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48-564: The Panionion is a sacred ground in Mykale, facing north; it was set apart for Poseidon of Helicon by the joint will of the Ionians. Mykale is a western promontory of the mainland opposite Samos; the Ionians used to assemble there from their cities and keep the festival to which they gave the name of Panionia. The sanctuary was under the control of the Ionian city of Priene , one of the twelve cities comprising

96-437: A temenos wall, of which one to three courses can still be seen, with an entrance from the west. In the central area can be seen evidence of a 17.5 by 4.25 m (57.4 by 13.9 ft) rectangular stone, presumed to be the altar of Poseidon, dated from the end of the 6th century BC. At the foot of the hill, 50 m (160 ft) southwest of the altar, is a small theatre or odeum . It is 32 m (105 ft) in diameter,

144-547: A height of 380 metres (1,250 ft) above sea level at the top of the escarpment. Because of siltation from the river filling the bay over several centuries, the city is now an inland site. It is located at a short distance west of the modern village Güllübahçe Turun in the Söke district of Aydın Province , Turkey . Priene is known to have been the site of high-quality Hellenistic art and architecture. The city's original position on Mount Mycale has never been discovered; however, it

192-578: A little bit more than semicircular, with 11 rows of seats, cut into solid rock, and is presumed to be the council chamber for the meetings of the Ionian League. It dates from the 4th century BC, when the Ionian League and the Panionia were revived. Between the sanctuary and the council chamber is a large cave, although what if any cult function it may have had is unknown. Ancient sources mention sacrifices, but no temple, and none has been found. However, in 2004,

240-451: A site at the end of the 19th century, and it was excavated in 1958 by Kleiner, Hommel and Müller-Wiener . It is located 17 km (11 mi) south of Kuşadası , near Güzelçamlı , on the north slope of Mt. Mycale , on the top of a low hill called Otomatik Tepe ("machine-gun-hill"), overlooking the sea. Wiegand's site has been for many years identified as the Panionion. It was enclosed by

288-564: Is accessible from there. In the 4th century BCE, Priene was a deep-water port with two harbours overlooking the Bay of Miletus and, somewhat further east, the marshes of the Maeander Delta. Between the ocean and steep Mycale, agricultural resources were limited. Priene's territory likely included a part of the Maeander Valley, needed to support the city. Claiming much of Mycale, it had borders on

336-407: Is believed that it was on a peninsula with two harbours. Priene never held a great deal of political importance due to the city's relatively limited size, as it is believed around four to five thousand inhabitants occupied the region. The city was arranged into four districts, firstly the political district, which consisted of the bouleuterion and the prytaneion ; the cultural district containing

384-673: The Ionic order built by Pytheos , the architect of the Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . In 1870, silver tetradrachms of Orophernes, and some jewellery were found in excavations under the base of the statue of Athena. These were probably deposited at the time of the Cappadocian restoration. An ancient Priene Synagogue , with carved images of

432-578: The Panionic League , was a confederation formed at the end of the Meliac War in the mid-7th century BC comprising twelve Ionian Greek city-states (a dodecapolis , of which there were many others), and eventually thirteen city-states with the admission of Smyrna . The earliest union of city-states in the area was the Ionian League. The League survived through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, until

480-452: The acropolis rising nearly 200 metres (660 ft) behind it. The city was enclosed by a wall 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick, with towers at intervals and three principal gates. On the lower slopes of the acropolis was a sanctuary of Demeter . The town had six main streets, about 6 metres (20 ft) wide, running east and west, and fifteen streets about 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide crossing at right angles, all being evenly spaced. It

528-467: The menorah , has also been discovered. Around the agora , the main square crossed by the main street, is a series of halls. The municipal buildings, buleuterion and prytaneion, lie north of the agora. Further to the north is the Upper Gymnasium with Roman baths, and the well-preserved Hellenistic theatre. These and most other public structures are at the centre of the plan. Temples of Asclepius and

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576-522: The stereotyped equation of wealth with aristocracy may have applied early in Priene's history, in the 4th century BCE the city-state was a democracy . State authority resided in a body called the Πριηνείς (Priēneis), "the Prieneian people", who issued all decrees and other public documents in their name. The coins minted at Priene featured the helmeted head of Athena on the obverse and a meander pattern on

