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107-399: The park was established by Phillippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres , a cousin of King Louis XVI , fabulously wealthy, and active in court politics and society. In 1769 he had begun purchasing the land where the park is located. In 1778, he decided to create a public park, and employed the writer and painter Louis Carrogis Carmontelle to design the gardens. The Duke was a close friend of

214-490: A break, since it was his favourite subject, himself. I wasn't at all displeased. ... It seemed to me that he was exactly the man I needed to fight against the ideas and prejudices of a whole school of economics, against devious people and skeptics coming from the Stock Market, against those who were not very scrupulous about their methods; he was just the man. Whereas a gentleman of the most elevated spirit, cleverness, with

321-445: A carriage while in exile, but he wanted to build on a much larger scale. Working with Haussmann and Adolphe Alphand , the engineer who headed the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, he laid out a plan for four major parks at the cardinal points of the compass around the city. Thousands of workers and gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds, trees, and construct chalets and grottoes. Napoleon III created

428-464: A chemistry laboratory," as described by Carmontelle. In addition to the follies, the garden featured servants dressed in oriental and other exotic costumes, and unusual animals, such as camels. Though the Folly was (and is) frequently described as an Anglo-Chinese or English garden, its architect, Carmontelle, had a very different view. In his work, Jardin de Monceau, près de Paris , (1779), he wrote: "It

535-472: A degree the boulevard system was planned as a mechanism for the easy deployment of troops and artillery, but its main purpose was to help relieve traffic congestion in a dense city and interconnect its landmark buildings. He and Haussmann met almost every day to discuss the projects and overcome the enormous obstacles and opposition they faced as they built the new Paris. The population of Paris had doubled since 1815, with no increase in its area. To accommodate

642-685: A deputy of the National Convention : Georges Frédéric Dentzel  [ fr ] , a baron of Napoleon's First Empire . He began his schooling at the Collège Henri-IV and at the Lycée Condorcet in Paris, and then began to study law. At the same time, he studied music as a student at the Paris Conservatory , as he was a talented musician. Haussmann joined his father as an insurgent in

749-628: A hub for social life in Paris. As the Parisian police had no authority to enter the Duke's private property, it became a hub for illegal activity, such as trade in stolen goods, suspicious deals, and the spread of revolutionary ideas. In fact, it was a common place for Jacobins to meet and discuss their plans and ideas. Many members of the National Assembly claimed that the Palais-Royal was the "birthplace of

856-460: A member of the French Senate and to give him an honorary title, as he had done for some of his generals. Haussmann asked for the title of baron, which, as he said in his memoirs, had been the title of his maternal grandfather, Georges Frédéric, Baron Dentzel, a general under Napoleon I, of whom Haussmann was the only living male descendant. According to his memoirs, he joked that he might consider

963-514: A pamphlet outlining the process to be followed in the setting up of local assemblies, the sale of artwork to provide funds for poor relief and an incident during the Reveillon riots where he scattered coins amongst a cheering crowd. Philippe d'Orléans was elected to the Estates General of 1789 by three districts: by the nobility of Paris, Villers-Cotterêts, and Crépy-en-Valois . As a noble in

1070-448: A plebiscite overwhelmingly approved Napoleon's assumption of the throne, and he soon began searching for a new prefect of the Seine to carry out his Paris reconstruction program. The emperor's minister of the interior, Victor de Persigny , interviewed the prefects of Rouen, Lille, Lyon, Marseille and Bordeaux for the Paris post. In his memoirs, he described his interview with Haussmann: "It

1177-737: A plot to visit the Austrians , who were an enemy of France. Although there was no evidence that convicted Égalité himself of treason, the simple relationship that his son had with Dumouriez, a traitor in the eyes of the Convention, was enough to get him and Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais arrested on 4 April 1793, and the other members of the Bourbon family still in France on the days after. He spent several months incarcerated at Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille until he

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1284-639: A statue which had originally stood in the square of the Théâtre-Français ; Gounod , also by Antonin Mercié (1902); Ambroise Thomas by Alexandre Falguière (1900); and Chopin by Froment-Meurice (1906). An arcade of the old Paris Hotel de Ville , burned by the Communards in 1871, was placed near the colonnade of Carmontelle. The park is unusual in France due to its "English" style : its informal layout, curved walkways and randomly placed statues distinguish it from

1391-461: Is likely that Lafayette viewed d'Orléans as a threat to his control of the revolutionary politics and that he intended to get Philippe out of the country. At first, it was difficult to convince d'Orléans to leave France during these troubling times, but after strong pressure and enticement from Lafayette, he ended up leaving. Throughout his weeks in exile, he wrote several letters expressing his strong desire to return to France. After spending months in

1498-433: Is not necessary for gardens or nature to be presented in the most agreeable forms. It's necessary instead to preserve the charm that one encounters entering the garden, and to renew it with each step, so that the visitor in his soul will have the desire to revisit the garden every day and to possess it for himself. The true art is to know how to keep the visitors there, through a variety of objects, otherwise they will go to

