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50-613: Panda Inn is a chain of sit-down Chinese restaurants in California owned and operated by the Panda Restaurant Group . The company's original founding goal was to bring new varieties of Chinese cuisine, such as Mandarin cuisine and Sichuan cuisine dishes, to Southern California , which had traditionally favored Chinese Cantonese cuisine . The first Panda Inn was founded by Andrew and Peggy Cherng and Andrew's father, Master Chef Ming-Tsai Cherng, all of whom used to live in

100-540: A chain of teashops which became a staple of the High Street in the UK, and at its peak, the firm numbered around 200 cafes. The displacement of independent businesses by chains has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation. These efforts include community-based organizing through Independent Business Alliances (in the U.S. and Canada) and "buy local" campaigns. In

150-734: A decade, it was Louis' job to move from one place to another in France to open new stores, which would then be run by one cousin or another. By 1908, Louis was back in Bordeaux managing the flagship Grand Magasin (Department Store). He assumed ultimate responsibility for 15 of the Maisons Dewachter . The reluctant merchant found a creative outlet as an active and innovative marketer. He ran ads in newspapers; distributed illustrated catalogues; placed advertising on billboards and on trolleys; and published several series of promotional postal cards. Some of

200-562: A frivolous undertaking. In about 1916, Dewachter signed his first work with the pseudonym "Louis Dewis" (pronounced Lew-WEE Dew-WEES). His nom d'artiste "Dewis" is composed of the first three letters of his last name – followed by the first two letters of his first name – Isidore. As a wealthy merchant, his interest in art was not financially motivated. His daughter Yvonne wrote that, while living in Bordeaux, he turned down at least one offer of sponsorship – an offer conditioned on him giving up "the tailoring business." And, Yvonne recalled that

250-528: A graduate student from America. He was a widowed army officer (a combat veteran of the Great War ) and a medical doctor who, after being discharged in the United States, had returned to France to continue his studies. The couple would travel around Western Europe as Dr. Robinson oversaw immigrant screening for the U.S. Public Health Service. In 1906, Robinson had gained fame in the United States for having thrown

300-537: A news vending business in London that would become a national concern in the mid-19th century under the management of their grandson William Henry Smith . The world's oldest national retail chain, the firm took advantage of the railway boom during the Industrial Revolution by opening news-stands at railway stations beginning in 1848. The firm, now called WHSmith, had more than 1,400 locations as of 2017. In

350-453: Is the last remaining music chain store in the United States and has shrunk from over 1,000 at its height to 270 locations in 2018. In 2019, Payless ShoeSource stated that it would be closing all remaining 2,100 stores in the US. A restaurant chain is a set of related restaurants in many different locations that are either under shared corporate ownership or franchising agreements. Typically,

400-720: The Yangzhou region of China's Jiangsu province. Their first location was opened on June 8, 1973, in Pasadena , California . A short time after Ming-Tsai died, a second location was opened in 1982 in nearby Glendale. A few months after the opening of the Glendale location of the Panda Inn in 1982, the Cherngs were invited by the developer of the Glendale Galleria to open a quick serve version of

450-934: The Panda Inn inside the mall. This new concept was called the Panda Express and it opened inside the Galleria in October 1983. The first Panda Inn in Orange County, the sixth in the chain, opened in La Palma in 1990. A Panda Inn in San Diego opened at Horton Plaza in 1985 but closed in January 2017. Andrew Cherng and his wife Peggy Tsiang Cherng are alumni of Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas . Chain store In 1792, Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna established W.H. Smith as

500-496: The States during the last 20 years of Dewis's life, Andrée was the artist's only child to witness the most important years of his career. She was so emotionally involved in his painting that one day Dewis wondered aloud whether his daughter would have loved him as much, "if I'd been a grocer." Years later, Andrée tearfully recalled assuring her father that she would. Young Louis had displayed an interest (and astonishing talent) in art at