624-453: The theatre ; the commercial, where the agora was located; and finally the religious district, which contained sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus , Demeter and, most importantly, the Temple of Athena . The city visible on the slopes and escarpment of Mycale was constructed according to plan entirely during the 4th century BCE. The original Priene had been a port city situated at the then mouth of

672-546: The 12th century CE, more Turkish people moved into the area. In the 13th century CE Priene was known as "Sampson", in Greek, after the biblical hero Samson (Samsun Kale, "Samson's Castle" in Turkish). In 1204, Sabas Asidenos , a local magnate, established himself as the city's ruler, but soon had to recognize the rule of the Empire of Nicaea . The area remained under Byzantine control until

720-547: The 13th century. The ruins, which fell on the successive terraces where they were built, were the object of investigatory missions sent out by the English Society of Dilettanti in 1765 and 1868. They were excavated by Theodor Wiegand (1895–1899) for the Berlin Museum . The city, as developed at this site that was new in the 4th century, was found to have been laid out on a rectangular scheme. The steep area faces south,

768-467: The 3rd century AD. The twelve ancient city-states were listed by Herodotus as: Smyrna , an originally Aeolic city bordering the Ionians, asked for admission and entered the League at a later date, being first attested in a decree of 289/8 BC. The league is still attested as having thirteen members as late as the 3rd century AD, but this may reflect tradition more than reality, as due to synoecisms and

816-545: The Egyptian gods Isis , Serapis and Anubis , have been revealed. At the lowest point on the south, within the walls, was the large stadium. In Hellenistic times, it was connected with a gymnasium. Ionian League The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek : Ἴωνες , romanized :  Íōnes ; κοινὸν Ἰώνων , koinón Iōnōn ; or κοινὴ σύνοδος Ἰώνων , koinē sýnodos Iōnōn , in Latin : commune consilium ), also called

864-506: The German archaeologist Hans Lohmann, surveying the peninsula of Mt. Mycale, discovered another archaeological site high in the mountains, a settlement and an archaic temple (about mid 6th century BC) of the Ionic order . In the summer of 2005, the temple was excavated in cooperation with the Museum of Aydın . Lohmann assumes that this site, overlooking most of the Ionian region, has to be identified as

912-518: The Great personally assumed responsibility for the development. He and Mausolus intended to make Priene a model city. Alexander offered to pay for construction of the Temple of Athena to designs of the noted architect Pytheos , if it would be dedicated by him, which it was, in 323 BCE. The dedicatory inscription is held by the British Museum . The inscription translated to: "King Alexander dedicated

960-543: The Ionian League. Priene was about 15 kilometres (9 mi) away, on the opposite side of Mt. Mycale. The Prienians managed the sanctuary and presided at the sacrifices and sacred rites. The Panionium was the site of the Ionian religious festival and games ( panegyris ) called the Panionia (πανιώνια). Under Persian rule, activities at the Panionium were curtailed. Writing at the end of the 5th century BC, Thucydides says that

1008-413: The Ionians were then celebrating their festival at Ephesus . Diodorus writes that the Ionians were forced to move the Panionia from the Panionium to Ephesus, because of war in the surrounding area. Under Alexander the Great the games and festival were again held at the Panionium, and continued to be so under Roman rule, without however, regaining their previous importance. The approximate location of

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1056-630: The Maeander River. This location caused insuperable environmental difficulties, due to slow aggradation of the riverbed and progradation in the direction of the Aegean Sea . Typically the harbour would silt over, so that residents were living in pest-ridden swamps and marshes. The Maeander flows through a slowly subsiding rift valley, creating a drowned coastline . Human use of the previously forested slopes and valley removed trees and exposed soils to erosion. The sediments were progressively deposited in

1104-532: The Panionion, if only because it agrees better with the written sources. 37°42′46″N 27°14′06″E  /  37.712747°N 27.234968°E  / 37.712747; 27.234968 Priene Priene ( Ancient Greek : Πριήνη , romanized :  Priēnē ; Turkish : Prien ) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League ) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale , about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of what

1152-469: The Panionium is given by several ancient writers. For example, Herodotus says it is on "Mycale facing north", and Strabo says it is "after the Samian strait, near Mt. Mycale, as one sails to Ephesus…lying three stadia above the sea". However, the exact location of the site was lost. A potential clue to the Panionium's location was the discovery of an inscription in the area in 1673. Theodor Wiegand discovered

