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49-425: The current Pali Highway is actually the third roadway to be built here. The original Pali "highway" went along much of the same route and portions of the old road still exist, although closed to vehicular traffic. When the current Pali Highway and its tunnels opened, the original roadway was closed and is now used by hikers. The "Old Pali Highway", as it is now called, is noted in the popular culture of Hawaii for being

98-609: A Hawaiian chant as a sign of respect to those who have died there. In 1845 the first road was built over the Nuʻuanu Pali, to connect Windward Oʻahu with Honolulu. In 1898, as this road was developed into a highway, workers found 800 human skulls—believed to be the remains of the warriors who fell to their deaths from the cliff above. This road was later replaced by the Pali Highway and the Nuʻuanu Pali Tunnels in 1959, which

147-411: A dark, iron -rich/ silica -poor rock, which poured out of thousands of vents as fluid lava over millions of years. Some of its volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped, merging into a single island. Maui is one such "volcanic doublet," formed from two shield volcanoes that overlapped to form Maui. The older, western volcano has eroded considerably, forming

196-496: A drier season. Annual rainfall averages 17–20 inches (430–510 mm) in leeward coastal areas, such as the shoreline from Maalaea Bay to Kaupo. At the other extreme, the average exceeds 300 in (7,600 mm) along the lower windward slopes of Haleakalā, particularly along Hāna Highway . Big Bog , a spot on the edge of Haleakalā National Park overlooking Hana at about 5,400 ft (1,600 m) elevation had an estimated mean annual rainfall of 404 in (10,300 mm) over

245-513: A dry cloud forest , but this was destroyed by human activities over the last three hundred years. Maui is the leading whale-watching center in the Hawaiian Islands for the humpback whales who winter in Maui County's sheltered ʻAuʻau Channel . These mammals migrate approximately 3,500 mi (5,600 km) from Alaskan waters each autumn and spend November–April mating and birthing in

294-449: A half human, half hog god, and would not allow him (in the form of pork) to trespass on her side of the island. "Pali Gap" (Nu'uanu Pali into English) is the title of a track from the posthumous 1971 album Rainbow Bridge by the guitarist Jimi Hendrix . 'The Pali', together with surrounding areas such as Tantalus Crater , is the main setting in the novel Micro by Michael Crichton and Richard Preston. The 2015 movie Pali Road

343-533: A handful of non-Hawaiian foreigners. After conquering the islands of Maui and Molokaʻi , he moved on to Oʻahu. The pivotal battle for the island occurred in Nuʻuanu Valley, where the defenders of Oʻahu, led by Kalanikūpule , were driven back up into the valley where they were trapped above the cliff. Kamehamehaʻs warriors forced Maui Chief Kalanikupule's men to their deaths off of the cliff. Roughly 400 warriors died in this battle. After this battle, Kapanui recited

392-554: A place with strong spiritual connections. Many ghost stories have settings along this old highway. A large portion of the old highway was built over the ancient Hawaiian foot paths that traversed the famous Pali pass, which was the most easily accessible route to take from the Windward to Honolulu side. This was because much of the Koʻolau range on the Windward side has steep cliffs that make it nearly impossible to traverse over safely. "Pali"

441-475: A population of 168,307, the third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands , behind Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island . Kahului is the largest census-designated place (CDP) on the island, with a 2020 population of 28,219. It is Maui's commercial and financial hub. Wailuku is the county seat and was the third-largest CDP as of 2010 . Other significant populated areas include Kīhei (including Wailea and Makena in

490-578: A refuge decreased in size. More than 250 species of local flora are federally listed as endangered or threatened. Birds found on other islands as well as Maui include the I'iwi ( Drepanis coccinea ], 'Apapane ( Himatione sanguinea ), Hawai'i 'Amakihi ( Chlorodrepanis virens), as Maui 'Alauahio ( Paroreomyza montana ) well as the Nene ( Branta sandvicensis , Hawaii's state bird), Hawaiian coot ( Fulica alai ), Hawaiian stilt ( Himantopus mexicanus knudseni ). In 2024, Haleakalā National Park began to employ

