35-512: Patriarch Germanus may refer to: Germanus I of Constantinople , Ecumenical Patriarch in 715–730 Germanus I, Patriarch of Bulgaria c. 972 – c. 990 Germanus II of Constantinople , Ecumenical Patriarch in 1223–1240 Germanus III of Constantinople , Ecumenical Patriarch in 1266 Germanus IV of Constantinople , Ecumenical Patriarch in 1842–1845 and 1852–1853 Germanus V of Constantinople , Ecumenical Patriarch in 1913–1918 Topics referred to by
70-519: A debate on the matter with Constantine, Bishop of Nacoleia , a leading Iconoclast. Pope Gregory II (term 715–731), a fellow iconodule, praised Germanus' "zeal and steadfastness". Germanus was replaced by Anastasios , who was more willing to obey the emperor. Germanus retired to the residence of his family and died a few years later at an advanced age in 740. He was buried at the Chora Church . The Second Council of Nicaea (787) included Germanus in
105-439: A naval revolt. Theodosius, the son of Tiberius, was bishop of Ephesus by c. 729 , and held this position until his death, sometime around 24 July 754, and was a leading figure of the iconoclastic Council of Hieria in 754. Byzantine historians Cyril Mango and Roger Scott do not view this theory as likely, as it would mean that Theodosius lived for thirty more years after his abdication. Cyril Mango proposed that it
140-530: A result of this was that many frontier forts, especially in Cilicia , were gradually abandoned. The success of these raids emboldened the Arabs, who prepared for a second assault against Constantinople as early as the reign of Caliph al-Walid I ( r. 705–715 ). After his death, his successor, Sulayman ( r. 715–717 ) continued planning the campaign, Sulayman began assembling his forces in late 716, on
175-663: A six-month-long siege of Constantinople, before supporters within the capital managed to open the gates for him, allowing him to seize the city in November 715. Anastasius remained at Nicaea for several months, before finally agreeing to abdicate and retire to a monastery. One of Theodosius' first acts as emperor was to reinstate the depiction of the Sixth Ecumenical Synod in the Great Palace of Constantinople , which Emperor Philippicus Bardanes had removed, earning himself
210-454: A strong agenda beyond preventing the emperors from growing stronger and disrupting the status quo. The Twenty Years' Anarchy began when Emperor Justinian II was overthrown by Leontius ( r. 695–698 ) in 695, ending the Heraclian dynasty , which had retained power for eighty years. During this period of anarchy, seven different emperors took the throne, including a restored Justinian for
245-425: A time. The modern historian Romilly Jenkins states that between 695 and 717 the only competent emperors were Tiberius III ( r. 698–705 ) and Anastasius II ( r. 713–715 ). The crisis was ended by Emperor Leo III ( r. 717–741 ), who overthrew Theodosius, and whose dynasty reigned for 85 years. Sulayman's preparations, including his construction of a war fleet, were quickly noticed by
280-563: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Germanus I of Constantinople Germanus I ( Latin : Germanus , Greek : Γερμανός; c. 634 – 733 or 740) was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730. He is regarded as a saint by both the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, with a feast day of 12 May. He had been ecumenically preceded by Patriarch John VI of Constantinople , and
315-505: Is extant as to the growth of the debate. Germanus either resigned or was deposed following the ban. Surviving letters Germanus wrote at the time say little of theology. According to Patricia Karlin-Hayter, what worried Germanus was that the ban of icons would prove that the Church had been in error for a long time and therefore play into the hands of Jews and Muslims. Tradition depicts Germanus as much more determined in his position, even winning
350-712: The diptychs of the saints. He has since been regarded a saint by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church . Several of his writings have been preserved. His Historia Ecclesiastica was a popular work in Greek and Latin translations for many centuries, and remains often quoted by scholars. Parts of it were published in English in 1985 as On the Divine Liturgy , described by its publishers as "for centuries
385-511: The first Arab siege of Constantinople (674–678), the Arabs and Byzantines experienced a period of peace between each other. Hostilities were resumed by Byzantine Emperor Justinian II ( r. 685–695, 705–711 ), resulting in a string of Arab victories. As a consequence, the Byzantines lost control over Armenia and the Caucasian principalities, and the Arabs gradually encroached upon
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#1732845071770420-560: The Byzantine Empire. Emperor Anastasius II began making preparations to defend against this new onslaught. This included sending the patrician and urban prefect , Daniel of Sinope , to spy on the Arabs, under the pretense of a diplomatic embassy, as well as shoring up the defences of Constantinople, and strengthening the Byzantine navy . The 9th-century Byzantine historian Theophanes states that in early 715 Anastasius II had commanded