1605-514: The 1869 elections , and increased its criticism of Haussmann. Napoleon III gave in to the criticism and named an opposition leader and fierce critic of Haussmann, Emile Ollivier , as his new prime minister. Haussmann was invited to resign. Haussmann refused to resign, and was relieved of his duties by the Emperor. Six months later, during the Franco-German War , Napoleon III was captured by

1712-625: The 64-gun Solitaire . When the Anglo-French War broke out in 1778, Orléans was Lieutenant général des Armées navales , in charge of an entire squadron. He commanded the Blue squadron that formed the rear of the French fleet under Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers , with his flag on the 80-gun Saint-Esprit . At the Battle of Ushant , on 27 July 1778, the French fleet fought in inverted order, putting

1819-647: The Bois de Boulogne (1852–58) to the west of Paris, the Bois de Vincennes (1860–65) to the east, the Parc des Buttes Chaumont (1865–67) to the north, and Parc Montsouris (1865–78) to the south. In addition to building the four large parks, Haussmann had the city's older parks, including Parc Monceau , formerly owned by the Orleans family, and the Jardin du Luxembourg , refurbished and replanted. He created twenty small parks and gardens in

1926-621: The Bois de Boulogne , to the west of Paris. His prefect of the Seine, Berger, protested that Paris did not have the money. At this point, Napoleon dismissed Berger and hired Haussmann, and Haussmann looked for a better way to finance his projects. Napoleon III was especially anxious to finish the extension of rue de Rivoli from the Louvre to the Hotel de Ville, before the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1855 . Napoleon III demanded

2033-624: The French landscape garden built at about the same time, including the Desert de Retz , the gardens of the Château de Bagatelle and the Folie Saint James . Carmontelle employed a German landscape architect named Etickhausen and the architect of the Duke, Bernard Poyet , to build the follies. The intention of the garden was to surprise and amaze visitors. This goal was clearly stated by Carmontelle: "It

2140-653: The July Revolution of 1830, which deposed the Bourbon king Charles X in favor of his cousin, Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans . He was married on 17 October 1838 in Bordeaux to Octavie de Laharpe. They had two daughters: Henriette, who married the banker Camille Dollfus in 1860, and Valentine, who married Vicomte Maurice Pernéty, the chief of staff of his department, in 1865. Valentine divorced Pernéty in 1891. She then married Georges Renouard (1843–1897). On 21 May 1831, Haussmann began his career in public administration. He

2247-704: The Lot-et-Garonne Department at Nérac on 9 October 1832, the Ariège Department at Saint-Girons on 19 February 1840, and the Gironde Department at Blaye on 23 November 1841. After the 1848 Revolution swept away the July Monarchy, establishing the Second Republic in its place, Haussmann's fortunes changed. In 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte , the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte , became

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2354-586: The National Assembly , Philippe was one of the first to join them and was a very important figure in the unification of the nobility and the Third Estate. In fact, he led his minority group of 47 nobles to secede from their estate and join the National Assembly. One of the main accusations thrown at Philippe d'Orléans was the initiation of the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, which people believed

2461-624: The Paris Commune , the park was the site of a massacre of Communards by army troops. Claude Monet painted a series of three paintings of the park in the spring of 1876. He painted three further paintings of the park in 1878. Hector Berlioz was also fond of the park. During the Third Republic , Park Monceau was decorated with many statues of writers and musicians; notably a statue of Maupassant by Raoul Verlet (1897); Pailleron by Leopold Bernstamm (1906); Musset by Antonin Mercié (1906),

2568-753: The Second Estate , he was the head of the liberal minority under the guidance of Adrien Duport . Although he was a member of the Second Estate, he felt a strong connection to the Third Estate , as they comprised the majority of the members in the Estates-General, yet were the most underrepresented. When the Third Estate decided to take the Tennis Court Oath and break away from the Estates General to form

2675-482: The chevalier de Saint-Paul and chevalier d'Orléans . In 18th-century France, it was very common for royal princes to receive high positions in the military. From a young age, Philippe d'Orléans displayed his interest in naval matters, and he received three years of training in the navy . In 1776, he held the rank of Chef d'Escadre , and commanded one of the three divisions of the Escadre d'évolution , with his flag on

2782-574: The Beaujon neighbourhood of Paris, the son of Nicolas-Valentin Haussmann and of Ève-Marie-Henriette-Caroline Dentzel, both of German families. His paternal grandfather Nicolas Haussmann  [ fr ] was a deputy of the Legislative Assembly and National Convention, an administrator of the department of Seine-et-Oise and a commissioner to the army. His maternal grandfather was a general and

2889-597: The Blood . He was styled as Serene Highness ( French : Son Altesse Sérénissime ). In 1792, during the Revolution , Louis Philippe changed his name to Philippe Égalité . He was a cousin of King Louis XVI and one of the wealthiest men in France. He actively supported the Revolution of 1789, and was a strong advocate for the elimination of the present absolute monarchy in favor of a constitutional monarchy . Égalité voted for

