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78-502: Gujarati ( / ˌ ɡ ʊ dʒ ə ˈ r ɑː t i / GUUJ -ə- RAH -tee ; Gujarati script : ગુજરાતી , romanized:  Gujarātī , pronounced [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː] ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people . Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ( c.  1100–1500 CE ). In India, it is one of

156-502: A GCSE subject for students in the UK. Some Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility that their children will not be fluent in the language. In a study, 80% of Malayali parents felt that "Children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of Kannada parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents. Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people , many non-Gujarati residents of Gujarat also speak it, among them

234-432: A [ə]. For postconsonantal vowels other than a , the consonant is applied with diacritics , while for non-postconsonantal vowels (initial and post-vocalic positions), there are full-formed characters. With a being the most frequent vowel, this is a convenient system in the sense that it cuts down on the width of writing. Following out of the aforementioned property, consonants lacking a proceeding vowel may condense into

312-409: A nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ]. A formal grammar , Prakrita Vyakarana , of the precursor to this language, Gurjar Apabhraṃśa , was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara (Patan). MIddle Gujarati (AD 1500–1800) split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ,

390-509: A nasal palatal approximant , a nasal glide (in Polish , this feature is also possible as an allophone). Semivowels in Portuguese often nasalize before and always after nasal vowels, resulting in [ȷ̃] and [ w̃ ] . What would be coda nasal occlusives in other West Iberian languages is only slightly pronounced before dental consonants . Outside this environment the nasality is spread over

468-626: A -elision at work instead. Gujarati is romanized throughout Misplaced Pages in "standard orientalist " transcription as outlined in Masica (1991 :xv). Being "primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon Sanskrit " (cf. IAST ), these are its salient features: subscript dots for retroflex consonants ; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels ; h denoting aspirated stops . Tildes denote nasalized vowels and underlining denotes murmured vowels. Vowels and consonants are outlined in

546-477: A common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsam s and their derived tadbhav s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: What remains are words of foreign origin ( videśī ), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories ( deśaj ). The former consists mainly of Persian , Arabic , and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish . While

624-472: A current of water," from V.L. * stanticare (see stanch ). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones. Gujarati is a head-final, or left- branching language. Adjectives precede nouns , direct objects come before verbs , and there are postpositions . The word order of Gujarati is SOV , and there are three genders and two numbers . There are no definite or indefinite articles . A verb

702-438: A few Inuit languages like Iñupiaq . Chamdo languages like Lamo (Kyilwa dialect), Larong sMar (Tangre Chaya dialect), Drag-yab sMar (Razi dialect) have an extreme distinction of /m̥ n̥ ȵ̊ ŋ̊ ɴ̥ m n ȵ ŋ ɴ/, also one of the few languages to have a [ɴ̥]. Yanyuwa is highly unusual in that it has a seven-way distinction between /m, n̪, n, ɳ, ṉ/ ( palato-alveolar ), /ŋ̟/ ( front velar ), and /ŋ̠/ ( back velar ). This may be

780-574: A language is claimed to lack nasals altogether, as with several Niger–Congo languages or the Pirahã language of the Amazon, nasal and non-nasal or prenasalized consonants usually alternate allophonically , and it is a theoretical claim on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal is not the basic form of the consonant. In the case of some Niger–Congo languages, for example, nasals occur before only nasal vowels. Since nasal vowels are phonemic, it simplifies

858-630: A medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature, and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society 's 12th meeting. Some Mauritians and many Réunion islanders are of Gujarati descent and some of them still speak Gujarati. A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America , especially in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in

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936-532: A modern Indo-Aryan (IA) language evolved from Sanskrit . The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages: Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages: The principal changes from the Middle Indo-Aryan stage are the following: Gujarati is then customarily divided into

1014-784: A nasal consonant may have occlusive and non-occlusive allophones . In general, therefore, a nasal consonant may be: A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism . However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled. Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like Toro-tegu Dogon (contrasts /w, r, j, w̃, r̃, j̃/) and Inor . A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages, Nzema language contrasts /l, l̃/. A few languages, perhaps 2%, contain no phonemically distinctive nasals. This led Ferguson (1963) to assume that all languages have at least one primary nasal occlusive. However, there are exceptions. When