550-492: The U.S. Supreme Court in 1931. Between then and 1933, 525 chain-store tax bills were introduced in state legislatures, and by the end of 1933 special taxes on retail chains were in force in 17 states. A chain store is characterised by the ownership or franchise relationship between the local business or outlet and a controlling business. While chains are typically "formula retail", a chain refers to ownership or franchise, whereas "formula retail" or "formula business" refers to

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600-653: The U.S., trade organizations such as the American Booksellers Association and American Specialty Toy Retailers do national promotion and advocacy. NGOs like the New Rules Project and New Economics Foundation provide research and tools for pro-independent business education and policy while the American Independent Business Alliance provides direct assistance for community-level organizing. A variety of towns and cities in

650-530: The U.S., chain stores likely began with J. Stiner & Company, which operated several tea shops in New York City around 1860. By 1900, George Huntington Hartford had built The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company , originally a tea distributor based in New York, into a grocery chain that operated almost 200 stores. Dozens of other grocery, drug, tobacco, and variety stores opened additional locations, around

700-676: The US), or as exceeding municipal zoning authority (i.e., regulating "who owns it" rather than the characteristics of the business). Non-codified restrictions will sometimes target "chains". A municipal ordinance may seek to prohibit "formula businesses" in order to maintain the character of a community and support local businesses that serve the surrounding neighborhood. Brick-and-mortar chain stores have been in decline as retail has shifted to online shopping , leading to historically high retail vacancy rates. The hundred-year-old Radio Shack chain went from 7,400 stores in 2001 to 400 stores in 2018. FYE

750-415: The United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as San Francisco ; Provincetown, Massachusetts and other Cape Cod villages; Bristol, RI ; McCall, Idaho ; Port Townsend, Washington ; Ogunquit, Maine ; Windermere, Florida and Carmel-by-the-Sea, California —closely regulate, even exclude, chain stores. They don't exclude the chain itself, only the standardized formula

800-409: The age of 8 – but Isidore was enraged at the thought that his offspring might waste his time with something as useless as painting. In a vain attempt to break his young son of his "bad habit," he would, on occasion, throw away or burn the boy’s canvases, paints and brushes. The youngster's love of art could not be deterred. It could, however, be overwhelmed by business and family responsibilities. As

850-527: The art critic at Paris' Revue moderne des arts et de la vie (Modern Review of the Arts and Life) attests: Despite such praise, Dewis's work was never heavily promoted. He had realized that Petit's legendary prowess as a marchand d'art (art dealer) was the perfect complement to his own talents. But, now involuntarily and totally independent, Dewis simply did not have the drive – nor the desire – to achieve commercial success. And, at this juncture of his life, Dewis

900-438: The art world. He was the namesake of his grandfather Jérôme (1819–1885), the well-known Paris color merchant and art collector (especially of Corots ) who loved to show his paintings to visitors at his shop on the rue Pigalle. Ottoz's grandfather was also the subject of the famous portrait painted in 1876 by Edgar Degas . A serious student of art, Andrée was passionate in her admiration of her father's work. As Yvonne lived in

950-423: The capital "W" in the family name and because the chain became so famous, published references to the family would also be spelled "Dewachter". By the time of Dewis's death, the family had adopted the spelling "Dewachter" as well. Maisons Dewachter introduced the idea of ready-made – or ready-to-fit – clothing for men and children, and specialty clothing such as riding apparel and beachwear. Isidore owned 51% of

1000-427: The cards featured famous art, others humorous cartoons and another series bore images of Maison Dewachter signage that had been temporarily erected at well known locations. In addition to the management of an international chain of department stores, Louis was forced to assume an additional burden when a brother lost a small fortune gambling. With his father too infirm to deal with the situation, it once again fell to