2996-484: The Blood, which put him in line for the succession to the throne immediately after the comte d'Artois , the youngest brother of Louis XVI . On 6 June 1769, Louis Philippe married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon at the chapel of the Palace of Versailles . She was the daughter of his cousin, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre , one of the richest men in France. Since it was certain that his wife would become

3103-522: The Blue squadron at the vanguard of the French line of battle. During the battle, Orléans' squadron failed to exploit a gap in the British line, allowing the rear of Keppel 's fleet to escape. Orléans returned to Paris claiming the battle had been a resounding victory, and received a hero's welcome. When it transpired that these claims were overstated, that the battle had been more of a draw, Orléans' credibility suffered an unrecoverable blow. He withdrew from

3210-568: The British Isles d'Orléans returned to France for the Fête de la Fédération ; but he never regained the same influence that he enjoyed in 1789 prior to his departure. Those who did not support him, as well as people overseas, labeled him as a coward for fleeing to England as a result of accusations against him, calling it a period of "exile." However, he was able to keep his position in the National Assembly until it disbanded on 30 September 1791. Due to

3317-605: The Cour des Comptes, which oversaw the finances of the Empire, ruled that the Caisses des Grands Travaux was operating illegally by making "disguised loans" to private companies. The court ruled that such loans had to be approved by the parliament. The parliament was asked to approve a loan of 250 millions francs in 1865, and another 260 million francs in 1869. The members of the opposition were particularly outraged when in 1866 he took away part of

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3424-502: The Duchess of Orléans did not support the Revolution. She was a devout Catholic who supported keeping the monarchy in France, as well as following the orders of Pope Pius VI . This was the causes of one of the rifts of the couple, as their first son, the future "King of the French", followed his father's footsteps and joined the Jacobin faction. During the first few months of their marriage,

3531-425: The Emperor stood by Haussmann. One of the leaders of the parliamentary opposition to Napoleon, Jules Ferry , ridiculed the accounting practices of Haussmann as Les Comptes fantastiques de Haussmann , or "The fantastic accounts of Haussmann", in 1867, a play on words of "Les Contes Fantastiques de Hoffmann", The Fantastical Tales of Hoffmann . The republican opposition to Napoleon III won many parliamentary seats in

3638-449: The Empire and give legislators power. The members of the opposition in the parliament increasingly aimed their criticism of Napoleon III at Haussmann, criticising his spending and high-handed attitude toward the parliament. The cost of the reconstruction projects was also rising rapidly. In December 1858 the Council of State ruled that a property owner whose land was expropriated could retain

3745-473: The Exposition. This was the basic method adopted by Haussmann to finance the reconstruction of Paris. The government expropriated the old buildings, compensated the owners, and private companies built the new streets and buildings, following the standards set by Haussmann. The private companies were often paid for the construction work they did, with city land, which they could then develop and sell. In 1854,

3852-458: The Folies-Bergère ." The subject of the painting is talking to a man, seen in the mirror behind her, but seems disengaged. According to Herbert, this is a symptom of living in Paris at this time: the citizens became detached from one another. "The continuous destruction of physical Paris led to a destruction of social Paris as well." The poet Charles Baudelaire witnessed these changes and wrote

3959-614: The Germans, and the Empire was overthrown. In his memoires, Haussmann had this comment on his dismissal: "In the eyes of the Parisians, who like routine in things but are changeable when it comes to people, I committed two great wrongs; over the course of seventeen years I disturbed their daily habits by turning Paris upside down, and they had to look at the same face of the Prefect in the Hotel de Ville. These were two unforgivable complaints." After

4066-471: The Hotel du Louvre, one of the largest buildings in the city and one of the first modern luxury hotels in Paris. The company also built rows of luxury shops under a covered arcade along the Rue de Rivoli and around the hotel, which they rented to shopkeepers. Construction began immediately. Three thousand workers laboured both day and night for two years to complete the street and hotel, which were finished in time for

4173-573: The King. One of the most astounding events occurred when Philippe took a vote in favor of Louis XVI's execution . He had agreed among close friends that he would vote against his execution, but surrounded by the Montagnards , a radical faction in the National Convention , he turned on his word, to the surprise of many. A majority (75 votes) was necessary to indict the King, and an overwhelming number of 394 votes were collected in favor of his death. The King

4280-637: The Luxembourg to make room for the new avenue between the Luxembourg Gardens and the Observatory, and destroyed the old garden nursery which lay between rue Auguste Comte, rue d'Assas and the avenue de l'Observatoire. When the Emperor and Empress attended a performance at the Odeon Theater, near the Luxembourg gardens, members of the audience shouted "Dismiss Haussmann!" and jeered the Emperor. Nonetheless,

4387-722: The Paris International Exposition of 1867, William I , the King of Prussia , carried back to Berlin a large map showing Haussmann's projects, which influenced the future planning of that city. His work also inspired the City Beautiful Movement in the United States. Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of Central Park in New York, visited the Bois de Boulogne eight times during his 1859 study trip to Europe, and