455-529: The Byzantine borderlands. Annually, generals from the Caliphate would launch raids into Byzantine territory, seizing fortresses and towns. After 712, the defenses of the Byzantine Empire weakened, as Arab raids penetrated deeper into Byzantine Asia Minor , and Byzantine response to these raids became less common; much of the frontier became depopulated, as the inhabitants were either killed, enslaved, or driven away,
490-517: The advice of Patriarch Germanus and the Byzantine Senate , and negotiated with Leo, agreeing to abdicate and recognize Leo as emperor. Leo entered Constantinople and definitively seized power on 25 March 717, allowing Theodosius and his son to retire to a monastery. Exactly when Theodosius died is uncertain, but it may have been on 24 July 754. After the Umayyad Caliphate was repelled at
525-826: The border between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire at Thrace , ceding the Zagoria region to the Bulgarians, as well as stipulating the payment of tribute to the Bulgarians, the return of fugitives, and some trade agreements. Around this time, Sulayman had begun advancing into Byzantine territory, laying siege to Amorium , and a separate force entered Cappadocia . Negotiations with Leo led them to withdraw. Leo began to march his troops to Constantinople soon after declaring himself emperor, first capturing Nicomedia , where he found and captured, among other officials, Theodosius' son, and then marched to Chrysopolis. After his son
560-641: The capital, seizing the city in November 715. Anastasius did not surrender until several months later, accepting exile in a monastery in return for safety. Many themes viewed Theodosius to be a puppet of the troops of the Opsician Theme, and his legitimacy was denied by the Anatolics and the Armeniacs under their respective strategoi (generals) Leo the Isaurian and Artabasdos . Leo declared himself emperor in
595-497: The emperor, who considered reverence for these images a form of idolatry, Germanus suffered exile. After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the empire (722), Leo issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (726–729). A letter by the patriarch Germanus written before 726 to two Iconoclast bishops says that "now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter," but little evidence
630-639: The epithet of "Orthodox" in the Liber Pontificalis for this action. Theodosius, whom Byzantine sources convey as being both unwilling and incapable, was viewed by many of his subjects as a puppet emperor of the troops of the Opsician Theme. Thus he was not recognized as legitimate by the Anatolic and the Armeniac Themes, under their respective strategoi (generals) Leo the Isaurian and Artabasdos . Although they had not taken any action to prevent
665-500: The hills and hid. But they found him and forced him to accept acclamation as Emperor. He was acclaimed as Emperor Theodosius III by the troops of the Opsician Theme at Adramyttium in c. May 715. Anastasius led his army into Bithynia in the Opsician Theme to crush the rebellion. Rather than remaining to fight Anastasius, Theodosius led his fleet to Chrysopolis , across the Bosporus from Constantinople. From Chrysopolis, he launched
700-599: The meeting of the Patriarch, senate, and chief officials, which chose Leo over Theodosius, was done with the knowledge and consent of Theodosius himself, who accepted the decision. Bury postulates that, without the threat of the Arabs, it is possible that Theodosius may have retained power, and a succession of nominal emperors might have followed him, controlled by court officials and the elites. Leo entered Constantinople and definitively seized power on 25 March 717, allowing Theodosius and his son, also named Theodosius, to retire to
735-658: The navy to gather at Rhodes to then advance to Phoenix. It was there that the troops of the Opsician Theme mutinied against their commander, John the Deacon , killing him before sailing for Adramyttium , in southwestern Asia Minor, and there declared Theodosius, a tax collector, as Emperor Theodosius III. The Zuqnin Chronicle states that Theodosius ruled under the regnal name Constantine, his full name being "Theodosius Constantinus". The historian J. B. Bury suggests that he
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#1732845071770770-479: The opposing faction. He attempted to improve relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church with a view towards reconciliation. The major issue of his term would, however, be the emerging Byzantine Iconoclasm , propagated by Leo III the Isaurian . Germanus was an iconodule , and played an important role in defending the use of sacred images during the iconoclastic crisis of his day. For his opposition to
805-560: The overthrowal of Anastasius, they took issue with Theodosius' ascension, and Leo proclaimed himself Byzantine emperor in the summer of 716. He also sought the support of the Arabs, who viewed the Byzantine disunity as advantageous, and thought the confusion would weaken the Byzantine Empire and make it easier to take Constantinople. Theodosius negotiated a treaty with the Bulgarian khan Tervel ( r. 700–721 ), likely to secure his support against an imminent Arab attack. The treaty fixed
