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41-514: According to Tome Pires in 1513, Pati Unus was 25 years old and had finished invading Malacca in the first attack. In 1521, Pati Unus led a second invasion of Malacca against the Portuguese occupation. However, he was killed in battle and was succeeded by his sister-in-law, Trenggana as the next king of Demak. In the Suma Oriental , Tomé Pires mentions a man named "Pate Onus" or "Pate Unus". He

82-583: A collection of more than 800 prescriptions. It lists over 700 different drugs. In ancient India, the Sushruta Samhita , a compendium on the practice of medicine and medical formulations, has been traced back to the 1st century BC. The Shen-nung pen ts'ao ching , a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants (3rd century AD), is considered a foundational material for Chinese medicine and herbalism and became an important source for Chinese apothecaries. The book, which documented 365 treatments, had

123-470: A focus on roots and grass. It had treatments which came from minerals, roots and grass, and animals. Many of the mentioned drugs and their uses are still followed today. Ginseng's use as a sexual stimulant and aid for erectile dysfunction stems from this book. Ma huang, an herb first mentioned in the book, led to the introduction of the drug ephedrine into modern medicine. According to Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, and S. Hadzovic, apothecary shops existed during

164-664: A letter from Albuquerque to the King, 30 November 1513. In 1516, Tomé Pires went to Canton (Guangzhou) in the fleet of Fernão Pires de Andrade leading an embassy sent by king Manuel I to Zhengde Emperor of China . However, he was never received by the emperor, due to several setbacks, including the suspicion of the Chinese, and the plot moved by deposed sultan Mahmud Shah after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca in 1511. The embassy fell in disgrace, with some of its members killed, starting

205-657: A period of three decades of Portuguese persecution in China. Tomé Pires is said to have died of disease in 1524 in China, although some state he lived up to 1540 in Jiangsu , but without permission to leave China. This was the first official embassy from a European nation to China after Giovanni de' Marignolli was sent as legate by the Papacy (in Beijing from 1342 to 1345). Apothecary Apothecary ( / ə ˈ p ɒ θ ə k ər i / )

246-505: A result of the attack. The Javanese joint forces, who had also suffered heavy casualties, decided to retreat under the leadership of Raden Hidayat, the second in command after the death of Pati Unus. Upon the return of the remaining fleet to Java, Fadhlullah Khan, was appointed by Syarif Hidayatullah as the new Commander of the Joint Fleet, replacing Pati Unus who died in Malacca. The failure of

287-527: Is apoteker , which was borrowed from the Dutch apotheker . In Yiddish the word is אַפּטייק apteyk . Use of the term in the names of businesses varies with time and location. It is generally an Americanism, though some areas of the United States use it to invoke an experience of nostalgic revival and it has been used for a wide variety of businesses; while in other areas such as California its use

328-496: Is a compilation of a wide variety of information: historical, geographical, ethnographic, botanical, economic, commercial, etc., including coins, weights and measures. Pires was careful to investigate the accuracy of the information collected from merchants, sailors and others with whom he had contact. It shows him to be a discriminating observer, in spite of his tangled prose. "His style is far from clear," his modern editor has noted, "and no doubt it often becomes more confused, owing to

369-472: Is also known as Pangeran Sabrang Lor ( sabrang means crossing and lor means north ), because he crossed the Java Sea to Malacca to fight the Portuguese . The statement of the figure of Pati Unus clashes with the figure of Trenggana , the third king of Demak, who reigned from 1505 to 1518, then from 1521 to 1546. In 1512, Samudra Pasai fell to the Portuguese, this made Pati Unus' task as Commander of

410-459: Is an archaic English term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica (medicine) to physicians , surgeons and patients. The modern terms 'pharmacist' and 'chemist' (British English) have taken over this role. In some languages and regions, "apothecary" is not archaic and has become those languages' term for "pharmacy" or a pharmacist who owns one. Apothecaries' investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients

451-1099: Is current and used to designate a pharmacist/chemist, such as Dutch and German Apotheker , Hungarian patikus , Irish poitigéir , Latvian aptiekārs and Luxembourgish Apdikter . Likewise, "pharmacy" translates as apotek in Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , apteekki in Finnish , apoteka in Bosnian , patika in Hungarian, aptieka in Latvian , апотека ( apoteka ) in Serbian , аптека ( apteka ) in Russian , Bulgarian , Macedonian and Ukrainian , Apotheke in German and apteka in Polish . The word in Indonesian

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492-532: Is known about the life and family of Pires prior to his arrival in India. He was born around 1468, possibly in the Portuguese town of Leiria but evidence of his birthplace is tenuous. He had at least one brother, João Fernandes, and a sister, Isabel Fernandes. His father was apothecary to King João II of Portugal and Pires himself was apothecary to Prince Afonso , the heir apparent until his untimely death in 1491. He went to India in 1511, invested as "factor of drugs",

533-468: Is legally obligated to be run at all times by at least one Apotheker (male) or Apothekerin (female), who actually has an academic degree as a pharmacist – in German Pharmazeut (male) or Pharmazeutin (female) – and has obtained the professional title Apotheker by either working in the field for numerous years, usually by working in a pharmacy store, or taking additional exams. Thus a Pharmazeut

574-489: Is noon apothecarie, I shal myself to herbes techen yow, That shul been for youre hele and for youre prow. In modern English, this can be translated as: ... and you should not linger, Though in this town there is no apothecary, I shall teach you about herbs myself, That will be for your health and for your pride. In Renaissance Italy , Italian Nuns became a prominent source for medicinal needs. At first they used their knowledge in non-curative uses in

615-547: Is not always an Apotheker . Magdalena Neff became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Germany when she studied pharmacy at the Technical University of Karlsruhe and later passed the apothecary's examination in 1906. Apothecaries used their own measurement system, the apothecaries' system , to provide precise weighing of small quantities. Apothecaries dispensed vials of poisons as well as medicines, and as

656-468: Is really so terrible that no one has ever even seen the like. It took three years to build, His Majesty may have heard the story in Malacca about Pati Unus, who made this fleet to become the king of Malacca. In 1521, all 375 ships had been completed. Despite serving as sultan for only three years, Pati Unus decided to directly join the expedition along with his two sons from his marriage to Raden Patah's daughter, and another son from another wife. The war fleet

697-401: Is restricted to licensed pharmacies. The profession of apothecary can be dated back at least to 2600 BC to ancient Babylon , which provides one of the earliest records of the practice of the apothecary. Clay tablets have been found with medical texts recording symptoms, prescriptions, and the directions for compounding. The Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt, written around 1500 BC, contain

738-404: Is still the case, medicines could be either beneficial or harmful if inappropriately used. Protective methods to prevent accidental ingestion of poisons included the use of specially-shaped containers for potentially poisonous substances such as laudanum . Apothecary businesses were typically family-run, and wives or other women of the family worked alongside their husbands in the shops, learning

779-759: The Middle Ages in Baghdad , operated by pharmacists in 754 during the Abbasid Caliphate , or Islamic Golden Age . Apothecaries were also active in Al-Andalus by the 11th century. By the end of the 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer ( c.  1342 –1400) was mentioning an English apothecary in the Canterbury Tales , specifically " The Nun's Priest's Tale " as Pertelote speaks to Chauntecleer (lines 181–184): ... and for ye shal nat tarie, Though in this toun

820-551: The Spice Islands . The historical account of Malacca is the earliest known and contains much information not found anywhere else. Pires was also the first to use the name Japan, spelling it as Jampon . The details and accuracy of his descriptions of Sumatra and Java are "remarkable" and were not surpassed for a "couple centuries". It remains one of the most important resources for the study of Islam in Indonesia . The Suma Oriental

861-632: The East, from the Red Sea to China). He wrote the book in Malacca and India between 1512 and 1515, completing it before the death of Afonso de Albuquerque in December 1515. It was the first comprehensive and reliable account of Asia to the east of India, a region that was almost unknown to Europe at the time. Among its many accomplishments, it contained the first European descriptions of the Malay Archipelago and