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4494-524: The Parliament approved another loan of sixty million francs, but Haussmann needed far more for his future projects. On 14 November 1858, Napoleon and Haussmann created the Caisse des travaux de la Ville , specifically to finance the reconstruction projects. It borrowed money at a higher rate of interest than regular city bonds, and used the money to pay private companies, such as that of Pereire brothers, to rebuild

4601-451: The Pereire brothers, and the rest to private investors. In 1850 and 1851, at Napoleon's request, new laws were passed making it easier for Paris to expropriate private land for public purposes. They allowed the city to expropriate, in the public interest, land for new streets, and all of the building sites on both sides of the new streets, an asset of enormous value. The government expropriated

4708-502: The Prince of Wales, later George IV , and a lover of all things English. His intention was to create what was then called an Anglo-Chinese or English garden , on the earlier model of Stowe House in England (1730–1738), with its examples of the architectural folly , or fantastic reconstructions of buildings of different ages and continents. It was similar in style to several other examples of

4815-475: The Revolution." Philippe's goal was to create a place where people could meet, which he argued was a crucial part of democracy and a "physical need for civil life." During the months leading up to the outbreak of revolutionary violence in July 1789, Philippe d'Orléans undertook several personal actions having the effect of increasing his personal standing amongst the population at large. These included his endorsement of

4922-585: The Rue de Rivoli to connect the Louvre with the Hôtel de Ville, to build a wide new avenue, the Boulevard de Strasbourg on a north-south axis, and to complete the central produce market, Les Halles , long unfinished. He approached the Parliament and received authorisation to borrow fifty million francs. The Emperor's ambitions were much greater. He wanted to finish the building of the Louvre and to create an enormous new park,

5029-483: The Seine. On 29 June, the emperor gave him the mission of making the city healthier, less congested and grander. Haussmann held this post until 1870. Napoleon III and Haussmann launched a series of enormous public works projects in Paris, hiring tens of thousands of workers to improve the sanitation, water supply and traffic circulation of the city. Napoleon III installed a huge map of Paris in his office, marked with coloured lines where he wanted new boulevards to be. To

5136-430: The attempted attack on her. Marie Antoinette's daughter Marie-Thérèse shared the same suspicion later writing that, "[t]he principal project was to assassinate my mother". The Marquis de Lafayette , who was very influential in France at the time and a supposed "friend" of d'Orléans, suggested to him to go to the British Isles with the promise that he could potentially become the head of state of Brabant . However, it

5243-420: The center of the park, and the alleys within the park were widened and paved, so carriages could drive in the park. An ornamental gate 8.3 m (27 ft) high was installed along a newly created avenue, boulevard Malesherbes , curving paths were laid out around the park for strolling. The pavillon de Chartres was also modified by the architect, Gabriel Davioud , who had a graceful classical dome added to

5350-416: The central points of the city. Buildings along these avenues were required to be the same height and in a similar style, and to be faced with cream-coloured stone, creating the uniform look of Paris boulevards. Victor Hugo mentioned that it was hardly possible to distinguish what the house in front of you was for: theatre, shop or library. Haussmann managed to rebuild the city in 17 years. "On his own estimation

5457-405: The centre of Paris was the largest such public works project ever undertaken in Europe. Never before had a major city been completely rebuilt when it was still intact. London, Rome, Copenhagen and Lisbon had been rebuilt after major fires or earthquakes. Napoleon III began his grand projects when he was prince-president, when the government had a full treasury. In his 1851 plan, he proposed to extend

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5564-636: The city. "It was a great relief for the city's finances," Haussmann wrote later in his Memoirs "which allowed the city to carry out several grand operations at the same time, with rapid execution, in short more economically." It functioned entirely independently of the parliament, which greatly irritated the members of parliament. Haussmann spent 2.5 billion francs on rebuilding Paris, a sum that staggered his critics. Jules Ferry and other political rivals of Napoleon alleged that Haussmann had recklessly squandered money, and planned poorly. They alleged he had falsified accounts. While Napoleon had hired Haussmann,

5671-521: The construction of a new luxury hotel, to house his imperial guests during the Exposition. Napoleon III and Haussmann turned for funding to two Parisian bankers, Emile Pereire and Isaac Pereire, who had created a bank called Crédit Mobilier . In December 1854, with no time to lose before the opening of the exposition, the Pereire brothers created a new company to construct the street and the hotel. They sold 240,000 shares for one hundred francs each, with 106,665 shares purchased by Credit Mobilier, 42,220 by

5778-438: The couple appeared devoted to each other, but the Duke went back to the life of libertinage he had led before his marriage. The Duke was a well-known womanizer and, like several of his ancestors, such as Louis XIV and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , had several illegitimate children. During the summer of 1772, the Duke began his secret liaison with one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting, Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis ,