1050-929: The chain uses, described as " formula businesses ". For example, there could often be a restaurant owned by McDonald's that sells hamburgers, but not the formula franchise operation with the golden arches and standardized menu, uniforms, and procedures. The reason these towns regulate chain stores is aesthetics and tourism. Proponents of formula restaurants and formula retail allege the restrictions are used to protect independent businesses from competition. Louis Dewis Grande Médaille de la Reconnaissance française (France) Officier d'Académie Silver Palms 1912 (France) Officier de l'Instruction Publique Golden Palms 1922 (France) Lauréat du Salon des Artistes Français (France) Médaille de la Société d'Instruction et d'Education Populaire (France) Order of Leopold II Knight (Belgium) King Albert Medal (Belgium) Louis Dewis (1872–1946)

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1100-558: The chain's flagship store. Louis, who had begun his studies at the Athénée Royal Liège , continued lycée (high school) at Bordeaux. For the rest of his life, he would remain an étranger – a Belgian citizen living in France. Louis DeWachter married Bordeaux socialite Elisabeth Marie Florigni (12 August 1873 - 25 August 1952) on 16 July 1896. Elisabeth was the daughter of Joseph-Jules Florigni (1842 - 14 April 1919) and Rose Lesfargues Florigni (1843 - 11 September 1917). There

1150-466: The characteristics of the business. There is considerable overlap because key characteristic of a formula retail business is that it is controlled as a part of a business relationship, and is generally part of a chain. Nevertheless, most codified municipal regulation relies on definitions of formula retail (e.g., formula restaurants ), in part because a restriction directed to "chains" may be deemed an impermissible restriction on interstate commerce (in

1200-520: The company, while his brothers split the remaining 49%. They started with four locations: the Walloon city of Leuze (where Louis was born), La Louvière and two at Mons . Under Isidore's (and later Louis') leadership, Maisons Dewachter would become one of the most recognized names in Belgium and France. Soon after the company was formed, Isidore and his family moved to Liège to open another branch. It

1250-420: The company, while his brothers split the remaining 49%. Under Isidore's (and later his son Louis') leadership, Maisons Dewachter would become one of the most recognized names in Belgium and France with stores in 20 cities and towns. Some cities had multiple stores, such as Bordeaux, France . Louis Dewachter also became an internationally known landscape artist, painting under the pseudonym Louis Dewis . By

1300-487: The early 1920s, chain retailing was well established in the United States, with A&P, Woolworth's , American Stores, and United Cigar Stores being the largest. By the 1930s, chain stores had come of age, and stopped increasing their total market share. Court decisions against the chains' price-cutting appeared as early as 1906, and laws against chain stores began in the 1920s, along with legal countermeasures by chain-store groups. State taxes on chain stores were upheld by

1350-509: The eldest son, Louis was expected to take over the family business. This was a duty that his father would not allow him to shirk and which made Louis' dream of life as an artist impossible. Father and son, however, apparently made a good team. They doubled the number of cities and towns served by Maison Dewachter from 10 to 20 in Louis' first dozen years with the firm. Some cities had multiple stores, such as Bordeaux, which had three. For more than

1400-534: The era. The noted Belgian art and literary critic Henry Dommartin (sometimes spelled Henri) met Dewis at the 1917 exhibition and became a fervent admirer of his fellow countryman's work. He once served as the State Librarian at Brussels and had heroically engineered the rescue of truckloads of Belgian art treasures from what was almost certain destruction shortly after the Germans occupied Belgium in 1914. Dommartin

1450-650: The first fish and chips restaurant (as opposed to a take-away) in London, and its instant popularity led to a chain comprising 22 restaurants with locations around London and seaside resorts in southern England including Brighton , Ramsgate and Margate . In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company (ABC) began operating a chain of teashops in Britain. ABC would be overtaken as the leader in the field by Lyons , co-founded by Joseph Lyons in 1884. From 1909 Lyons began operating

1500-425: The first forward pass in an American football game. The couple moved to the United States in 1926. They had seven children together, and Yvonne also gained a stepson from her husband's first marriage (his first wife having died in 1914). In her memoirs, Yvonne remembers that in the early years of Dewis's career, her mother regarded her father's painting with benign indifference. She writes that Elisabeth DeWachter