1092-464: A number of voiceless approximants . Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) distinguish purely nasal consonants, the nasal occlusives such as m n ng in which the airflow is purely nasal, from partial nasal consonants such as prenasalized consonants and nasal pre-stopped consonants , which are nasal for only part of their duration, as well as from nasalized consonants , which have simultaneous oral and nasal airflow. In some languages, such as Portuguese ,

1170-548: A separate grammatical category unto themselves. Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms , often being calques . An example is telephone , which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ . Most people, though, just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have

1248-638: A vowel) Modern Greek ⟨νι⟩ . Many Germanic languages , including German , Dutch , English and Swedish , as well as varieties of Chinese such as Mandarin and Cantonese , have /m/ , /n/ and /ŋ/ . Malayalam has a six-fold distinction between /m, n̪, n, ɳ, ɲ, ŋ/ ⟨മ, ന, ഩ, ണ, ഞ, ങ⟩ ; some speakers also have a /ŋʲ/. The Nuosu language also contrasts six categories of nasals, /m, n, m̥, n̥, ɲ, ŋ/ . They are represented in romanisation by <m, n, hm, hn, ny, ng>. Nuosu also contrasts prenasalised stops and affricates with their voiced, unvoiced, and aspirated versions. /ɱ/

1326-694: Is 57010. Nasal stop In phonetics , a nasal , also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant , is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum , allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The vast majority of consonants are oral consonants . Examples of nasals in English are [n] , [ŋ] and [m] , in words such as nose , bring and mouth . Nasal occlusives are nearly universal in human languages. There are also other kinds of nasal consonants in some languages. Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal occlusives, in which air escapes through

1404-574: Is Sanskrit loanwords to the Gujarati language that are the grounds of most clusters. Gujarati, on the other hand, is more analytic , has phonetically smaller, simpler words, and has a script whose orthography is slightly imperfect ( a -elision) and separates words by spaces. Thus evolved Gujarati words are less a cause for clusters. The same can be said of Gujarati's other longstanding source of words, Persian , which also provides phonetically smaller and simpler words. An example attesting to this general theme

1482-617: Is also spoken in Southeast Africa , particularly in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , and South Africa . Elsewhere, Gujarati is spoken to a lesser extent in Hong Kong , Singapore , Australia , and Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates . Gujarati (sometimes spelled Gujerati , Gujarathi , Guzratee , Guujaratee , Gujrathi , and Gujerathi ) is

1560-528: Is also widely spoken in many countries outside South Asia by the Gujarati diaspora . In North America, Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing and most widely spoken Indian languages in the United States and Canada . In Europe, Gujaratis form the second largest of the British South Asian speech communities, and Gujarati is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the UK 's capital London . Gujarati

1638-543: Is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav . India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims , amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal dynasty . As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke . Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit

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1716-768: Is commonly used to represent the dental nasal as well, rather than ⟨ n̪ ⟩, as it is rarely distinguished from the alveolar nasal. Examples of languages containing nasal occlusives: The voiced retroflex nasal is [ɳ] is a common sound in Languages of South Asia and Australian Aboriginal languages . The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages , such as: Spanish ⟨ñ⟩ , French and Italian ⟨gn⟩ , Catalan and Hungarian ⟨ny⟩ , Czech and Slovak ⟨ň⟩ , Polish ⟨ń⟩ , Occitan and Portuguese ⟨nh⟩ , and (before

1794-626: Is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o . khānũ – compartment, has

1872-504: Is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be , marking tense and mood , and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. Translation (provided at location)— Gujarati script Gujarati numerical digits are also different from their Devanagari counterparts. The Gujarati script ( ગુજરાતી લિપિ )

1950-417: Is just one scheme. The rules: The role and nature of Sanskrit must be taken into consideration to understand the occurrence of consonant clusters. The orthography of written Sanskrit was completely phonetic, and had a tradition of not separating words by spaces. Morphologically it was highly synthetic , and it had a great capacity to form large compound words. Thus clustering was highly frequent, and it

