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39-462: During Kali Yuga , Narada advised some sages who were performing yagna to decide who could be given the fruits of yagna among Trimurtis ( Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva ). Bhrigu was sent to test the Trinity. The sage who had an extra eye in the sole of his foot visited Brahma and Shiva and went unnoticed in both these locations. He cursed Brahma to be not worshipped and Shiva to be worshipped as

78-457: A Gopuram or Hindu temple tower on the background. There are two inscriptions in Tamil language displayed around the rim of the seal runs. தமிழ் நாடு அரசு ( Tamil Nadu arasu ) translating to "Government of Tamil Nadu" is inscribed on the top. Inscribed at the bottom is வாய்மையே வெல்லும் ( Vaymaiye Vellum ) which translates to "Truth Alone Triumphs" and derived from the words " Satyameva Jayate " in

117-752: A lingam . At last he visited Vishnu and the lord acts as if he had not noticed Bhrigu. Getting angered by this act, sage Bhrigu kicked Vishnu in the chest, to which Vishnu did not react and instead apologised to the Sage by massaging his feet. During this act, he squashed the extra eye that was present in the sole of Bhrigu's foot. However Lakshmi finds it as an insult since Vishnu's chest was considered as Lakshmi's residence ( vakshasthala ) and Bhrigu kicked it which indirectly insulted Lakshmi. She then left Vaikuntha and came to Earth to Tirumala and started meditating in human form as Padmavati. Vishnu bore human form as Srinivasa , left Vaikuntha, in search of Lakshmi, reached

156-572: A secretary to the government, who is the official head of the department with the Chief secretary superintending control over the secretariat and staff. The departments have further sub-divisions which may govern various undertakings and boards. There are 43 departments of the state. The state emblem was designed in 1949 and consists of the Lion Capital of Ashoka without the bell lotus foundation and flanked on either side by an Indian flag with an image of

195-645: A while. After curse, the Chola king took rebirth as Akasharaja and he had a foster-daughter named Padmavati who is the human form of Lakshmi, who took this form in the Padmapushkarini situated at present day Tiruchanur at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh . Srinivasa married Padmavati at present day Narayanavanam in Andhra Pradesh and returned to Tirumala Hills. After few months, Goddess Lakshmi and God Vishnu had discovered

234-444: Is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly, in which case an election may be held sooner. The legislature of Tamil Nadu was bicameral until 1986, when it was replaced by a unicameral legislature . The judiciary branch is led by a High Court ( Madras High Court ) led by a Chief Justice . The Governor is the de jure constitutional head of state while

273-500: Is an important concept in both Theosophy and Anthroposophy , and in the writings of Helena Blavatsky , W.Q. Judge , Rudolf Steiner , Savitri Devi , and Traditionalist philosophers such as René Guénon and Julius Evola , among others. Rudolf Steiner believed that the Kali Yuga ended in 1900. Government of Tamil Nadu The Government of Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : Tamiḻnāṭu aracu ; IPA: [t̪əmɪɻnɑːɖʉ əɾəsʉ] )

312-526: Is calculated from 3600 - (476 + 23) + 1 (no year zero from 1 BCE to 1 CE). According to K. D. Abhyankar, the starting point of Kali Yuga is an extremely rare planetary alignment, which is depicted in the Mohenjo-daro seals. Hindu texts describe four yugas (world ages)⁠ in a Yuga Cycle , where, starting in order from the first age of Krita (Satya) Yuga , each yuga's length decreases by one-fourth (25%), giving proportions of 4:3:2:1. Each yuga

351-593: Is described as having a main period ( a.k.a. yuga proper) preceded by its yuga-sandhyā (dawn) and followed by its yuga-sandhyāṃśa (dusk)⁠, where each twilight (dawn/dusk) lasts for one-tenth (10%) of its main period. Lengths are given in divine years (years of the gods), each lasting for 360 solar (human) years. Kali Yuga , the fourth age in a cycle, lasts for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), where its main period lasts for 360,000 years (1,000 divine years) and its two twilights each last for 36,000 years (100 divine years). The current cycle's Kali Yuga ,

390-455: Is enshrined within a huge granite wall and the complex contains all the shrines and the water bodies of the temple. The rajagopuram (the main gateway) has eleven tiers and has a height of 173 ft (53 m). The Potramarai tank, the temple tank, is located opposite to the western entrance of the temple. Kali Yuga Kali Yuga , in Hinduism , is the fourth, shortest, and worst of

429-513: Is found in the Mahabharata , Manusmriti , Vishnu Smriti , and various Puranas . According to P. V. Kane , one of the earliest inscriptions with one of the four yugas named is the Pikira grant of Pallava Simhavarman (mid-5th century   CE): Who was ever ready to extricate dharma that had become sunk owing to the evil effects of Kaliyuga. Other epigraphs exist with named yugas in