1550-529: The future Dewis was called Louis. The name "DeWachter" has Flemish roots, however Louis DeWachter always considered himself a Walloon . Isidore and his two brothers (Benjamin and Modeste) originated the idea of the chain department store when they formed Maisons Dewachter (Houses of Dewachter) in 1868, which they formally incorporated as the Belgian firm Dewachter frères (Dewachter Brothers) on 1 January 1875. For business purposes, they had decided not to use

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1600-711: The highest achievement of fame eluded him. True, Dewis had finally escaped the dictates of his overbearing father that had stymied his career for almost three decades. He was now free to focus on painting. He could spend more time in the studio in his family's large apartment at 36-40 Rue de St-Cathérine over the Maison Dewachter in Bordeaux. But, his career would be marked by uncommon public relations misfortune. As daughter Andrée (bilingual, like her sister) would say in English many years later, "Dad had hard luck!" The renowned and influential French art dealer , Georges Petit ,

1650-419: The highest degree of success and influence in his profession. His historic Expositions internationales de Peinture had featured works by Claude Monet , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Auguste Rodin , John Singer Sargent , Alfred Sisley and James McNeill Whistler – and he conducted the sales of the works of Degas , after that artist's death in 1917. He pressured Dewis – scolding him that he

1700-438: The oldest son to do his duty and settle the enormous debt. Louis had no choice but to borrow the sum from a very rich relation, something that humiliated him to his core. So, as a matter of honor, he insisted on repaying the loan with 100% interest – over the protests of the lender and everyone else in the family. As a result, the task took Louis several years. These responsibilities and World War I combined to condemn him to what

1750-430: The restaurants within a chain are built to a standard format through architectural prototype development and offer a standard menu and/or services. Fast food restaurants are the most common, but sit-down restaurant chains also exist. Restaurant chains locations are often found near highways , shopping malls and densely populated urban or tourist areas . In 1896, Samuel Isaacs from Whitechapel , east London opened

1800-969: The same time, so that retail chains were common in the United States by 1910. Several state legislatures considered measures to restrict the growth of chains, and in 1914 concern about chain stores contributed to passage of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act. Isidore, Benjamin and Modeste Dewachter originated the idea of the chain department store in Belgium in 1868, ten years before A&P began offering more than coffee and tea. They started with four locations for Maisons Dewachter (Houses of Dewachter): La Louvière , Mons , Namur and Leuze . They later incorporated as Dewachter frères (Dewachter Brothers) on January 1, 1875. The brothers offered ready-to-wear clothing for men and children and specialty clothing such as riding apparel and beachwear. Isidore owned 51% of

1850-543: The young Dewis made "real artistic success" even more difficult to achieve. Dewis began to focus on his art about 1916, which motivated him to adopt the pseudonym "Dewis." He was 43 years old. In the summer of that year, Dewis staged what was probably his first exhibition at the Imberti Galleries in Bordeaux, news of which reached across the trenches that divided France in the midst of World War I – to his native Belgium. Le Vingtième Siècle ( The Twentieth Century )

1900-633: Was a feeling among some members of the Florigni family, which traced its roots back to the court of Catherine de' Medici , that "Babeth" had "married down." Jules Florigni administered the Bordeaux regional newspapers the Girond and La Petite Gironde and was Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur (Knight of the French Legion of Honor). Elisabeth's brother, Robert (1881–1945), authored some 30 popular novels, several stage plays and at least ten screen plays. He

1950-424: Was a frustrating life as a merchant, however successful, until after his father's death and the conclusion of the war. Throughout his business career, Louis DeWachter maintained an atelier in his home and was essentially a Sunday painter. His few surviving early works (dating from 1885 into the early 1900s) were unsigned because his father refused to allow him to sully the family name by associating it with such

2000-476: Was also a Paris-based journalist on the staff of La Petite Gironde and, like his father, Robert Florigni was named Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur. In 1919, Dewis's older daughter, Yvonne Elisabeth Marie, (23 Sep 1897, Toulouse, France - 19 Feb 1966, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA) a student at the University of Bordeaux where she met and, after a whirlwind courtship, married Bradbury Robinson (1884–1949),

