166-854: Students for Justice in Palestine ( SJP ; Arabic : طلاب من أجل العدالة في فلسطين , romanized : Ṭullāb min ajl al-ʿAdāla fī Filasṭīn ) is a pro-Palestinian college student activism organization in the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Founded at the University of California in 2001, it has campaigned for boycott and divestment against corporations that deal with Israel and organized events about Israel's human rights violations . In 2011, The New York Times called it "the leading pro-Palestinian voice on campus". As of 2024, National SJP has over 350 chapters in North America. Some SJP chapters in
332-423: A Hillel table promoting Birthright Israel , a program that pays for Jews to visit Israel. A group of Palestinian students affiliated with SJP lined up at the table and tried to register for trips to Israel. After conversations with the students manning the table, they were turned away because they were not Jews. The Palestinian students then lined up for a photo op some distance away with signs that read: "My family
498-408: A 2015 report that found that "the presence of an anti-Zionist student group such as Students for Justice in Palestine" is one of the two "best statistical predictors of overall antisemitic activity on a campus." A 2016 follow-up report found that antisemitism was "eight times more likely to occur on campuses with at least one active anti-Zionist student group such as SJP." A 2016 report by researchers at
664-555: A 40-page report two months later, while the students that organized the event sought legal help from the Center for Constitutional Rights . The report stated that the eviction was not discriminatory but based on a "political viewpoint". BC eventually settled with ZOA and President Karen Gould apologized for how the school had handled the event. In March 2014 the Center for Student Involvement at Northeastern University suspended SJP from campus for
830-650: A 74 km (46 mi) fence between the Wadi Ara region and Latrun . Not until 14 April 2002, the Cabinet of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon decided to implement the plan and establish a permanent barrier in the Seam Area . On 23 June 2002, the Ariel Sharon Government definitely approved the plan in principle and work at the barrier began. At the end of 2002, due to government inaction, several localities who suffered
996-683: A barrier separating Israelis and Palestinians. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak , prior to the Camp David 2000 Summit with Yasser Arafat , vowed to build a separation barrier, stating that it is "essential to the Palestinian nation in order to foster its national identity and independence without being dependent on the State of Israel". In November 2000, during Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations in Washington , Prime Minister Ehud Barak approved financing of
1162-557: A ceasefire, university divestment, and breaking ties with Israeli institutions. In the wake of the 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation , UPenn revoked the status of its SJP chapter and Harvard suspended its Palestine Solidarity Committee. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign revoked its SJP chapter's RSO status after seven people were arrested in connection with an SJP protest. The group may reapply for RSO status in 2027. In September 2024, National Students for Justice in Palestine published and later deleted
1328-510: A checkpoint is not only for workers but also for those communities that were cut in two by the presence of the separation wall. West Bank Palestinians who live on the Jerusalem side in areas like Nabi Samuel are forbidden to go to the Jerusalem site outside their homes and must cross a checkpoint to attend schools or go to work or to the hospital. In 2013, the World Bank cited estimates of costs to
1494-562: A collection of related dialects that constitute the precursor of Arabic, first emerged during the Iron Age . Previously, the earliest attestation of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in Sabaic script at Qaryat al-Faw , in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. However, this inscription does not participate in several of the key innovations of the Arabic language group, such as
1660-435: A corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ʿarabiyya . Arabic spread with the spread of Islam . Following the early Muslim conquests , Arabic gained vocabulary from Middle Persian and Turkish . In the early Abbasid period , many Classical Greek terms entered Arabic through translations carried out at Baghdad's House of Wisdom . By
1826-622: A course that sends students on a trip abroad. In 2013, it was decided that the trip would be to Israel and Palestine to study water issues for a course called The Jordan River Watershed . The trip drew the ire of SJP for, among other things, being coordinated with the Israeli research institute Arava Institute for Environmental Studies . On February 6, nine SJP members picketed an IS class and handed out leaflets criticizing Israel and Israeli appropriation of Palestinian water sources. On September 9, 2014, at Loyola University Chicago , students were manning
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#17328518231321992-529: A demonstrator with a sign comparing the Star of David to the swastika. Students for Justice in Palestine picked up a nickname among critics, “Students for Just Us in Palestine.” On April 9, 2002, SJP staged a sit-in at Wheeler Hall, one of the University of California, Berkeley's largest classroom buildings. Police were called to the scene and the students were ordered to leave or face arrest. 41 students did not leave and were arrested and charged with various violations of