2028-436: Is known as the moraic nasal , per the language's moraic structure. Welsh has a set of voiceless nasals, /m̥, n̥, ŋ̊/, which occur predominantly as a result of nasal mutation of their voiced counterparts (/m, n, ŋ/). The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea has a phonemic uvular nasal, /ɴ/, which contrasts with a velar nasal. It is extremely rare for a language to have /ɴ/ as a phoneme. The /ŋ, ɴ/ distinction also occurs in

2106-680: Is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh . In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia , perhaps 500 years ago. Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates: Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. With

2184-456: Is that of the series of d- clusters. These are essentially Sanskrit clusters, using the original Devanagari forms. There are no cluster forms for formations such as dta , dka , etc. because such formations weren't permitted in Sanskrit phonology anyway. They are permitted under Gujarati phonology , but are written unclustered (પદત padata "position", કૂદકો kūdko "leap"), with patterns such as

2262-595: Is the 26th most widely spoken language in the world by number of native speakers as of 2007. Gujarati, along with Meitei (alias Manipuri ), hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India , following Hindi (first place) and Kashmiri language (second place), according to the 2011 census of India . Outside of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken in many other parts of South Asia by Gujarati migrants, especially in Mumbai and Pakistan (mainly in Karachi ). Gujarati

2340-813: Is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish , Code-switching . In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals . Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being

2418-499: Is the rarest voiced nasal to be phonemic, its mostly an allophone of other nasals before labiodentals and currently there is only 1 reported language, Kukuya , which distinguishes /m, ɱ, n, ɲ, ŋ/ and also a set of prenasalized consonants like /ᶬp̪fʰ, ᶬb̪v/. Yuanmen used to have it phonemically before merging it with /m/. Catalan, Occitan , Spanish, and Italian have /m, n, ɲ/ as phonemes , and [ɱ, ŋ] as allophones. It may also be claimed that Catalan has phonemic /ŋ/ , at least on

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2496-457: Is unusual. However, currently in Korean , word-initial /m/ and /n/ are shifting to [b] and [d] . This started out in nonstandard dialects and was restricted to the beginning of prosodic units (a common position for fortition ), but has expanded to many speakers of the standard language to the beginnings of common words even within prosodic units. Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to

2574-909: The Greater Toronto Area , which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2016 census, Gujarati is the fourth most-spoken South Asian language in Toronto after Hindustani , Punjabi and Tamil . The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in North West London, but also in Birmingham , Manchester , and in Leicester , Coventry , Rugby , Bradford and

2652-577: The IPA , nasal vowels and nasalized consonants are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel or consonant in question: French sang [sɑ̃] , Portuguese bom [bõ] , Polish wąż [vɔ̃w̃ʂ] . A few languages have phonemic voiceless nasal occlusives. Among them are Icelandic , Faroese , Burmese , Jalapa Mazatec , Kildin Sami , Welsh , and Central Alaskan Yup'ik . Iaai of New Caledonia has an unusually large number of them, with /m̥ m̥ʷ n̪̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊/ , along with

2730-510: The Kutchis (as a literary language ), the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue ), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognised in the state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Gujarati is recognised and taught as a minority language in

2808-505: The Nasal stops . Most have a Devanagari counterpart. As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as a 'conjunct'. The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardized for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page

2886-570: The Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script. Historical records show that Gujaratis played a major role in the archipelago, where they were manufacturers and played a key role in introducing Islam . Tomé Pires reported a presence of a thousand Gujaratis in Malacca ( Malaysia ) prior to 1512. Vowels ( svara ), in their conventional order, are historically grouped into "short" ( hrasva ) and "long" ( dīrgha ) classes, based on

2964-516: The "light" ( laghu ) and "heavy" ( guru ) syllables they create in traditional verse. The historical long vowels ī and ū are no longer distinctively long in pronunciation. Only in verse do syllables containing them assume the values required by meter. Finally, a practice of using inverted mātra s to represent English [æ] and [ɔ] 's has gained ground. ર r , જ j and હ h form the irregular forms of રૂ rū , રુ ru , જી jī and હૃ hṛ . Consonants ( vyañjana ) are grouped in accordance with