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902-555: The Eastern commodities that were an important element of what is generally called "the spice trade ". In Malacca and Cochin he avidly collected and documented information on the Malay - Indonesian area, and personally visited Java , Sumatra and Maluku . From his Malay-Indonesia travels, he wrote a book on Asian trade, the Suma Oriental que trata do Mar Roxo até aos Chins (An Account of

943-465: The Islamic Fleet of Java even more urgent, and had to be carried out immediately. So at the end of 1512 a small fleet, in the expedition of jihad was sent to invade the Portuguese fort in Malacca. In January 1513, Pati Unus' fleet reached Malacca, carrying about 100 ships with 5,000 Javanese soldiers from Jepara and Palembang . About 30 of them are large Javanese junks weighing 350-600 tons (with

984-829: The Italian peninsula. From the 15th century to the 16th century, the apothecary gained the status of a skilled practitioner. In London, the apothecaries merited their own livery company , the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries , founded in 1617. Its roots, however, go back much earlier to the Guild of Pepperers formed in London in 1180. Similarly in Ireland, Apothecaries were organized since before 1446. In Ireland and Great Britain they were allowed to diagnose in addition to compounding and dispensing, becoming regulated general medical practitioners and

1025-523: The Portuguese colonizers. They were Malaccan Malays, and their descendants later assisted the descendants of Raden Abdullah, the son of Pati Unus, in the Islamization of the land of Pasundan. Tom%C3%A9 Pires Tomé Pires (c. 1468 — c. 1524/1540) was a Portuguese apothecary , colonial administrator, and diplomat. In 1510 he was commissioned by the Portuguese court to serve as a " factor of drugs" in India, arriving at Cannanore in 1511. In 1512 he

1066-410: The convents to solidify the sanctity of religion among their sisters. As they progressed in skill they started to expand their field to create profit. This profit they used towards their charitable goals. Because of their eventual spread to urban society, these religious women gained "roles of public significance beyond the spiritual realm (Strocchia 627). Later apothecaries led by nuns were spread across

1107-486: The exception of the main ship Pati Unus), the rest are smooth-knit, exploring, and graduation type ships. The junks alone carried 12,000 people. The ships carried a lot of artillery made in Java. Although defeated, Pati Unus sailed home and buried his warship as a monument to the struggle. This won him the throne of Demak. In a letter to Afonso de Albuquerque , from Cannanore , 22 February 1513, Fernão Pires de Andrade , Captain of

1148-799: The first woman to be licensed to practice medicine in Britain by passing the examination of the Society of Apothecaries. By the end of the 19th century, the medical professions had taken on their current institutional form, with defined roles for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the apothecary was more narrowly conceived, as that of pharmacist (dispensing chemist in British English). In German-speaking countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, pharmacies or chemist stores are still called apothecaries or in German Apotheken . The Apotheke ("store")

1189-571: The fleet that repelled Pate Unus, said: Pati Unus's junk is the largest seen by the people of this area. He had a thousand soldiers on board, and His Majesty can trust me... that it was a very remarkable thing to see, because the nearby Anunciada didn't look like a ship at all. We attacked it with bombardment , but even the greatest shot did not penetrate it below the waterline, and the esfera (fire) I had on board I managed to get in but did not penetrate; The ship had three layers of metal, all of which were more than one cruzado thick.  And that ship

1230-686: The forerunners of General Practitioners there. However, there were ongoing tensions between apothecaries and other medical professions, as is illustrated by the publication of 'A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries' by the Physician Christopher Merrett in 1669 and the experiences of Susan Reeve Lyon and other women apothecaries in 17th century London. Often women (who were prohibited from entering medical school) became apothecaries which took away business from male physicians. In 1865 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became

1271-415: The past such as urine, fecal matter, earwax, human fat, and saliva, are no longer used and are generally considered ineffective or unsanitary. Trial and error were the main source for finding successful remedies, as little was known about the chemistry of why certain treatments worked. For instance, it was known that drinking coffee could help cure headaches, but the existence and properties of caffeine itself

