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44-451: The city council of Parma commissioned Benedetto Antelami to build the baptistery in 1196. The attachment of the citizens to the project was tactile. Men put stones in the foundation to commemorate their families. The outside of pink Verona marble is octagonal with four tiers of open loggias. Eight turrets crown the top of the building. In May 2022 the tallest underwent a 3D aerial scan to support conservation work. The lowest part of

88-452: A number of European countries. Parma is twinned with: Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily ( Ancient Greek : Διόδωρος , romanized :  Diódōros ; fl.  1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian from Sicily . He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica , in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact, between 60 and 30 BC. The history

132-602: A shield, or from its metaphorical function as a shield against the Gauls to the north, remains uncertain. The Roman colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina ( Modena ); 2,000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia and the Via Claudia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In April 43 BC the city was destroyed. Subsequently Augustus rebuilt it. During

176-410: A strong reputation in the scientific field, given that Fathers Giuseppe Biancani , Niccolò Cabeo and Mario Bettinus , all members of the order, taught there. The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612 Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th century, after

220-699: A thriving economy, and the food sector is very developed. Some of the players in this sector include Barilla , which is based in the city. Chiesi Farmaceutici , in the pharma industry, is headquartered in Parma. The European Food Safety Authority is also based in Parma. Parma railway station is on the Milan–Bologna railway system. The Parma trolleybus system has been in operation since 1953. It replaced an earlier tramway network, and presently comprises four trolleybus routes. Aeroporto Internazionale di Parma , Parma's airport, offers commercial flights to cities in

264-585: A treaty between Parma and Piacenza of 1149 is the earliest document of a comune headed by consuls . After the Peace of Constance in 1183 confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance, long-standing quarrels with the neighbouring communes of Reggio Emilia , Piacenza and Cremona became harsher, with the aim of controlling the vital trading line over the Po River . The struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines

308-519: Is a Serie A (first division) football club. It replaced Parma F.C. , which went bankrupt in 2015. It plays in the city's Stadio Ennio Tardini , which opened in 1923 and seats up to 23,000. Parma's other sport team is the rugby union club Zebre which competes in Pro14 , one of the top rugby competitions in the world. Parma also is home to two rugby union teams in the top national division, Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby . Parma Panthers

352-507: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Parma Parma ( Italian: [ˈparma] ; Parmigiano : Pärma [ˈpɛːʁmɐ] ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture , music , art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second most populous city in Emilia-Romagna after Bologna,

396-559: Is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy , arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers the time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great . The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca , meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors. According to his own work, he

440-543: Is the Parma American football team which provided the basis for John Grisham 's book Playing for Pizza . Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi is the ground of rugby and American football teams. Pallavolo Parma and Parma Baseball are other sports teams in the city. Nino Cavalli Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Parma. It is the home stadium of Parma Baseball of the Italian Baseball League . Parma has

484-616: The Etruscans , for a parma or palma (circular shield) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and the names Parmeal , Parmni and Parmnial appear in Etruscan inscriptions. Diodorus Siculus reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment acquired its name from its round shape, like

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528-610: The Holy Roman Empire created by Charlemagne , but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the Papacy and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party. Two of its bishops became antipopes : Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as Honorius II ; and Guibert, as Clement III . An almost independent commune was created around 1140;

572-669: The Lombard Kingdom of Italy. During the Middle Ages, Parma became an important stage of the Via Francigena , the main road connecting Rome to Northern Europe; several castles, hospitals and inns were built in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims who passed by Parma and Fidenza, following the Apennines via Collecchio, Berceto and the Corchia ranges before descending

616-501: The Mediterranean Sea acting as a barrier to the sea air. The city receives approximately 45 cm of snow each winter. On 1 January 2016, there were 192,836 resident citizens in Parma, of whom 47.64% were male and 52.36% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totalled 16.46% of the population; this is compared to pensioners, who numbered 22.64%. This compares with the Italian average of 17.45% and 22.04% respectively. In

660-650: The Roman Empire , it gained the title of Julia for its loyalty to the imperial house. Attila sacked the city in 452, and the Germanic king Odoacer later gifted it to his followers. During the Gothic War , however, Totila destroyed it. It was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna (changing its name to Chrysopolis , "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the imperial treasury) and, from 569, of

704-483: The "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium ( Inscriptiones Graecae XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius" (“ Διόδωρος ∙ Ἀπολλωνίου ”) . The final work attributed to him is from 21 BC. Diodorus' universal history , which he named Bibliotheca historica ( Ancient Greek : Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική , "Historical Library"), was immense and consisted of 40 books, of which 1–5 and 11–20 survive: fragments of