3042-499: The 22 scheduled languages of the Union. It is also the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . As of 2011, Gujarati is the 6th most widely spoken language in India by number of native speakers, spoken by 55.5 million speakers which amounts to about 4.5% of the total Indian population. It

3120-801: The Bengal style." Coolie — 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli , name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat. Tank — c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken , or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back

3198-482: The Gujarati script is an abugida . It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of the Devanāgarī script, differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav , tatsam , and loanwords. તદ્ભવ tadbhava , "of

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3276-565: The Old Gujarati script is a handwritten manuscript Adi Parva dating from 1591–92, and the script first appeared in print in a 1797 advertisement. The third phase is the use of script developed for ease and fast writing. The use of shirorekhā (the topline as in Devanagari) was abandoned. Until the 19th century it was used mainly for writing letters and keeping accounts, while the Devanagari script

3354-409: The air completely, and fricatives , which obstruct the air with a narrow channel. Both stops and fricatives are more commonly voiceless than voiced, and are known as obstruents .) In terms of acoustics, nasals are sonorants , which means that they do not significantly restrict the escape of air (as it can freely escape out the nose). However, nasals are also obstruents in their articulation because

3432-667: The apparent instability of nasal correspondences throughout Niger–Congo compared with, for example, Indo-European. This analysis comes at the expense, in some languages, of postulating either a single nasal consonant that can only be syllabic, or a larger set of nasal vowels than oral vowels, both typologically odd situations. The way such a situation could develop is illustrated by a Jukunoid language , Wukari . Wukari allows oral vowels in syllables like ba, mba and nasal vowels in bã, mã , suggesting that nasals become prenasalized stops before oral vowels. Historically, however, *mb became **mm before nasal vowels, and then reduced to *m, leaving

3510-425: The archaic speech of mythological figures (and perhaps not even that in the case of Quileute). This is an areal feature , only a few hundred years old, where nasals became voiced stops ( [m] became [b] , [n] became [d] , [ɳ] became [ɖ] , [ɲ] became [ɟ] , [ŋ] became [g] , [ŋʷ] became [gʷ] , [ɴ] became [ɢ] , etc.) after colonial contact. For example, "Snohomish" is currently pronounced sdohobish , but

3588-415: The auxiliary stem ch -, and the possessive marker - n -. Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are: These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə. A major phonological change

3666-451: The basis of Central Catalan forms such as sang [saŋ] , although the only minimal pairs involve foreign proper nouns . Also, among many younger speakers of Rioplatense Spanish , the palatal nasal has been lost, replaced by a cluster [nj] , as in English canyon . In Brazilian Portuguese and Angolan Portuguese /ɲ/ , written ⟨nh⟩ , is typically pronounced as [ȷ̃] ,

3744-449: The carrying of dentals. See Indian English . As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow

3822-662: The current asymmetric distribution. In older speakers of the Tlingit language , [l] and [n] are allophones. Tlingit is usually described as having an unusual, perhaps unique lack of /l/ despite having five lateral obstruents ; the older generation could be argued to have /l/ but at the expense of having no nasals. Several of languages surrounding Puget Sound , such as Quileute (Chimakuan family), Lushootseed (Salishan family), and Makah (Wakashan family), are truly without any nasalization whatsoever, in consonants or vowels, except in special speech registers such as baby talk or

3900-464: The end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule , and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India . Besides the category of new ideas

3978-476: The flow of air through the mouth is blocked. This duality, a sonorant airflow through the nose along with an obstruction in the mouth, means that nasal occlusives behave both like sonorants and like obstruents. For example, nasals tend to pattern with other sonorants such as [r] and [l] , but in many languages, they may develop from or into stops. Acoustically, nasals have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz. 1. ^ The symbol ⟨ n ⟩

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4056-645: The following three historical stages: Old Gujarātī ( જૂની ગુજરાતી ; 1200 CE–1500 CE), which descended from prakrit and the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars , who were residing and ruling in Gujarat , Punjab, Rajputana , and central India. The language was used as literary language as early as the 12th century. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. It had three genders , as Gujarati does today, and by around