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468-819: Is the tenth largest Indian state by area . Tamil Nadu is divided into 38 districts , each of which is administered by a District Collector , who is an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) appointed to the district by the Government of Tamil Nadu. For revenue administration, the districts are further subdivided into 87 revenue divisions administered by Revenue Divisional Officers (RDO) which comprise 310 taluks administered by Tahsildars . The taluks are divided into 1349 revenue blocks called Firkas which consist of 17,680 revenue villages. The local administration consists of 15 municipal corporations , 121 municipalities and 528 town panchayats in

507-523: Is the administrative body responsible for the governance of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the state executive, legislature and head of judiciary. Under the Constitution of India , de jure executive authority lies with the governor , although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister , the de facto authority and

546-427: Is the duration of the first or Krita age. The morning of that cycle consists of four hundred years and its evening is of four hundred years. (21) Regarding the other cycles, the duration of each gradually decreases by a quarter in respect of both the principal period with the minor portion and the conjoining portion itself. Manusmriti , Ch. 1: (67) A year is a day and a night of the gods   ... (68) But hear now

585-509: Is the highest judicial authority of the state with control over all the civil and criminal courts in the state. It is headed by a Chief Justice , a position currently held by K. R. Shriram . The court is based out of Chennai and has a bench at Madurai since 2004. As per the 2011 census , Tamil Nadu had a population of 7.21 crores and is the seventh most populous state in India. It covers an area of 130,058 km (50,216 sq mi) and

624-534: Is the place where god Vishnu is believed to have initiated Pancha Samskara (religious initiation) to Thirumangai Alvar . The temple follows the Tenkalai mode of worship. The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity and to have been initiated by the Medieval Cholas of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions at different times from Thanjavur Nayaks . The temple has two inscriptions dating from

663-643: Is under control of Andhra Pradesh Government. The head of TTD is appointed by Andhra Pradesh Government. The rest four temples in Tamil Nadu are maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu . The presiding deities are revered in the 5th century Tamil Vaishnavate canonical work, the Divya Prabandham , written by Tamil saint poets known as

702-597: The Alvars and classified as Divya desam except one Deity which is one of the 108 Abhimana sthalam . Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture , the temple is glorified in the Divya Prabandham , the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th to 9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Srinivasa Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Nachiyar. The temple

741-608: The Chief Minister is the de facto chief executive . The governor is appointed by the President of India . Following elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly , the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has

780-631: The Old Mysore region of India , published in Epigraphia Carnatica . The start date and time of Kali Yuga was at midnight (00:00) on 17/18 February 3102 BCE. Astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata , who was born in 476 CE, finished his book Aryabhatiya in 499 CE, in which he wrote "When the three yugas (satyug, tretayug and dwaparyug) have elapsed and 60 x 60 (3,600) years of kaliyug have already passed, I am now 23 years old." Based on this information, Kali Yuga began in 3102 BCE, which

819-470: The Satya Yuga , the first stage of development, the bull has four legs, which is reduced by one in each age that follows. The four legs of Dharma are Tapas lit.   ' austerity ' , Śauca lit.   ' cleanliness ' , Dayā lit.   ' compassion ' and Satya lit.   ' truth ' . By the age of Kali, morality is reduced to only a quarter of that of

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858-509: The Seshachalam hills in Tirumala and started meditating. Lakshmi learned of the condition of Srinivasa and called Shiva and Brahma. Shiva and Brahma then converted themselves into a Cow and a Calf and Lakshmi had handed over the cow and calf to the Chola king ruling over Tirumala Hills at that time. The Cow would provide milk to Srinivasa daily while it was taken for grazing. One day, a cowherd in

897-406: The cabinet . Following elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly , the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there

936-725: The Chola king's household saw this, and tried to beat the Cow with his staff, but Srinivasa bore the injury, then struck down the cowherd. Angered by the cowherd's actions, Srinivasa cursed the Chola king to become an asura as dharma says sins committed by servants should be borne by their employers. The king prayed for mercy after which Srinivasa said to him, that the King should take next birth as Akasharaja and should perform marriage of his foster-daughter Padmavati with Srinivasa. Srinivasa went to his foster-mother Vakula Devi on Tirumala hills and stayed there for

975-724: The Chola period, a five-tiered rajagopuram (gateway tower), and a granite wall. The complex contains all the shrines and water bodies associated with it. It is one of the Divya Desams , the 108 temples of Vishnu revered in Nalayira Divya Prabandham by the 12 poet saints, or Alwars . This temple is along Kaveri and is one of the Pancharanga Kshetrams . The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity with contributions at different times from Medieval Cholas , Vijayanagara Empire and Madurai Nayaks . The temple

1014-548: The Golden and the other Ages, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows : (17) The tenth part of an Age, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden and the other Ages, in order : the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight. A dialogue between Krishna and Ganga found in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana describes that for