2050-477: Was clandestinely publishing a one-page edition in German-occupied Brussels . The paper somehow obtained a review of Dewis's exhibition for its 22 July 1916, issue. It was placed at the top of the page and titled: "Our artists in France." It expressed sentiments that critics would echo for the next thirty years: In 1917, as part of Dewis's considerable efforts to aid his Belgian countrymen (for which he

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2100-661: Was honored by both Belgium and France), he helped organize Le Salon franco-belge in the Bordeaux Public Garden. It was a charity event for the benefit of Belgian war refugees sponsored by the Belgian Benevolent Society of the South West and the Girondin Artists. This event was the first of a series of exhibitions in which the art of Louis Dewis would draw serious attention from some prominent art critics of

2150-588: Was impressed by the Belgian's work at the 1917 exhibition in Bordeaux". His initial reaction, as he once told Dewis, was "vous êtes un tendre" ("you are tender-hearted"). The support of the owner of Galerie Georges Petit could be life-changing. According to Émile Zola , who knew the Parisian art world inside and out, Petit was "the ' apotheosis ' of dealers when the Impressionist market soared and competition among marchands... became intense." Petit had attained

2200-493: Was in that industrial city that Louis established a lifelong friendship with Richard Heintz ( fr:Richard Heintz ) (1871–1929), who also became an internationally known landscape artist . Heintz is considered the outstanding representative of the Liège school of landscape painting, a movement that greatly influenced Dewis's early work. When Louis was 14, the family moved to Bordeaux, France , where Isidore established what would be

2250-482: Was on his own... and he was no self-promoter. In turning his career over to Petit, Dewis had taken the biggest risk of his life and lost. He found himself in Paris without a sponsor. He, of course, still had resources from the sale of his business. So, the former merchant rented an atelier and began painting for public exhibition. From the beginning, his work was highly regarded and well reviewed, as this 1921 appraisal by

2300-650: Was pleased with her husband's choice of "hobbies" in one sense, telling her friends, "at least it's not noisy." As the years passed, Elisabeth took more interest. It was she who maintained Dewis's scrapbook of critical reviews for three decades. His younger daughter and only other child, Andrée Marguerite Elisabeth (24 September 1903 in Rouen, France - 11 May 2002 in Paris), married businessman Charles Jérôme Ottoz (1903–1993) in 1925,who proved to be less than supportive of his talented father-in-law. Ottoz had his own connections to

2350-490: Was the first and most insistent among Dewis's circle of friends to argue that the artist should concentrate solely on his art. From this period until his death in Biarritz in 1946, Dewis's landscapes were shown regularly at major exhibitions across western Europe. They attracted favorable reviews in the international press, purchases from major museums and the highest decorations from the governments of three countries. However,

2400-447: Was the pseudonym of Belgian Post-Impressionist painter Louis DeWachter, who was also an innovative and highly successful businessman. He helped organize and managed the first department store chain. He was born Isidore Louis DeWachter in Leuze, Belgium , the eldest son among the seven children of Isidore Louis DeWachter and Eloise Desmaret DeWachter. The father went by Isidore, while

2450-455: Was to encounter another antagonist. His son-in-law, Jérôme Ottoz, was also a recipient of the Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur – recognition for his accomplishments in business. He resented his talented and (gallingly) more famous beau-père (father-in-law). Jérôme possessed a demeanor reminiscent of Isidore's and, as such, dominated the timid artist... at one point talking Dewis out of accepting

2500-502: Was wasting his life "selling clothes. Petit urged him to sell his interest in Maison Dewachter and move to Paris – telling him, "come paint for me in Paris and I will make you famous." Finally, Dewis relented. He sold his majority interest in Dewachter frères and relocated his family from Bordeaux to Paris in May 1919. But, only a year later, Georges Petit was dead at the age of 64. Dewis

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