539-575: A species of moa-nalo (also found on Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe), a species of harrier (the wood harrier , shared with Molokaʻi), an undescribed sea eagle (Maui only), and three species of ground-dwelling flightless ibis ( Apteribis sp. ), plus other species. Today, Maui's most notable surviving endemic birds are probably the 'Akohekohe ( Palmeria dolei ) and the Maui parrotbill ( Pseudonestor xanthophrys ), also known as Kiwikiu , both of which are critically endangered and only found in an alpine forest on

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588-494: A worker. Fagel spent four months in jail while the strike continued. Eventually, Vibora Luviminda made its point and the workers won a 15% increase in wages after 85 days on strike, but no written contract was signed. Maui was involved in the Pacific Theater of World War II as a staging center, training base, and rest and relaxation site. At the peak in 1943–1944, more than 100,000 soldiers were based there. The main base of

637-453: Is a section of the windward cliff ( pali in Hawaiian ) of the Koʻolau mountain located at the head of Nuʻuanu Valley on the island of Oʻahu . It has a panoramic view of the windward (northeast) coast of Oʻahu. The Pali Highway ( Hawaii State Highway 61 ) connecting Kailua / Kāneʻohe with downtown Honolulu runs through the Nuʻuanu Pali Tunnels bored into the cliffside. The area is also

686-410: Is a two fish per license limit, and any catfish that is 16 inches or larger must be kept. The trail to Nuʻuanu began at Kalanikahua and led north of Kaumakapili Church to below the stream which flowed out of Kamanuwai pond. There the trail turned slightly to the right, went along the edge of the pond, and down into the water. Then, coming up on the bank onto Waiakemi, it led on to Waakekupua, along

735-463: Is located up the Nuʻuanu Pali heading towards Kailua, in the valley jungle. This small body of water holds various species of catfish, and peacock bass . In efforts towards preserving the reservoir, appointments must be made half a year prior to the visiting date. This ensures a controlled number of residents that fish out of the waters, preventing overfishing. A fresh water game fishing license and an entry fishing card are required to fish there. There

784-563: Is named for the old road over the Pali, although most of the action takes place elsewhere on Oahu. Maui Maui ( / ˈ m aʊ i / ; Hawaiian : [ˈmɐwwi] ) is the second largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago , at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km ). It is the 17th-largest in the United States. Maui is one of Maui County 's five islands, along with Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , and Molokini . In 2020, Maui had

833-697: Is the Hawaiian word for precipice. The highway was mentioned as an "awe-inspiring drive" in Car and Driver ' s "10 Best Drivers' Cities." The lower mouth of Nuʻuanu valley is the site of historic Oahu Cemetery , founded in 1844. Over time it was expanded with the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1863, and the Kyoto Gardens of Honolulu Memorial Park . A few blocks to the east is the National Memorial Cemetery of

882-536: Is the route used today. The now extinct bird, the Oʻahu nukupuʻu , was last collected in this valley. There is also a legend that takes place around the Nuʻuanu Pali. This is The Ghost Dog Legend. This legend states that when people came across this dog on the Pali, they had to turn back around or else they would not make it up the steep mountain. Because of these events, it is said that coming across this dog would lead to kaupe , meaning disaster. The Nuʻuanu Reservoir

931-505: The 4th Marine Division was in Haiku . Beaches were used to practice landings and train in marine demolition and sabotage. In early August 2023, a series of wildfires broke out in the U.S. state of Hawaii , predominantly on the island of Maui. The wind-driven fires prompted evacuations and caused widespread damage, killing at least 102 people and leaving two people missing in the town of Lahaina on Maui's northwest coast. The proliferation of

980-610: The 2000s, controversies raged over whether to allow continued real-estate development. Vacation rentals in residential neighborhoods became a flashpoint - many were unpermitted, and were later closed after enforcement escalated. The Hawaii Superferry briefly offered interisland service, before it was banned for not having completed an EIS . In 2016, Maui residents convinced officials to switch to organic pesticides for highway applications after they learned that label requirements for glyphosate formulations had not been followed. The new millenium brought droughts, increasing pressure on