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1312-527: The second expedition to Malacca was partly due to internal factors, particularly issues of harmony among the sultanates of Indonesia. Pati Unus's first and third sons also perished, while his second son, Raden Abdullah, survived and continued the lineage of Pati Unus. He joined the remaining fleet to return to Java. In the fleet that returned to Java, some soldiers of the Malacca Sultanate chose to migrate to Java as their homeland failed to be recaptured from

1353-402: The time and makes no fundamentally erroneous statements about the area. Its contemporary rival as a source was only the better-known book by Duarte Barbosa . The Suma Oriental was unpublished and presumed lost until 1944 when a manuscript copy was discovered in a Paris archive. Four letters written by Pires survive, and there are a scattering of references to him by contemporaries, including

1394-463: The trade in tobacco which was imported as a medicine. The term "apothecary" derives from the Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη ( apothḗkē , "a repository, storehouse") via Latin apotheca ("repository, storehouse, warehouse", cf. bodega and boutique ), Medieval Latin apothecarius ("storekeeper"), and eventually Old French apotecaire . In some European and other languages, the term

1435-920: The trade themselves. Women were still not allowed to train and be educated in universities so this allowed them a chance to be trained in medical knowledge and healing. Previously, women had some influence in other women's healthcare, such as serving as midwives and other feminine care in a setting that was not considered appropriate for males. Though physicians gave medical advice, they did not make medicine, so they typically sent their patients to particular independent apothecaries, who did also provide some medical advice, in particular remedies and healing. Many recipes for medicines included herbs, minerals, and pieces of animals (meats, fats, skins) that were ingested, made into paste for external use, or used as aromatherapy. Some of these are similar to natural remedies used today, including catnip , chamomile , fennel , mint , garlic , and witch hazel . Many other ingredients used in

1476-466: The transcriber's mistakes." The book, couched as a report to Manuel of Portugal , and perhaps fulfilling a commission undertaken before he left Lisbon , is regarded as one of the most conscientious first-hand resources for the study of the geography and trade of the Indies at that time. Although it cannot be regarded as completely free of inaccuracies in its detail, it is remarkably consistent with evidence of

1517-484: Was a precursor to the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology . In addition to dispensing herbs and medicine, apothecaries offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed by other specialist practitioners, such as surgeons and obstetricians . Apothecary shops sold ingredients and the medicines they prepared wholesale to other medical practitioners, as well as dispensing them to patients. In 17th-century England, they also controlled

1558-529: Was either executed by the Chinese in 1524 or possibly banished for life to a remote Chinese province. During his stay in Malacca, Pires wrote the Suma Oriental , a landmark description of the geography, ethnography and commerce of the Asian coastline stretching from the Red Sea to Japan. The manuscript is an important record of the region at the start of European colonization in the early sixteenth century. Very little

1599-470: Was prepared to depart from the port of Demak , blessed by Sunan Gunung Jati . The exceptionally large fleet for its time was led by Pati Unus. This massive war fleet set sail for Malacca, where the Portuguese had prepared a defense with dozens of large cannons protruding from the Malacca fortress . As Pati Unus's ship was about to lower the boat to dock on the beach, it was struck by a cannonball, and he died as

1640-489: Was sent to the port city of Malacca , recently captured by the Portuguese . There he served as the chief accountant for the royal factory. Upon his return to India in 1515, Pires was sent to China as ambassador from the King of Portugal to the Ming Court. His mission failed when the Chinese court refused to recognize him because of the increasingly hostile activities of Portuguese traders in the region. Pires never left China; he

1681-518: Was the brother-in-law of Pate Rodim, the ruler of Demak. Pate Rodim is a figure who is synonymous with Raden Patah , the founder and first king of Demak. In the Hikayat Banjar , the king of Demak Sultan Surya Alam helped Pangeran Samudera, the ruler of Banjarmasin to defeat his uncle the ruler of the Kingdom of Negara Daha in the interior of South Kalimantan . A son of Raden Patah named Raden Surya

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