4134-463: The former mill towns within Lancashire . A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda , where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships . Most, with British passports , settled in the UK. Gujarati is offered as

4212-400: The impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ] . Bungalow — 1676, from Gujarati bangalo , from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in

4290-592: The native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have become a diaspora community, such as East Africa ( Swahili ), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati. The Linguistic Survey of India noted nearly two dozen dialects of Gujarati: Standard, Old, Standard Ahmedabad, Standard Broach, Nāgarī, Bombay, Suratī, Anāvla or Bhāṭelā, Eastern Broach, Pārsī, Carotarī, Pāṭīdārī, Vaḍodarī, Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī, Thar and Parkar, Cutch, Kāṭhiyāvāḍī, Musalmān (Vhorāsī and Kharwā), Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍī. Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems,

4368-453: The nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of

4446-558: The neuter ũ . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ , a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ – to admit (fault), kharīdvũ – to buy, kharǎcvũ – to spend (money), gujarvũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā , neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z

4524-469: The nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked (occluded) by the lips or tongue. The oral cavity still acts as a resonance chamber for the sound. Rarely, non-occlusive consonants may be nasalized . Most nasals are voiced , and in fact, the nasal sounds [n] and [m] are among the most common sounds cross-linguistically. Voiceless nasals occur in a few languages such as Burmese , Welsh , Icelandic and Guaraní . (Compare oral stops , which block off

4602-433: The obsolete (short i, u vs. long ī, ū ; r̥ , ru ; ś , ṣ ), and lacks notations for innovations ( /e/ vs. /ɛ/ ; /o/ vs. /ɔ/ ; clear vs. murmured vowels). Contemporary Gujarati uses English punctuation , such as the question mark , exclamation mark , comma , and full stop . Apostrophes are used for the rarely written clitic . Quotation marks are not as often used for direct quotes. The full stop replaced

4680-583: The oldest surviving manuscripts in Avestan script. Today, Avestan is most commonly typeset in Gujarati script ( Gujarati being the traditional language of the Indian Zoroastrians). Some Avestan letters with no corresponding symbol are synthesized with additional diacritical marks, for example, the /z/ in zaraθuštra is written with /j/ + dot below. Miller (2010) presented a theory that the indigenous scripts of Sumatra ( Indonesia ), Sulawesi (Indonesia) and

4758-476: The only language in existence that contrasts nasals at seven distinct points of articulation. Yélî Dnye also has an extreme contrast of /m, mʷ, mʲ, mʷʲ, n̪, n̪͡m, n̠, n̠͡m, n̠ʲ, ŋ, ŋʷ, ŋʲ, ŋ͡m/. The term 'nasal occlusive' (or 'nasal stop') is generally abbreviated to nasal . However, there are also nasalized fricatives, nasalized flaps, nasal glides , and nasal vowels , as in French, Portuguese, and Polish. In

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4836-489: The phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it

4914-429: The picture somewhat to assume that nasalization in occlusives is allophonic. There is then a second step in claiming that nasal vowels nasalize oral occlusives, rather than oral vowels denasalizing nasal occlusives, that is, whether [mã, mba] are phonemically /mbã, mba/ without full nasals, or /mã, ma/ without prenasalized stops. Postulating underlying oral or prenasalized stops rather than true nasals helps to explain

4992-563: The proceeding consonant, forming compound or conjunct letters. The formation of these conjuncts follows a system of rules depending on the consonants involved. In accordance with all the other Indic scripts , Gujarati is written from left to right, and is not case-sensitive. The Gujarati script is basically phonemic , with a few exceptions. First out of these is the written representation of non-pronounced a' s, which are of three types. Secondly and most importantly, being of Sanskrit-based Devanagari, Gujarati's script retains notations for

5070-455: The same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be ( see Portuguese India , Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka ). Comparatively,

5148-643: The spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: તત્સમ tatsama , "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan , it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as