1029-444: The 30-year period of 1978 to 2007. If the islands of Hawaii did not exist, the average annual rainfall on the same patch of water would be about 25 in (640 mm). Instead, the mountainous topography induces an average of about 70 in (1,800 mm). In the lowlands, rainfall is most likely to occur during night or morning hours, and least likely in mid-afternoon. The most pronounced daily variations in rainfall occur during

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1078-625: The Kihei Town CDP), Lāhainā (including Kāʻanapali and Kapalua in the Lāhainā Town CDP), and Upcountry Maui (including Makawao , Pukalani , Kula , and Ulupalakua), although Lāhainā was mostly destroyed by fire in 2023 . Once part of Maui Nui , Maui is dominated by two volcanic features: Haleakalā in the southeast, and the West Maui Mountains in the northwest. The two are connected by an isthmus about six miles wide that gives

1127-711: The Pacific . Hawaii Route 61 has several free scenic lookouts, including the Pali Lookout . The Queen Emma Summer Palace is also on the Pali (2913 Pali Hwy). The following foreign consulates are located on the Pali: The Pali is also the site of the following houses of worship and religious originations: The entire route is in Honolulu County . [REDACTED] Media related to Hawaii Route 61 at Wikimedia Commons Nu%E2%80%98uanu Pali#Superstition Nuʻuanu Pali

1176-470: The bank of the taro patches, to the Pauoa stream, up to Pualoalo, and on to the gap at Nuʻuanu Pali. Two large stones near the back of Nuʻuanu Valley, Hapuʻu and Ka-lae-hau-ola, were said to represent a pair of goddesses who were guardians of the passage down the pali. Travellers would leave offerings of flowers or kapa (bark cloth) to ensure a safe trip, and parents buried the umbilical cords of newborns under

1225-454: The concentration of endemic species found in some other Hawaiian islands. As recently as 200,000 years ago Maui was part of Maui Nui, thus reducing the odds that birds or other species would be endemic to any single one of these. Although Molokaʻi had several endemic bird species, in modern times Maui Nui's other islands host little endemic birdlife. During and after the Maui Nui period, Maui hosted

1274-401: The core of Hawaiian culture. Modern Hawaiian history began in the mid-18th century. Kamehameha I , king Hawaiʻi island , invaded Maui in 1790 and fought the inconclusive Battle of Kepaniwai . He returned to Hawaiʻi to battle a rival, subduing Maui a few years later. On November 26, 1778, explorer James Cook became the first European to see Maui. Cook never set foot on the island, because he

1323-620: The end of the 19th century as petroleum replaced whale oil . Along with the rest of Hawaii, Maui was part of the Hawaiian Kingdom , the Republic of Hawaii , Hawaiian territory , and the state of Hawaii . In 1937, Vibora Luviminda trade union conducted the final ethnic strike action in the Hawaiian Islands against four Maui sugarcane plantations , demanding higher wages and the dismissal of five foremen. Manuel Fagel and nine other strike leaders were arrested, and charged with kidnapping

1372-549: The first school in Lahaina, Lahainaluna Mission School, which opened in 1831 and still exists. At the height of the whaling era (1843–1860), Lahaina was a major center. In one season over 400 ships visited with up to 100 anchored at one time in Lāhainā Roads . Ships tended to stay for weeks rather than days, fostering extended drinking and the rise of prostitution , against which the missionaries battled. Whaling declined steeply at

1421-414: The incompatible insect technique to reduce the park's mosquito population. Maui is also home to the Hawaiian hoary bat , Hawaii's only native terrestrial mammal. Marine mammals notably include spinner , bottlenose , and spotted dolphins . Polynesians from Tahiti were Maui's original inhabitants. They introduced the kapu system, a strict social order that affected all aspects of life and became