5885-491: The death of Louis XVI; however, he was himself guillotined in 1793 during the Reign of Terror . His son, also named Louis Philippe , became King of the French after the July Revolution of 1830. After Louis Philippe II, the term Orléanist came to be attached to the movement in France that favored a constitutional monarchy . Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans was the son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres , and his wife, Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti . Philippe

5992-435: The drains ... Paris changes ... but in sadness like mine nothing stirs—new buildings, old neighbourhoods turn to allegory, and memories weigh more than stone. Haussmann was also criticized for the great cost of his project. Napoleon III deposed Haussmann on 5 January 1870 in order to improve his own flagging popularity. Haussmann was a favourite target of the Situationist's critique. Besides pointing out

6099-429: The fall of Napoleon III, Haussmann spent about a year abroad, but he re-entered public life in 1877, when he became Bonapartist deputy for Ajaccio . His later years were occupied with the preparation of his Mémoires (three volumes, 1890–1893). Haussmann died in Paris on 11 January 1891 at age 81 and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery . His wife, Louise-Octavie de la Harpe, had died just eighteen days earlier. At

6206-424: The first elected president of France. In January 1849, Haussmann travelled to Paris to meet the Minister of the Interior and the new president. He was deemed to be a loyal holdover from the civil service of the July Monarchy, and shortly after their meeting Louis Napoléon granted Haussmann a promotion to prefect of the Var Department at Draguignan . In 1850, he became the prefect of the Yonne Department. In 1851

6313-473: The governess of the couple's twin daughters (born in 1777). One of his best known lovers was Grace Elliott . It was alleged that Lady Edward FitzGerald , born Stephanie Caroline Anne Syms, also known as Pamela , was a natural daughter of the Duke and the Countess of Genlis. He recognized a son he had with Marguerite Françoise Bouvier de la Mothe de Cépoy , comtesse de Buffon , Victor Leclerc de Buffon (6 September 1792 – 20 April 1812), known as

6420-406: The great iron and glass produce market in the centre of the city, and built a new municipal hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu , in the place of crumbling medieval buildings on the Ile de la Cité. The signature architectural landmark was the Paris Opera , the largest theatre in the world, designed by Charles Garnier , crowning the center of Napoleon III's new Paris. When the Empress Eugenie saw the model of

6527-405: The growing population and those who would be forced from the centre by the new boulevards and squares Napoleon III planned to build, he issued a decree annexing eleven surrounding communes, and increasing the number of arrondissements from twelve to twenty, which enlarged the city to its modern boundaries. For the nearly two decades of Napoleon III's reign, and for a decade afterwards, most of Paris

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6634-420: The land that was not specifically needed for the street, greatly increasing the cost of expropriation. Property owners also became much more clever in claiming higher payments for their buildings, often by creating sham shops and businesses within their buildings. The cost of expropriations jumped from 70 million francs for the first projects to about 230 million francs for the second wave of projects. In 1858,

6741-461: The land, with buildings, that it needed to build the new street and hotel. The owners were paid a price set by an arbitration board. The government then sold the land and buildings to the company established by the Pereire brothers, which tore down the old buildings, constructed a new street, sidewalks and a new square, the Place du Palais Royale. They built new buildings along the new street, and sold them or rented them to new owners. They constructed

6848-476: The liberal ideology that separated Philippe d'Orléans from the rest of his royal family, he always felt uncomfortable with his name. He felt that the political connotations associated with his name did not match his democratic and Enlightenment philosophies, thus he requested that the Paris Commune allow his name to be changed, which was granted. Shortly after the September Massacres in 1792, he changed his surname to Égalité , ("equality" in English). As one of

6955-537: The more traditional, French-style garden . It includes a collection of scaled-down architectural features, or follies — including an Egyptian pyramid , a Chinese fort , a Dutch windmill , and Corinthian pillars. A number of these are masonic references, reflecting the fact that Philippe d'Orléans was a leading freemason . Parc Monceau includes statues of famous French figures including Guy de Maupassant , Frédéric Chopin , Charles Gounod , Ambroise Thomas , Alfred de Musset , and Edouard Pailleron . Today,

7062-412: The morning on 6 October a group of protesters entered the palace through an unguarded gate, searching for the queen's bedchamber, they were quickly followed by many and fighting with royal guards flared in the halls and outside the queen's apartments. Marie Antoinette and her ladies barely escaped to the king's bedchamber in front of the violent intruders; the queen was suspicious that d'Orléans had arranged

7169-512: The most powerful Masonic Obedience in worldwide Continental Freemasonry (which now stands opposed to the " Regular " Freemasonry of the United Grand Lodge of England and the majority of lodges in the United States of America), from 1771 to 1793, even though he did not attend a meeting until 1777. He later distanced himself from Freemasonry in a letter dated January 1793, and the Grand Orient vacated his position on 13 December 1793 (however, Philippe had already been executed weeks before). Philippe