748-501: The 14th century. An altar in marble is located in the eastern apsidal niche. Above the altar, in the semi-dome, is a "Christ in Glory" surrounded by the symbols of the four evangelists and two angels. 44°48′11″N 10°19′49″E  /  44.80308°N 10.33041°E  / 44.80308; 10.33041 This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Italy

792-569: The 19th century. Between the 14th and the 15th centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The Battle of Fornovo was fought in its territory. The French held the city in 1500–1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512–1515. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the Papal States until 1545. In that year the Farnese pope, Paul III , detached Parma and Piacenza from

836-725: The Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by Giambattista Bodoni , aided by the Amoretti Brothers as skilled and inspired punchcutters. During the Napoleonic Wars (1802–1814), Parma was annexed to France and made capital of the Taro Department . Under its French name, Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l'Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance ,

880-635: The Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished in 1926). After the restoration of the Duchy of Parma by the 1814–15 Vienna Congress , the Risorgimento 's upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. In 1847, after Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 's death, it passed again to the House of Bourbon , the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On 15 September 1859

924-693: The Papal States and gave them as a duchy to his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese , whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when Antonio Farnese , last male of the Farnese line, died. In 1594 a constitution was promulgated, the University enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. There was also an important Jesuit college in Parma: it was the largest owned by the order in the entire region of Emilia-Romagna and it acquired

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968-562: The Passo della Cisa into Tuscany, heading finally south toward Rome. The city had a medieval Jewish community. The Palatine Library houses the largest collection of Hebrew manuscripts in Italy, and the second-largest in the world after the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Under Frankish rule, Parma became the capital of a county in 774. Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of

1012-522: The Redeemer sitting on a throne. The "Portale della Vita" or Door of Life faces south, and the scene in its lunette shows a man eating honey in a tree. The most striking part of the Baptistery is its painted domed ceiling. The vault is divided into six concentric horizontal bands, with a different series of frescoes in each. The red circle in the middle represents the upper heaven. Sixteen rays come down from

1056-717: The baptistery is encircled with bas-relief sculptures of animals, fabulous beasts, sea monsters, centaurs, mermaids, and unicorns. The "Portal of the Virgin" faces north and overlooks the Piazza del Duomo. It is named after the figure of the Virgin and Child in the lunette above it. The door is decorated with scenes of the Adoration of the Magi and an angel instructing Joseph to flee to Egypt. The Bishop used to make his solemn entrance through here. The "Portal of Judgment" faces west. The lunette above depicts

1100-426: The city rose a terramare . The "terramare" (marl earth) were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form; constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age (between 1500 BC and 800 BC) the first necropolis (on the sites of the present-day Piazza Duomo and Piazzale della Macina) were constructed. The city was most probably founded and named by

1144-564: The city, in which a notable General Strike was declared from 1 May to 6 June 1908. The struggle with Fascism had its most dramatic moment in August 1922, when the regime officer Italo Balbo attempted to enter the popular quarter of Oltretorrente. The citizens organized into the Arditi del Popolo ("The people's daring ones") and pushed back the squadristi . This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy. During World War II , Parma

1188-558: The control of Milan in 1341. After a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family (1404–1409), the Sforza imposed their rule (1440–1449) through their associated families of Pallavicino , Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio. These created a kind of new feudalism , building towers and castles throughout the city and the land. These fiefs evolved into truly independent states: the Landi governed

1232-592: The defeat of Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the Sanseverino in Colorno was turned into a luxurious summer palace by Ferdinando Bibiena . In the Treaty of London (1718) it was promulgated that the heir to the combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza would be Elisabeth Farnese 's elder son with Philip V of Spain , Don Carlos . In 1731,

1276-485: The dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered the newly formed province of Emilia under Luigi Carlo Farini . With the plebiscite of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy . The loss of the capital role provoked an economic and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the railway connection with Piacenza and Bologna of 1859, and with Fornovo and Suzzara in 1883. Trade unions were strong in

1320-521: The fifteen-year-old Don Carlos became Charles I Duke of Parma and Piacenza, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother Philip (Filippo I di Borbone-Parma) . All the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, Colorno and Sala Baganza were moved to Naples . Parma

1364-415: The fourteen years between 2002 and 2016, the population of Parma experienced 17.72% growth, while Italy as a whole grew by 6.45%. In the same period foreign born residents in Parma experienced +385.02% growth, while in Italy growth was of +274.75%. The current birth rate of Parma is 8.62 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 8.01 births. As of 1 January 2016 , 84.09% of