1470-637: The island its nickname, the Valley Isle. Maui has a significant tourism industry, with nearly three million visitors in 2022. A 2023 report based on 2017 data concluded that nearly 40% of Maui County's economy was tourism-related. Popular tourist destinations include the resorts in the Kāʻanapali, Kapalua, and Kihei/Wailea/Makena areas; Hāna and the Hana Highway ; Iao Valley ; Haleakalā National Park ; and its many beaches. Native Hawaiian tradition gives

1519-592: The leeward coasts and at the highest elevations), and dominant trade wind flow (especially at lower elevations). Maui has a range of climatic conditions and weather patterns: Maui displays diverse climatic conditions, each of which is specific to a sub-region. These sub-regions are defined by major physiographic features (such as mountains and valleys) and by location on the windward or leeward side. Maui's daytime temperatures average between 75 °F (24 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C) year round, while evening temperatures are about 15 °F (8.3 °C) cooler in

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1568-593: The location of the Nuʻuanu Freshwater Fish Refuge and the Nuʻuanu Reservoir in the jurisdiction of the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources . The Nuʻuanu Pali State Wayside is a lookout above the tunnels where there is a panoramic view of Oʻahu's windward side with views of Kāneʻohe, Kāneʻohe Bay , and Kailua . It is also well known for strong trade winds that blow through

1617-426: The major regions: Central Maui; leeward South Maui and West Maui; windward North Shore and East Maui; and Upcountry. (24.6) (24.2) (24.1) (24.4) (24.9) (25.4) (25.9) (26.3) (26.7) (26.7) (26.1) (25.1) Showers are common; while some of these are heavy, the majority are light and brief. Thunder and lightning are rare, even during intense storms. Throughout the lowlands, summer trade winds produce

1666-513: The more humid windward areas, about 18 °F (10 °C) cooler in the drier leeward areas, and cooler still in higher elevations. An exception to the normal pattern is the occasional winter Kona storm that brings rainfall to the South and West areas accompanied by high southwesterly winds (opposite of the prevailing trade wind direction). Maui has examples of all microclimates, each typical to specific locations. These microclimates help to define

1715-526: The mountains, Honolulu to the windward side, Kailua and Kāneʻohe . The route drew settlers who formed villages in the area and populated Nuʻuanu Valley for a thousand years. The Nuʻuanu Pali was the site of the Battle of Nuʻuanu , one of the bloodiest battles in Hawaiian history, in which Kamehameha I conquered the island of Oʻahu, bringing it under his rule. In 1795 Kamehameha I sailed from his home island of Hawaiʻi with an army of 10,000 warriors, including

1764-442: The natives, banned hula , and greatly altered the culture. The missionaries taught reading and writing, devised the Hawaiian alphabet , operated a printing press in Lahaina, and began recording the islands' history, which had been transmitted only orally. The missionaries both altered and preserved the native culture. The religious work altered the culture while the literacy efforts preserved history and language. Missionaries started

1813-456: The now submerged Penguin Bank . During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 200,000 years ago, the channels between them become exposed and join the island into a single landmass. The climate is characterized by a two-season year, tropical and uniform temperatures at any given elevation, geographic differences in rainfall, high relative humidity, extensive cloud formations (except on

1862-479: The origin of the island's name in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa , the navigator credited with discovering the Hawaiian Islands . According to that tradition, Hawaiʻiloa named the island after his son, who in turn was named for the demigod Māui . Maui's previous name was ʻIhikapalaumaewa. Maui Island is also called the "Valley Isle" for the large isthmus connecting its northwestern and southeastern volcanic masses. The islands' volcanic cones are formed from basalt ,

1911-456: The pass (now bypassed by the Nuʻuanu Pali Tunnels ). The Nuʻuanu Pali Tunnels were built in 1958. Before this road opened, people would use what is now known as the Old Pali Road, currently a popular hiking route. The Nuʻuanu Pali has been a vital pass from ancient times to the present because it is a low, traversable section of the Koʻolau mountain range that connects the leeward side of