2158-1077: A dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages, including Albanian, Greek , Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian , have also acquired many words of Arabic origin, mainly through direct contact with Ottoman Turkish . Arabic has influenced languages across the globe throughout its history, especially languages where Islam is the predominant religion and in countries that were conquered by Muslims. The most markedly influenced languages are Persian , Turkish , Hindustani ( Hindi and Urdu ), Kashmiri , Kurdish , Bosnian , Kazakh , Bengali , Malay ( Indonesian and Malaysian ), Maldivian , Pashto , Punjabi , Albanian , Armenian , Azerbaijani , Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, Tagalog , Sindhi , Odia , Hebrew and African languages such as Hausa , Amharic , Tigrinya , Somali , Tamazight , and Swahili . Conversely, Arabic has borrowed some words (mostly nouns) from other languages, including its sister-language Aramaic, Persian, Greek, and Latin and to
2324-483: A lesser extent and more recently from Turkish, English, French, and Italian. Arabic is spoken by as many as 380 million speakers, both native and non-native, in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world, and the fourth most used language on the internet in terms of users. It also serves as the liturgical language of more than 2 billion Muslims . In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Arabic
2490-677: A millennium before the modern period . Early lexicographers ( لُغَوِيُّون lughawiyyūn ) sought to explain words in the Quran that were unfamiliar or had a particular contextual meaning, and to identify words of non-Arabic origin that appear in the Quran. They gathered shawāhid ( شَوَاهِد 'instances of attested usage') from poetry and the speech of the Arabs—particularly the Bedouin ʾaʿrāb [ ar ] ( أَعْراب ) who were perceived to speak
2656-474: A month later. University Chancellor Berdahl said, "It is important to understand that this is neither an issue of free speech, nor of the right to hold demonstrations on campus. The issue is the occupation of an academic building, interfering with the rights of other students to continue their education." Students and faculty members at Berkeley said SJP's protests heightened polarization, and were more "hostile" than other protests at Berkeley. One student remembers
2822-538: A multi-layered fence system, with three fences with pyramid-shaped stacks of barbed wire on the two outer fences and a lighter-weight fence with intrusion detection equipment in the middle; an anti-vehicle ditch; patrol roads on both sides; and a smooth strip of sand for "intrusion tracking". Where the multi-layered fence system is employed, it contains an exclusion area of 60-metre (200 ft) in width on average, with some sections having an exclusion area that reaches up to 100 metres (330 ft). The concrete wall has
2988-536: A number of restrictions east of the barrier have been lifted as a result of it, including a reduction in checkpoints from 71 to 47 and roadblocks from 197 to 111. The Jerusalem Post reports that, for some Palestinians who are Israeli citizens living in the Israeli Arab town of Umm el-Fahm (population 42,000) near Jenin, the barrier has "significantly improved their lives" because, on one hand, it prevents would-be thieves or terrorists from coming to their town and, on
3154-526: A post saying that its ultimate goal is to "eradicate America as we know it". Pro-Israel organizations have charged that the SJP promotes antisemitism . The Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law has accused the network of "celebrating terrorism". The pro-Israel AMCHA Initiative has published a report on what it considers the association between SJP groups, the BDS movement, and campus antisemitism, including
3320-459: A protest against the university's investments in Israel. Police broke up the occupation after warning the students of trespassing. Seventy-nine protesters were arrested for trespassing and resisting arrest. One protester was jailed on a charge of felony battery after he bit a police officer. Following the arrests, SJP was banned from operating at UC Berkeley, prompting an SJP protest by 200 demonstrators
3486-576: A result, many European languages have borrowed words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages (mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese , Catalan , and Sicilian ) owing to the proximity of Europe and the long-lasting Arabic cultural and linguistic presence, mainly in Southern Iberia, during the Al-Andalus era. Maltese is a Semitic language developed from
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#17328518231323652-462: A script derived from ASA attest to a language known as Hasaitic . On the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as Thamudic B , Thamudic D, Safaitic , and Hismaic are attested. The last two share important isoglosses with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered Old Arabic . Linguists generally believe that "Old Arabic",
3818-818: A short commute into an hours-long, humiliating journey. Workers leave their homes in the very early morning, some as early as 2am, and spend hours commuting, not returning to their homes until the late evening. The military checkpoints they need to cross are usually overcrowded, in poor conditions and characterized by long processing times. They are herded through congested steel cages and metal turnstiles and go through invasive security checks. They are not allowed to take their own tools, food and drinks with them, adding an additional financial burden. Several human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have reported human rights abuses inside checkpoints, including arbitrary arrests and unlawful shootings. The daily struggle and humiliation of going through