5226-423: The states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Delhi . According to British historian and philologist William Tisdall , who was an early scholar of Gujarati grammar , three major varieties of Gujarati exist: a standard 'Hindu' dialect, a ' Parsi ' dialect and a ' Muslim ' dialect. However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to

5304-422: The tables below. Hovering the mouse cursor over them will reveal the appropriate IPA symbol. Finally, there are three Misplaced Pages-specific additions: f is used interchangeably with ph , representing the widespread realization of /pʰ/ as [f] ; â and ô for novel characters ઍ [æ] and ઑ [ɔ] ; ǎ for [ə] 's where elision is uncertain. See Gujarati phonology for further clarification. Gujarati script

5382-463: The time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name Old Western Rajasthani, based upon the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct. Factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after

5460-687: The traditional vertical bar , and the colon , mostly obsolete in its Sanskritic capacity (see below ), follows the European usage. The Zoroastrians of India, who represent one of the largest surviving Zoroastrian communities worldwide, would transcribe Avestan in Nagri script -based scripts as well as the Avestan alphabet . This is a relatively recent development first seen in the c.  12th century texts of Neryosang Dhaval and other Parsi Sanskritist theologians of that era, and which are roughly contemporary with

5538-482: The traditional, linguistically based Sanskrit scheme of arrangement, which considers the usage and position of the tongue during their pronunciation . In sequence, these categories are: velar , palatal , retroflex , dental , labial , sonorant and fricative . Among the first five groups, which contain the stops , the ordering starts with the unaspirated voiceless , then goes on through aspirated voiceless, unaspirated voiced , and aspirated voiced, ending with

5616-499: The vowel or become a nasal diphthong ( mambembe [mɐ̃ˈbẽjbi] , outside the final , only in Brazil, and mantém [mɐ̃ˈtẽj ~ mɐ̃ˈtɐ̃j] in all Portuguese dialects). The Japanese syllabary kana ん, typically romanized as n and occasionally m , can manifest as one of several different nasal consonants depending on what consonant follows it; this allophone, colloquially written in IPA as /N/ ,

5694-505: The widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested dialects and regional variations in naming. Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki (Ghisadi) are also often cited as additional varieties of Gujarati. Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi . In addition, the Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly. Furthermore, words used by

5772-480: Was adapted from the Nagari script to write the Gujarati language. The Gujarati language and script developed in three distinct phases — 10th to 15th century, 15th to 17th century and 17th to 19th century. The first phase is marked by use of Prakrit , Apabramsa and its variants such as Paisaci , Shauraseni , Magadhi and Maharashtri . In second phase, Old Gujarati script was in wide use. The earliest known document in

5850-526: Was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Gujarati is U+0A80–U+0AFF: Further details regarding how to use Unicode for creating Gujarati script can be found on Wikibooks: How to use Unicode in creating Gujarati script . [REDACTED] The Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) code-page identifier for Gujarati script

5928-965: Was the deletion of final ə , such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of - o developed. In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition. In 1920s, the efforts to standardise Gujarati were carried out. Of the approximately 62 million speakers of Gujarati in 2022, roughly 60 million resided in India, 250,000 in Tanzania , 210,000 in Kenya, and some thousands in Pakistan. Many Gujarati speakers in Pakistan are shifting to Urdu; however, some Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Mahatma Gandhi used Gujarati to serve as

6006-586: Was transcribed with nasals in the first English-language records. The only other places in the world where this is known to occur are in Melanesia. In the central dialect of the Rotokas language of Bougainville Island, nasals are only used when imitating foreign accents. (A second dialect has a series of nasals.) The Lakes Plain languages of West Irian are similar. The unconditioned loss of nasals, as in Puget Sound,

6084-483: Was used for literature and academic writings. It is also known as the śarāphī (banker's), vāṇiāśāī (merchant's) or mahājanī (trader's) script. This script became the basis of the modern script. Later the same script was adopted by writers of manuscripts. Jain community also promoted its use for copying religious texts by hired writers. The Gujarati writing system is an abugida , in which each base consonantal character possesses an inherent vowel, that vowel being

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