1960-420: The peaks of the West Maui Mountains (in Hawaiian, Mauna Kahalawai). Puʻu Kukui is the highest, at 5,788 ft (1,764 m). The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā , rises to 10,023 ft (3,055 m) above sea level, and measures 5 mi (8 km) from seafloor to summit. The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to

2009-498: The rocky, windswept shoreline. The isthmus was formed by sandy erosional deposits. Maui's last eruption (originating in Haleakalā's Southwest Rift Zone) likely occurred between 1480 and 1600; the resulting lava flows are located at Cape Kīnaʻu between ʻĀhihi Bay and La Perouse Bay . Haleakalā is dormant, but not extinct. Maui is part of a much larger unit, Maui Nui , that includes the islands of Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Molokaʻi , and

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2058-471: The stones as a protection against evil. According to legend, the pass is inhabited by a moʻo wahine , a lizard who takes the form of a beautiful woman and leads male travelers to their deaths off the cliff, similar to a western poltergeist or mermaid . Hawaiian folklore holds that people should never carry pork over Nuʻuanu Pali, especially at night. Pele , the volcano goddess, was responsible for preventing passage due to her contest with Kamapua'a ,

2107-533: The summer because summer rainfall generally consists of night-time trade wind showers. Winter rainfall in the lowlands is the result of storm activity, which is as likely to occur in the daytime as at night. Rainfall variability is far greater during the winter when occasional storms contribute appreciably to rainfall totals. Such wide swings in rainfall produce occasional droughts, sometimes causing economic losses. These occur when winter rains fail to produce sufficient significant rain, impacting normally dry areas outside

2156-496: The trade winds that depend on them the most. The winter of 2011–2012 produced extreme drought on the leeward sides Maui, and some other islands. Maui is home to a large rainforest on the northeastern flanks of Haleakalā, which serves as the drainage basin for that side. Maui is home to many coral reefs . However, many have been damaged by pollution, run-off, and tourism, although sea turtles, dolphins, and Hawaii's celebrated tropical fish remain abundant. Leeward Maui once boasted

2205-551: The warm waters. They are typically sighted in pods: small groups of several adults, or groups of a mother, her calf, and a few suitors. Humpbacks are an endangered species protected by U.S. federal and Hawaiʻi state law. An estimated 21,000-26,000 humpbacks live in North Pacific waters. Although they face many dangers, due to pollution, commercial vessels, and military sonar testing, their numbers have increased rapidly in recent years, estimated at 7% growth per year. Birdlife lacks

2254-473: The wildfires was attributed to dry, gusty conditions created by a strong high-pressure area north of Hawaii and Hurricane Dora to the south. The island experienced rapid population growth through 2007. At the time, Kīhei was one of the most rapidly growing towns in the United States. The island attracted many retirees, with accompanying service providers. Population growth produced strains, including traffic, housing cost/availability, and access to water. In

2303-472: The windward slopes of Haleakalā. Conservation efforts have examined how to mitigate female parrotbill mortality since that is s a key driving factor driving population decline. The parrotbill lacks resistance to mosquito-born diseases, particularly avian malaria , so only forests above 1500 meters of elevation provide refuge. The habitat was undergoing restoration in east Maui as of 2018. As Maui's human population grew, previously undeveloped areas that provided

2352-412: The ʻĪao aquifer , with withdrawals rising above 18 million U.S. gallons (68,000 m ) per day. Recent estimates indicate that Maui has a potential supply of potable water around 476 million U.S. gallons (1,800,000 m ) per day, virtually all of which drains into the ocean. Water for agriculture comes mostly from East Maui streams, routed through a network of tunnels and ditches dug by Chinese laborers in

2401-427: Was unable to find a suitable landing. The first European to come ashore was French admiral Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse , who landed on the shores of what became La Perouse Bay on May 29, 1786. More Europeans followed: traders, whalers, loggers (e.g., of sandalwood ) and missionaries . The latter began to arrive from New England in 1823, settling in Lahaina, at that time Hawaii's capitol. They clothed

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