1200-531: The base of an escarpment projecting from Mycale. A narrow path leads to the acropolis above. Despite the expectations, Priene lasted only a few centuries as a deep-water port. In the 2nd century CE Pausanias reports that the Maeander already had silted over the inlet in which Myus stood, and that the population had abandoned it for Miletus . While Miletus apparently still had an open port then, according to recent geoarchaeological research, Priene had already lost

1248-518: The cities, council or decisions "of the Ionians." Writers and documents of the Hellenistic Period explicitly use the term koinon ("common thing") or synodos (" synod ") of the Ionians, and by anachronism apply it to the early league when they mention it. Under the Roman Empire it was allowed to issue its own coinage under the name koinon Iōnōn on one side with the face of the emperor on

1296-587: The city moved again to the port of Naulochos. At about 350 BCE the Persian-empire satrap , Mausolus (a Carian ), planned a magnificent new city on the steep slopes of Mycale. He hoped it could be a permanent deep-water port (similar to the many Greek island cities, located on and up seaside escarpments). Construction had begun when the Macedonians took the region from the Persian Empire , and Alexander

1344-496: The city, which was moved closer to the water again every few centuries in order to operate as a port. The Greek city (there may have been unknown habitations of other ethnicities, as at Miletus ) was founded by a colony from the ancient Greek city of Thebes in the vicinity of ancient Aneon at about 1000 BCE. At about 700 BCE a series of earthquakes were the catalyst to move the city to within 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of its 4th century BCE location. At about 500 BCE,

1392-408: The countryside, the pedieis , "plainsmen", were defined by law. They were perhaps, an inheritance from the days when Priene was in the valley. Priene was said to have been first settled by Ionians under Aegyptus , a son of Belus and grandson of King Codrus , in the 11th century BCE. After successive attacks by Cimmerians , Lydians under Ardys , and Persians , it survived and prospered under

1440-563: The direction of its "sage," Bias , during the middle of the 6th century BCE. Cyrus captured it in 545 BCE; but it was able to send twelve ships to join the Ionic Revolt (499 BCE-494 BCE). Priene was a member of the Athenian-dominated Delian League in the 5th century BCE. In 387 BCE it came under Persian dominance again, which lasted until Alexander the Great 's conquest. Disputes with Samos , and

1488-458: The fluctuation in importance of the various cities, some were incorporated into others over time (e.g. Myus became part of Miletus). One of the earliest known historical sources, the Histories of Herodotus , and early inscriptions refer to the legally constituted body customarily translated by "league" as "the Ionians" in the special sense of the cities incorporated by it. One therefore reads of

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1536-473: The interest of Mausolus and Alexander the Great indicate its standing. One third of the houses had indoor toilets, a rarity in this society. Typically cities had public banks of outdoor seats, side by side, an arrangement for which the flowing robes of the ancients were suitably functional. Indoor plumbing requires more extensive water supply and sewage systems. Priene's location was appropriate in that regard; they captured springs and streams on Mycale, brought

1584-449: The late 13th century. By 1923, whatever Greek population remained was expelled in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey following World War I. Shortly after, the Turkish population moved to a more favourable location, which they called Güllü Bahçe ("rose garden"). The old Greek settlement, partly still in use, is today known as Gelebeç or Kelebeş. The tourist attraction of Priene

1632-617: The league gathered to celebrate the Panionia , a religious festival and games ( panegyris ) dedicated to Poseidon Heliconius at the sanctuary of Poseidon called the Panionium . The Ionians (who had amalgamated with the Carians) had decided to continue the worship of Poseidon. Eventually, a new temple to the god was erected about 540 BC. (Its ruins and the location of Melia were part of the Lohmann et al. discoveries of 2004; prior to then, other theories of

1680-461: The north with Ephesus and Thebes, a small state on Mycale. Priene was a small city-state of 6000 persons living in a constrained space of only 15 hectares (37 acres). The walled area had an extent of 20 hectares (49 acres) to 37 hectares (91 acres). The population density of its residential district has been estimated at 166 persons per hectare, living in about 33 homes per hectare (13 per acre) arranged in compact city blocks. The entire space within

1728-500: The other. The Meliac War was a final settlement between the ancient state of Caria and the Ionians who had been settlers on its land at the mouth of the Maeander for some centuries. Their last stronghold was the fortified settlement of Melia at the smaller peak of Dilek Daglari on the north slopes of Mycale , where the seat of their worship of Poseidon Heliconius was located. The fort