7276-481: The most straight and noble character, would inevitably fail, this vigorous athlete ... full of audacity and skill, capable of opposing expedients with better expedients, traps with more clever traps, would certainly succeed. I told him about the Paris works and offered to put him in charge." Persigny sent him to Napoleon III with the recommendation that he was exactly the man needed to carry out his renewal plans for Paris. On 22 June 1853, Napoleon made him prefect of

7383-455: The navy and asked the army if they could give him a position, but it was denied. In August 1787 the Duke of Orléans and his secretary Charles-Louis Ducrest, the brother of Madame de Genlis, came up with proposals to improve the financial situation of France. Philippe d'Orléans became a member of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution , and strongly adhered to the principles of Denis Diderot , Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau . He

7490-429: The neighbourhoods, as miniature versions of his large parks. Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons." The intention of Napoleon's plan was to have one park in each of the eighty neighbourhoods of Paris, so no one was more than 10 minutes walk from a park. The parks were an immediate success with all classes of Parisians. To thank Haussmann for his work, Napoleon III proposed in 1857 to make Haussmann

7597-445: The new boulevards and open spaces displaced 350,000 people; ... by 1870 one-fifth of the streets in central Paris were his creation; he had spent ... 2.5 billion francs on the city; ... one in five Parisian workers was employed in the building trade". To connect the city with the rest of France, Napoleon III built two new railroad stations: the Gare de Lyon (1855) and the Gare du Nord (1864). He completed Les Halles ,

7704-486: The niece of Madame de Montesson , the morganatic wife of Philippe's father. Passionate at first, the liaison cooled within a few months and, by the spring of 1773, was reported to be "dead". After the romantic affair was over, Madame de Genlis remained in the service of Marie-Adélaïde at the Palais-Royal , a trusted friend to both the Duke and the Duchess. They both appreciated her intelligence and, in July 1779, she became

7811-450: The north entrance. The park is listed as grade II semi-private and the six private residences located directly on the park have twenty-four-hour access to the grounds. The entrance to Paris Métro station Monceau is located at the park's main entrance on Boulevard de Courcelles. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orl%C3%A9ans Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Louis Philippe Joseph; 13 April 1747 – 6 November 1793),

7918-525: The opera house, and asked the architect what the style was, Garnier said simply, "Napoleon the Third." Napoleon III also wanted to build new parks and gardens for the recreation and relaxation of the Parisians, particularly those in the new neighbourhoods of the expanding city. Napoleon III's new parks were inspired by his memories of the parks in London, especially Hyde Park , where he had strolled and promenaded in

8025-640: The park by half. The remaining part of the park was purchased by the city of Paris in 1860. All that remained of the original folly was the water lily pond, the stream and the fantasy "tombs", including the Egyptian pyramid. In 1860, the park was purchased by the city, and in August 1861 Parc Monceau became the first new public park in Paris to be created by Baron Haussmann as part of the grand transformation of Paris begun by Emperor Louis Napoleon . Two main alleys were laid out from east to west and north to south, meeting in

8132-410: The park has play areas for children and remains very popular with local residents and their families. The site is an active free Wi-Fi area, for computer users looking for Internet access. Parc Monceau is open daily from sunrise to sunset, with extended hours in the summer months. There are nine gated entries that are monitored by a fifth-generation park watchman who lives above the royal rotunda at

8239-611: The park were remodeled into a more traditional English landscape style by the Scottish landscape gardener Thomas Blaikie . In 1787, a new city wall, the Wall of the Farmers-General , was built along the northern edge of the garden, along with a circular rotunda in the form of a classical Doric temple, known as the Pavilion de Chartres, designed by Claude Nicolas Ledoux . The ground floor of

8346-472: The poem " The Swan " in response. The poem is a lament for, and critique of the destruction of the medieval city in the name of "progress": Old Paris is gone (no human heart changes half so fast as a city's face) ... There used to be a poultry market here, and one cold morning ... I saw a swan that had broken out of its cage, webbed feet clumsy on the cobblestones, white feathers dragging through uneven ruts, and obstinately pecking at

8453-556: The political attacks were so intense that he forced Haussmann to become a scapegoat, hoping his resignation would satisfy the bourgeois parties which had become increasingly angered during the economic depression of the late 1860s. Haussmann's plans, with their radical redevelopment, coincided with a time of intense political activity in Paris. Many Parisians were troubled by the destruction of "old roots". Historian Robert Herbert says that "the impressionist movement depicted this loss of connection in such paintings as Manet 's A Bar at

8560-417: The real countryside to find what should be found in this garden; the image of liberty.". The garden designed by Carmontelle was finished in 1779. It contained a miniature ancient Egyptian pyramid , a Roman colonnade, antique statues, a pond of water lilies, a tatar tent, a farmhouse, a Dutch windmill, a temple of Mars, a minaret, an Italian vineyard, an enchanted grotto, and "a gothic building serving as

8667-434: The repressive aims that were achieved by Haussmann's urbanism, Guy Debord and his friends, who considered urbanism to be a "state science" or inherently "capitalist" science, also underlined that he nicely separated leisure areas from work places, thus announcing modern functionalism , as illustrated by Le Corbusier 's precise zone tripartition, with one zone for circulation, one for housing, and one for labour. Some of

