranks during

7395-520: Was not overtly secularist , contrary to widespread perception in the West, and Islamism was perhaps the most important mobilizing ideology during the Algerian War . Still, after independence, the party would in practice assume a strongly modernist interpretation of Islam, supported the social transformation of Algerian society, the emancipation of women, etc., and worked only through secular institutions. Before Col. Chadli Bendjedid came into power in 1971,

7482-664: Was strongly committed to Pan-Arabism. A major supporter of the Algerian independence movement was Gamal Abdel Nasser , whose mixture of Arab nationalism and revolution appealed to the Arabs in North Africa. He provided financial, diplomatic and military support to the FLN, and based the Algerian provisional government in Cairo . This played a major role in France's decision to wage war against him during

7569-462: Was the first priority of the country to reverse French colonization. Ben Bella was succeeded by Houari Boumédiène in 1965, who also pursued Arab socialist and Pan-Arabist policies. He drafted a new Algerian constitution in 1976 which declared "the unity of the Arab people is written in the community of the destinies of these people. When there will be the conditions for a unity based on the liberation of

#604395