1776-416: The port and open connection to the sea in about the 1st century BCE. Its merchants likely had preceded most residents in relocation to Miletus. By 300 CE the entire Bay of Miletus, except for Lake Bafa, was silted in. Today Miletus is many miles from the sea. Priene stands at the edge of a fertile plain, now a checkerboard of privately owned fields. A Greek village remained after the population decline. After

1824-642: The reverse; one coin also displayed a dolphin and the legend ΠΡΙΗ for ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ (Priēneōn), "of the Prieneians." These symbols express the Prieneians identification as a maritime democracy aligned with Athens but located in Asia. The mechanism of democracy was similar to but simpler than that of the Athenians (whose population was much larger.) An assembly of citizens met periodically to render major decisions placed before them. The day-to-day legislative and executive business

1872-424: The temple to Athena Polias". The leading citizens were quick to follow suit: most of the public buildings were constructed at private expense and are inscribed with the names of the donors. The ruins of the city are generally conceded to be the most spectacular surviving example of an entire ancient Greek city; it is intact except for the ravages of time. It has been studied since at least the 18th century. The city

1920-483: The troubles after Alexander's death, brought Priene low. Rome had to save it from the kings of Pergamon and Cappadocia in 155. Orophernes , the rebellious brother of the Cappadocian king, who had deposited a treasure there and recovered it by Roman intervention, restored the Temple of Athena as a thank-offering. Under Roman and Byzantine dominion Priene had a prosperous history. It passed into Muslim hands late in

1968-399: The trough at the mouth of the river, which migrated westward and more than compensated for the subsidence. Physical remains of the original Priene have not yet been identified. It is believed they are likely to be buried under many feet of sediment. The top is now cultivated as valuable agricultural land. Knowledge of the average rate of progradation is the basis for estimating the location of

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2016-420: The walls offered not much more space and privacy: the density was 108 persons per hectare. All the public buildings were within walking distance, except that walking must have been an athletic event due to the vertical components of the distances. Priene was a wealthy city, as the plenitude of fine urban homes in marble and the private dedications of public buildings suggests. In addition, historical references to

2064-499: The water in by aqueduct to cisterns, and piped or channeled from there to houses and fountains. Most Greek cities, such as Athens, required getting water from the public fountains (which was the work of domestic servants). The upper third of Prienean society had access to indoor water. The source of Ionian wealth was maritime activity; Ionia had a reputation among the other Greeks for being luxurious. The intellectuals, such as Heraclitus , often railed against their practices. Although

2112-403: Was conducted by a boulē , or city council, which met in a bouleuterion , a space like a small theatre with a wooden roof. The official head of state was a prytane . He and more specialized magistrates were elected periodically. As at Athens, not all the population was franchised. For example, the property rights and tax responsibilities of a non-Prieneian section of the population living in

2160-401: Was constructed in the early 7th century BC. Carians and Ionians had been intermarrying for generations but a Carian state persisted until a coalition of Ionian cities defeated it and divided its lands among them. In view of the rising Persian threat, they decided to continue the coalition as the Ionian League, building a new religious and political center at Melia. Delegates ( theoroi ) of

2208-447: Was constructed of marble from nearby quarries on Mycale, and wood for such items as roofs and floors. The public area is laid out in a grid pattern up the steep slopes, drained by a system of channels. The water distribution and sewer systems survive. Foundations, paved streets, stairways, partial door frames, monuments, walls, terraces can be seen everywhere among toppled columns and blocks. No wood has survived. The city extends upward to

2256-526: Was then the course of the Maeander River (now called the Büyük Menderes or "Big Maeander"). It was 67 kilometres (42 mi) from ancient Anthea , 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from ancient Aneon and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from ancient Miletus . The city was built on the sea coast, overlooking the former Latmian Gulf of the Aegean . It was developed on steep slopes and terraces extending from sea level to

2304-419: Was thus divided into about 80 insulae . Private houses were apportioned eight to an insula. The systems of water-supply and drainage are still visible. The houses present many analogies with the earliest ones of Pompeii . In the western half of the city, on a high terrace north of the main street and approached by a fine stairway, was the temple of Athena Polias . It was a hexastyle peripteral structure in

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