8774-571: The richest woman in France upon the death of her father, Louis Philippe was able to play a political role in court equal to that of his great-grandfather Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , who had been the Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV . Louise Marie Adélaïde brought to the already wealthy House of Orléans a considerable dowry of six million livres , an annual income of 240,000 livres (later increased to 400,000 livres), as well as lands, titles, residences and furniture. Unlike her husband,

8881-531: The severe winter of 1788–1789. Although a relative of King Louis XVI , Philippe d'Orléans never maintained a positive relationship with his cousin. Upon inheriting the title of Duke of Orléans , Philippe also became the Premier Prince du sang – the most important personage of the kingdom after the king's immediate family. Therefore, he would be next in line to the throne should the main Bourbon line die out. For this reason, many supposed that Philippe's goal

8988-591: The structure. He also built a bridge modeled after the Rialto bridge in Venice over the stream to replace the Chinese bridge by Carmontelle that had once been there. He preserved the other follies remaining from the original garden. Haussmann embellished the park with a rich collection of exotic trees and flowers from around the world. In 1871, following the downfall of Louis Napoleon, and the subsequent uprising and then crushing of

9095-589: The temple was used as a customs house, while the upper floor was an apartment with a view of the garden reserved for the Duke. While The Duke was a supporter of the ideas of the French Revolution , and even voted, as a member of the Assembly, for the execution of his own cousin, Louis XVI , it did not save him. He was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in 1793, and the park was nationalized. In 1797, Parc Monceau

9202-507: The three words in the motto of the French Revolution ( Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ), he felt that this name better represented him as a symbol of the French people and what they were fighting for. Égalité also attributed his new surname to the reputation of generosity that he had among the people of France, especially the poor. He was well known for distributing food and money to the poor, as well as providing shelter for homeless during

9309-519: The time of their deaths, they had resided in an apartment at 12 rue Boissy d'Anglas, near the Place de la Concorde . The will transferred their estate to the family of their only surviving daughter, Valentine Haussmann. Haussmann's plan for Paris inspired the urban planning and creation of similar boulevards, squares and parks in Cairo, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Madrid, and Barcelona. After

9416-415: The title aqueduc (a pun on the French words for 'duke' and 'aqueduct') but that no such title existed. This use of baron , however, was not officially sanctioned, and he remained, legally, Monsieur Haussmann. During the first half of the reign of Napoleon III, the French legislature had little real power. All decisions were made by the Emperor. Beginning in 1860, however, Napoleon decided to liberalise

9523-520: The water throughout the city. He built a second network, using the less-clean water from the Ourq and the Seine, to wash the streets and water the new park and gardens. He completely rebuilt the Paris sewers, and installed miles of pipes to distribute gas for thousands of new streetlights along the Paris streets. Beginning in 1854, in the centre of the city, Haussmann's workers tore down hundreds of old buildings and cut eighty kilometres of new avenues, connecting

9630-563: Was Monsieur Haussmann who impressed me the most. It was a strange thing, but it was less his talents and his remarkable intelligence that appealed to me, but the defects in his character. I had in front of me one of the most extraordinary men of our time; big, strong, vigorous, energetic, and at the same time clever and devious, with a spirit full of resources. This audacious man wasn't afraid to show who he was. ... He told me all of his accomplishments during his administrative career, leaving out nothing; he could have talked for six hours without

9737-554: Was a French Prince of the Blood who supported the French Revolution . Louis Philippe II was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud to Louis Philippe I, Duke of Chartres , and his wife, Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti . He was titled Duke of Montpensier at birth. When his grandfather Louis, Duke of Orléans , died in 1752, his father became the new Duke of Orléans and Louis Philippe II became Duke of Chartres . When his father died in 1785, he became Duke of Orléans and First Prince of

9844-491: Was a French official who served as prefect of Seine (1853–1870), chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal programme of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris commonly referred to as Haussmann's renovation of Paris . Critics forced his resignation for extravagance. His vision of the city defines modern central Paris. Haussmann was born on 27 March 1809, at 53 Rue du Faubourg-du-Roule , in

9951-513: Was a member of the House of Orléans , a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon . His mother came from the House of Bourbon-Conti , a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon-Condé . Philippe was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud , one of the residences of the Duke of Orléans , five kilometers west of Paris. His older sister, born in 1745, died when she was six months old. His younger sister, Bathilde d'Orléans ,

10058-730: Was also a strong admirer of the British constitutional monarchy . He strongly advocated for France's adoption of a constitutional monarchy rather than the absolute monarchy that was present in France at the time. As the new Duke of Orléans , one of the many estates Philippe inherited from his father was the Palais-Royal , which became known as the Palais-Égalité in 1792, because he opened up its doors to all people of France, regardless of their estate (class). He employed Swiss guards to refuse entry only to "drunkards, women in excessively indecent dress, and those in tatters." He built shops and cafés where people could interact, and soon it became