840-600: The persecutions, but was made a eunuch by the victors. Germanus was sent to a monastery but resurfaced as the Bishop of Cyzicus . He took part in the Council of Constantinople in 712 AD, a gathering which issued decisions favoring Monothelitism , thereby abolishing the canons of the Third Council of Constantinople (680–681). The Council followed the religious preferences of Philippikos Bardanes . In 713, Philippikos Bardanes
875-469: The plain of Dabiq , north of Aleppo , entrusting the command of these forces to his brother, Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik . The Slavs and Bulgars also formed a growing threat to the northern frontier of the Byzantine Empire, threatening Byzantine control in the Balkans . During the rule of Byzantine Emperor Philippicus ( r. 711–713 ), in 712, the Bulgarians under Khan Tervel advanced as far as
910-698: The quasi-official explanation of the Divine Liturgy for the Byzantine Christian world". However, the church historian Johann Peter Kirsch was dubious that the work is actually by Germanus. Pope Pius XII included one of his texts in the apostolic constitution proclaiming Mary's assumption into heaven a dogma of the Church. Among his writings was the hymn "Μέγα καί παράδοξον θαῦμα" translated by John Mason Neale as "A Great and Mighty Wonder", although Neale misattributed this to Anatolius of Constantinople . Theodosios III Theodosius III ( Greek : Θεοδόσιος , romanized : Theodósios )
945-476: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Patriarch Germanus . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriarch_Germanus&oldid=1210941570 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
980-622: The summer of 716 and allied himself with the Umayyad Caliphate , the Islamic empire; Theodosius sought aid from the Bulgarians under Khan Tervel ( r. 700–721 ), setting a firm border at Thrace and ceding the Zagoria region to the Bulgarians, as well as stipulating the payment of tribute to them. Leo then marched his troops to Constantinople, seizing the city of Nicomedia , and capturing many officials, including Theodosius' son, also named Theodosius . With his son in captivity, Theodosius took
1015-490: The walls of Constantinople itself, plundering the surrounding country, including villas and estates near the capital, where the Byzantine elites often summered. Theodosius came to power during a period called the Twenty Years' Anarchy , defined by struggles between the emperors and the elites, and political instability, with a rapid succession of emperors. The nobles of this time were often natives of Asia Minor, and rarely had
1050-578: Was Byzantine emperor from c. May 715 to 25 March 717. Before rising to power and seizing the throne of the Byzantine Empire , he was a tax collector in Adramyttium . In 715, the Byzantine navy and the troops of the Opsician Theme , one of the Byzantine provinces, revolted against Emperor Anastasius II ( r. 713–715 ), acclaiming the reluctant Theodosius as emperor. Theodosius led his troops to Chrysopolis and then Constantinople ,
1085-401: Was actually Theodosius III's son who became bishop, rather than the son of Tiberius. Theodosius was allegedly unwilling to be emperor and according to Theophanes: When the malefactors arrived at Adramyttium, being leaderless they found there a local man named Theodosius, a receiver of public revenues, non-political and a private citizen. They urged him to become Emperor. He, however, fled to
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1120-519: Was captured, Theodosius, taking the advice of Patriarch Germanus and the Byzantine Senate, agreed to abdicate and recognize Leo as emperor. Bury states that the elite of Constantinople, who might otherwise have sided with the inoffensive Theodosius, who would be unlikely to politically weaken them, sided with Leo, as Theodosius was not competent enough to deal with the Arab threat. He further states that
1155-451: Was deposed by Anastasios II . Anastasios soon reversed all religious decisions of his predecessor. Patriarch John VI , strongly associated with Monothelitism, was eventually dismissed. On 11 August 714/715, Germanus was elected Patriarch of Constantinople. Germanus later helped negotiate Anastasius' surrender terms to Theodosios III . In 715, Germanus organized a new council propagating Dyothelitism and anathematizing various leaders of
1190-512: Was selected at random for little more than the fact that he already had an imperial-sounding name, was inoffensive, obscure but respectable, and could easily be controlled by the Opsicians. Graham Sumner , a Byzantologist, suggests that Theodosius might be the same person as Theodosius , the son of Emperor Tiberius III, therefore explaining why he might have been chosen by the troops, as he would have legitimacy from his father, himself made emperor by
1225-535: Was succeeded in Orthodox Rite by Patriarch Constantine II of Constantinople . According to Theophanes the Confessor , Germanus was a son of a patrician named Justinian, who was executed in 668. Justinian was reportedly involved in the murder of Constans II and usurpation of the throne by Mezezius . Constantine IV , son of Constans II, defeated his rival and punished the supporters of Mezezius. Germanus survived
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