1053-459: The assembly on the basis of universal adult suffrage was held in January 1952. The legislature of Tamil Nadu was bicameral until 1986, when it was replaced by a unicameral legislature after the abolishment of Tamil Nadu Legislative Council . Any bill passed by the legislature needs the assent of the governor before becoming an act. The Madras High Court was established on 26 June 1862 and

1092-468: The brief (description of) the duration of a night and a day of Brahman [(Brahma)] and of the several ages (of the world, yuga) according to their order. (69) They declare that the Krita age (consists of) four thousand years (of the gods); the twilight preceding it consists of as many hundreds, and the twilight following it of the same number. (70) In the other three ages with their twilights preceding and following,

1131-485: The confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the state executive, legislative and head of judiciary. Source: The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly consists of 234 members elected through democratic elections . The current seat of the assembly is at Fort St. George in Chennai . The first election to

1170-527: The first 10,000 years of Kali Yuga , the ill effects of Kali Yuga will be reduced due to the presence of bhakti yogis and the ability to nullify sinful reactions, after which Earth will be devoid of devout religious people and be shackled by Kali Yuga . Gaudiya Vaishnavism believes this sub-period started later in Kali Yuga with the birth of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486 CE). Hinduism often symbolically represents morality ( dharma ) as an Indian bull. In

1209-542: The four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga Cycle , preceded by Dvapara Yuga and followed by the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga . It is believed to be the present age, which is full of conflict and sin. According to Puranic sources , Krishna's death marked the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga , which is dated to 17/18 February 3102  BCE . Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), Kali Yuga began 5,125 years ago and has 426,875 years left as of 2024  CE . Kali Yuga will end in

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1248-510: The golden age, so that the bull of Dharma has only one leg, the one representing Satya . The Kurukshetra War and the decimation of Kauravas thus happened at the Yuga-Sandhi , the point of transition from one yuga to another. A discourse by Markandeya in the Mahabharata identifies some of the attributes of people, animals, nature, and weather during the Kali Yuga. The Kali Yuga

1287-403: The marriage of Srinivasa with Padamavati and went to Tirumala hills to question Srinivasa and Padmavati. Srinivasa, unable to bear the quarrel between Lakshmi, Vishnu and Padmavati, turned into stone right when he was encountered by Lakshmi, Vishnu and Padmavati. Brahma and Shiva appeared before the confused deities and explain the main purpose behind all this - The Lord and Goddess' desire to be on

1326-436: The meanwhile, the sage Bhrigu sought his apology and requested Lakshmi to be born to him in more 4 places which are Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem Bhrigu as Bhrigu , Nachiyar Koil Bhrigu as Medhavi Maharishi , Oppiliappan temple Bhrigu as Markandeya Maharishi and Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam Bhrigu as Hema Maharishi . Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala is run by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), which

1365-567: The present age, has the following dates based on it starting in 3102   BCE: Mahabharata , Book 12 ( Shanti Parva ), Ch. 231: (17) A year (of men) is equal to a day and night of the gods   ... (19) I shall, in their order, tell you the number of years that are for different purposes calculated differently, in the Krita, the Treta, the Dwapara, and the Kali yugas. (20) Four thousand celestial years

1404-409: The seven hills for the emancipation of mankind from the perpetual troubles of Kali Yuga . Goddesses Lakshmi and Padmavati with God Vishnu also turn into stone deities expressing their wish to be always there. Lakshmi stays with Him on His Chest on the left side while Padmavati rests on His chest's right with Vishnu also present at the side. Padmavati got her memories and was still angry with Vishnu. In

1443-479: The thousands and hundreds are diminished by one (in each). Surya Siddhanta , Ch. 1: (13) ... twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods. (14) ... Six times sixty [360] of them are a year of the gods   ... (15) Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age (caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two [4,320,000] solar years (16) Is composed that Quadruple Age, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of

1482-433: The urban and 385 panchayat unions and 12,618 village panchayats , administered by Village Administrative Officers (VAO). Greater Chennai Corporation , established in 1688, is the second oldest in the world and Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish town panchayats as a new administrative unit. The administration of the state government functions through various secretariat departments. Each department consists of

1521-815: The year 428,899 CE. Near the end of Kali Yuga , when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of dharma occur to usher in the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga , prophesied to occur by Kalki . Yuga ( Sanskrit : युग ), in this context, means "an age of the world", where its archaic spelling is yug , with other forms of yugam , yugānāṃ , and yuge , derived from yuj ( Sanskrit : युज् , lit.   'to join or yoke'), believed derived from *yeug- ( Proto-Indo-European : lit. 'to join or unite'). Kali Yuga ( Sanskrit : कलियुग , romanized :  kaliyuga or kali-yuga ) means "the age of Kali ", "the age of darkness", "the age of vice and misery", or "the age of quarrel and hypocrisy". A complete description of Kali Yuga

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