10165-606: Was also influenced by the innovations of the Parc des Buttes Chaumont . The American architect Daniel Burnham borrowed liberally from Haussmann's plan and incorporated the diagonal street designs in his 1909 Plan of Chicago . Haussmann had been made senator in 1857, member of the Academy of Fine Arts in 1867, and grand cross of the Legion of Honour in 1862. His name is preserved in the Boulevard Haussmann . The reconstruction of

10272-515: Was an enormous construction site. To bring fresh water to the city, his hydraulic engineer, Eugène Belgrand , built a new aqueduct to bring clean water from the Vanne River in Champagne, and a new huge reservoir near the future Parc Montsouris. These two works increased the water supply of Paris from 87,000 to 400,000 cubic metres of water a day. He laid hundreds of kilometres of pipes to distribute

10379-552: Was appointed as prefect of the Gironde out of Bordeaux . In 1850, Louis Napoléon started an ambitious project to connect the Louvre to the Hôtel de Ville in Paris, by extending the Rue de Rivoli and create a new park, the Bois de Boulogne , on the outskirts of the city, but he was exasperated by the slow progress made by the incumbent prefect of the Seine, Jean-Jacques Berger. Louis-Napoleon

10486-491: Was born in 1750. Philippe's first title, given to him at birth, was that of the Duke of Montpensier . After his grandfather's death in 1752, Philippe inherited the title of Duke of Chartres . After his father's death in 1785, Philippe became the Duke of Orléans , head of the House of Orléans , one of the wealthiest noble families in France. At his father's death, Philippe became the Premier Prince du Sang , First Prince of

10593-535: Was done in order to overthrow the King and gain popularity amongst the people. He was accused of funding the riots, as well as calling the rioters his "friends", who were chanting: "Vive Orléans" or "Long live our father, long live King d'Orléans!" The High Court of the Grand Châtelet also accused him of acting as an accomplice to Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau , in an attempt to murder Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette , during this period. Early in

10700-540: Was especially shocked by the news, stating: "It really pains me to see that Monsieur d'Orléans, my kinsman, voted for my death." On 1 April 1793, a decree was voted for within the National Convention , including Égalité's vote, that condemned anyone with "strong presumptions of complicity with the enemies of Liberty." At the time, Égalité's son, Louis Philippe , who was a general in the French Revolutionary Army , joined General Charles François Dumouriez in

10807-494: Was highly popular, but he was blocked from running for re-election by the constitution of the Second French Republic . While he had a majority of the votes in the legislature at his disposal, he did not have the two-thirds majority needed to change the constitution. At the end of December 1851, he staged a coup d'état , and in 1852 declared himself Emperor of the French under the title Napoleon III. In November 1852,

10914-594: Was interested in creating a more moral and democratic form of government in France. As he grew more and more interested in Rousseau's ideas, he began to promote Enlightenment ideas, such as the separation of church and state and limited monarchy. He also advocated and voted against feudalism and slavery. In addition to being a Jacobin, Philippe was also the Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Orient de France ,

11021-472: Was named the secretary-general of the prefecture of the Department of Vienne at Poitiers . On 15 June 1832, he became the deputy prefect of Yssingeaux . Despite proving himself as a hard worker and able representative of the government, his arrogance, dictatorial manner, and habit of impeding his superiors led to his being continually passed over for promotion to prefect . He was posted as deputy prefect to

11128-418: Was not at all an English garden that was intended at Monceau, but precisely what the critics said; to put together into one garden all times and all places. It is simply a fantasy, to have an extraordinary garden, a pure amusement, and not at all the desire to mimic a nation which, when it makes a "natural" garden, uses a roller on all the greens and spoils nature." As garden fashions changed, in 1781 parts of

11235-624: Was sent back to Paris . On 2 November 1793, he was imprisoned at the Conciergerie . Tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 6 November, he was sentenced to death, and guillotined the same day. The Duke and Duchess of Orléans had six legally-recognized children: Notes Citations References Baron Haussmann Georges-Eugène Haussmann , commonly known as Baron Haussmann ( French: [ʒɔʁʒ(ə) øʒɛn (baʁɔ̃) osman] ; 27 March 1809 – 11 January 1891),

11342-466: Was the site of the first silk parachute jump, when André-Jacques Garnerin jumped from a Montgolfier hot air balloon , landing in the park where a large crowd was gathered. After the monarchy was restored, the park was returned to the family of the Duke. During the Second Empire, the family sold lots within the park to real estate developers, who built luxurious town houses, reducing the size of

11449-448: Was to take his cousin's throne. Philippe and the King's wife, Marie Antoinette , also detested each other. Marie Antoinette hated him for what she viewed as treachery, hypocrisy and selfishness, and he, in turn, scorned her for her frivolous and spendthrift lifestyle. The King's reluctance to grant Philippe a position in the army after the indecisive result at the Battle of Ushant is said to be another reason for Philippe's discontent with

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