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1408-501: The higher Taro 's valley from 1257 to 1682. The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in Busseto . Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805, and San Secondo belonged to the Rossi well into

1452-457: The keystone, each corresponding to an arch. The lower part of the interior contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes and paintings , many as ex votos . The large, octagonal baptismal basin stands the center. Made of Verona marble, it was designed for baptism by immersion. A baptismal font, located in the south-western niche, has been used for baptism by affusion since

1496-568: The lost books are preserved in Photius and the Excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus . It was divided into three sections. The first six books treated the mythic history of the non- Hellenic and Hellenic tribes to the destruction of Troy and are geographical in theme, and describe the history and culture of Ancient Egypt (book I), of Mesopotamia , India , Scythia , and Arabia (II), of North Africa (III), and of Greece and Europe (IV–VI). In

1540-581: The monument to Verdi . However, Parma did not see widespread destruction during the war. Parma was liberated from the German occupation (1943–1945) on 26 April 1945 by the partisan resistance and the Brazilian Expeditionary Force . In Parma, the average annual high temperature is 17 °C (63 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 777 millimetres (30.59 inches). The following data comes from

1584-407: The next section (books VII–XVII), he recounts the history of the world from the Trojan War down to the death of Alexander the Great . The last section (books XVII to the end) concerns the historical events from the successors of Alexander down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Julius Caesar 's Gallic Wars . (The end has been lost, so it is unclear whether Diodorus reached the beginning of

1628-808: The population was Italian . The largest foreign group came from other parts of Europe (namely Moldova , Romania , Albania , and Ukraine : 6.45%), followed by Sub-Saharan Africa (namely Ghana , Nigeria and Ivory Coast : 1.81%), North Africa (namely Morocco and Tunisia : 1.46%) and the Philippines : 1.33%. Parma is famous for its food and rich gastronomical tradition: two of its specialties are Parmigiano Reggiano cheese (also produced in Reggio Emilia ) and Prosciutto di Parma ("Parma ham"), both given Protected designation of origin status. Parma also claims several stuffed pasta dishes, such as tortelli d'erbetta and anolini in brodo . In 2004, Parma

1672-469: The region's capital. The city is home to the University of Parma , one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name . The district on the west side of the river is Oltretorrente . Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma . Parma was already a built-up area in the Bronze Age . In the current position of

1716-427: The weather station located at the university in the city center. It is affected by the urban heat island phenomenon. Parma has a mid-latitude , four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) with heavy continental influences due to the city's inland position. Relatively nearby coastal areas like Genoa have far milder climates with cooler summers and milder winters, with the mountains separating Parma from

1760-566: Was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her podestà was the Guelph Rambertino Buvalelli . Then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor Frederick II , who was however crushed in the battle that ensued. By 1328, Rolando de' Rossi was made signore of Parma. In 1331, the city submitted to King John of Bohemia . Parma fell under

1804-785: Was a strong centre of partisan resistance. The train station and marshalling yards were targets for high altitude bombing by the Allies in the spring of 1944. Much of the Palazzo della Pilotta , situated not far (half a mile) from the train station, was destroyed. Along with it the Teatro Farnese and part of the Biblioteca Palatina were destroyed by Allied bombs; some 21,000 volumes of the library's collection were lost. Several other monuments were also damaged: Palazzo del Giardino, Steccata and San Giovanni churches, Palazzo Ducale, Paganini theater and

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1848-1422: Was appointed the seat of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and was appointed to the Creative Cities Network as UNESCO City of Gastronomy. Parma also has two food multinationals, Barilla and Parmalat , and a medium-large food tourism sector, represented by Parma Golosa and Food Valley companies. The comune (municipality) of Parma is subdivided into a number of frazioni : Alberi, Baganzola, Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestano, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Colorno, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Fontanellato,Fontevivo,Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, Malandriano, Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa, San Pancrazio , San Prospero, San Ruffino, San Secondo, Sissa, Soragna, Terenzo, Tizzano Val Parma, Traversetolo, Trecasali, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, Vicomero, Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante. Parma Calcio 1913 , founded in 2015,

1892-496: Was born in Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about his life and doings beyond his written works. Only Jerome , in his Chronicon under the "year of Abraham 1968" (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". However, his English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather , remarks on

1936-524: Was under French influence after the Peace of Aachen (1748). Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister Guillaume du Tillot . He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the Biblioteca Palatina (Palatine Library), the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and

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