3984-465: A single language, despite mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions. From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the Romance languages . This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for
4150-508: A total length of 708 kilometres (440 mi) upon completion, the route traced by the barrier is more than double the length of the Green Line, with 15% of its length running along the Green Line or inside Israel, and the remaining 85% running as much as 18 kilometres (11 mi) inside the West Bank, effectively isolating about 9% of the land and approximately 25,000 Palestinians from the rest of
4316-611: A truce among Palestinian militant groups in the Palestinian Territories. Haaretz reported, "[t]he security fence is no longer mentioned as the major factor in preventing suicide bombings, mainly because the terrorists have found ways to bypass it." Former Israeli Secretary of Defence Moshe Arens says that the reduction in Palestinian violence is largely due to the IDF's entry into the West Bank in 2002. The barrier has many effects on Palestinians including reduced freedoms, reduction of
4482-470: A two-year campaign by SJP, signed by over 800 students, professors, and alumni, Hampshire College in Massachusetts became the first U.S. college to divest from companies involved in the Israeli occupation of Palestine. The board of trustees decided to divest from Caterpillar , United Technologies , General Electric , ITT Corporation , Motorola , and Terex . Hampshire College President Ralph Hexter said
4648-503: A type of Arabic. Cypriot Arabic is recognized as a minority language in Cyprus. The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of diglossia , which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. Tawleed is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. For example, al-hatif lexicographically means
4814-499: A variety of regional vernacular Arabic dialects , which are not necessarily mutually intelligible. Classical Arabic is the language found in the Quran , used from the period of Pre-Islamic Arabia to that of the Abbasid Caliphate . Classical Arabic is prescriptive, according to the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as Sibawayh ) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as
4980-562: A victory when the Senate voted 11–5 to endorse BDS and divest from Caterpillar and Hewlett Packard. The vote in support of BDS at UCR was large enough to avoid a veto by the undergraduate student body president who opposed the resolution. In 2016, Columbia's SJP and Jewish Voice for Peace chapters formed the Columbia University Apartheid Divest coalition. The organization's campaigns resulted in two student referendums, held by
5146-562: A walkout protesting violence in Israel and Gaza, as well as the university's ties to Israel. The event, co-organized by Columbia's SJP and Jewish Voice for Peace , called for a ceasefire, divestment from companies profiting from Israeli activities, and the cancellation of the Tel Aviv Global Center opening. The walkout did not receive university approval, and participants faced doxxing threats. Counterprotesters supporting Israel were also present. In November, Columbia University suspended
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5312-470: A wider audience." In the wake of the industrial revolution and European hegemony and colonialism , pioneering Arabic presses, such as the Amiri Press established by Muhammad Ali (1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic literature and publications. Rifa'a al-Tahtawi proposed the establishment of Madrasat al-Alsun in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted
5478-520: A width of 3 metres (9.8 ft), and the wall is 9 metres (30 ft) high. The barrier runs partly along or near the 1949 Jordanian–Israeli armistice line ( "Green Line" ) and partly through the Israeli-occupied West Bank diverging eastward from the armistice line by up to 20 km (12 mi) to include on the western side several of the areas with concentrations of highly populated Israeli settlements , such as East Jerusalem ,
5644-570: A year after an incident that the Center called "intimidation" of fellow students. The university reached an agreement with SJP in April that lifted the suspension in exchange for a semester of probation, during which SJP was allowed to operate as usual. Arabic language Arabic (endonym: اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , romanized : al-ʿarabiyyah , pronounced [al ʕaraˈbijːa] , or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , pronounced [ˈʕarabiː] or [ʕaraˈbij] )
5810-727: Is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world . The ISO assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic , including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic , which is derived from Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ "the eloquent Arabic") or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ). Arabic
5976-585: Is a minimum level of comprehension between all Arabic dialects, this level can increase or decrease based on geographic proximity: for example, Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other much better than they do speakers from the Maghreb. The issue of diglossia between spoken and written language is a complicating factor: A single written form, differing sharply from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites several sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak
6142-542: Is a sister language rather than their direct ancestor. Arabia had a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. The term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula , as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece . In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside the Ancient South Arabian family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It
6308-764: Is a student organization that works in solidarity with the Palestinian people and supports their right to self-determination. It is committed to ending Israel’s occupation and colonization of all Arab lands and dismantling the Separation Wall. It recognizes the fundamental rights of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality. It calls for respecting, protecting and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 . The SJP's mission statement
6474-469: Is believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages (non-Central Semitic languages) were spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hejaz , Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested. In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in
6640-408: Is credited with establishing the rules of Arabic prosody . Al-Jahiz (776–868) proposed to Al-Akhfash al-Akbar an overhaul of the grammar of Arabic, but it would not come to pass for two centuries. The standardization of Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ʿarabiyya "Arabic", Sībawayhi's al - Kitāb , is based first of all upon
6806-468: Is credited with standardizing Arabic grammar , or an-naḥw ( النَّحو "the way" ), and pioneering a system of diacritics to differentiate consonants ( نقط الإعجام nuqaṭu‿l-i'jām "pointing for non-Arabs") and indicate vocalization ( التشكيل at-tashkīl ). Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (718–786) compiled the first Arabic dictionary, Kitāb al-'Ayn ( كتاب العين "The Book of the Letter ع "), and
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6972-418: Is from the ethnically cleansed village of [each place name] BUT I DO NOT HAVE THE RIGHT TO RETURN." According to members of SJP, the point of trying to register for Birthright Israel was to expose the program's racism. The Hillel students complained and accused the Palestinian students of having harassed and verbally assaulted them "in an attempt to intimidate Jewish students." After two months of investigation,
7138-566: Is not present in the spoken varieties, but deletes Classical words that sound obsolete in MSA. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined many terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., فِلْم film 'film' or ديمقراطية dīmuqrāṭiyyah 'democracy'). The current preference
7304-836: Is official in Mali and recognized as a minority language in Morocco, while the Senegalese government adopted the Latin script to write it. Maltese is official in (predominantly Catholic ) Malta and written with the Latin script . Linguists agree that it is a variety of spoken Arabic, descended from Siculo-Arabic , though it has experienced extensive changes as a result of sustained and intensive contact with Italo-Romance varieties, and more recently also with English. Due to "a mix of social, cultural, historical, political, and indeed linguistic factors", many Maltese people today consider their language Semitic but not
7470-407: Is only legal to build the barrier inside Israel. The barrier route has been challenged in court and changed several times. Argument presented to the court has reiterated that the cease-fire line of 1949 was negotiated "without prejudice to future territorial settlements or boundary lines" (Art. VI.9). In 1992, the idea of creating a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian populations
7636-562: Is sponsored by the Westchester People’s Action Committee (WESPAC) Foundation. WESPAC also sponsors Adalah NY , International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network , Palestinian Feminist Collective, Palestine Freedom Project, and Within Our Lifetime . WESPAC does not disclose information about its donors, which include charity organizations such as Elias Foundation and Tides Foundation . The Palestinian Solidarity Movement (PSM),
7802-752: Is the Strauss Group , an Israeli food company that supports two Israeli brigades, the Givati Brigade and the Golani Brigade . The university initially agreed, but reversed its stance a few days later by reinstating Sabra hummus in the dining halls. The university spokeswoman said, "in this instance the sale of Sabra hummus was temporarily suspended, by mistake, prior to review by the Fair Business Practices Committee. We have reinstated sales to correct that error by staff personnel." In May 2011,
7968-559: Is the third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations , and the liturgical language of Islam . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media. During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As
8134-584: Is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic" ( فُصْحَى fuṣḥá ) are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows: MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., dhahaba 'to go') that
8300-413: Is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use loan translations (e.g., فرع farʻ 'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; جناح janāḥ 'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing roots ( استماتة istimātah ' apoptosis ', using the root موت m/w/t 'death' put into
8466-467: Is to develop "a connected, disciplined movement that is equipped with the tools necessary to contribute to the fight for Palestinian liberation", with an emphasis on intersectionality . SJP chapters agree to guard against " homophobia , sexism , racism , bigotry , classism , colonialism , and discrimination of any form". The organization claims over 200 chapters nationwide, though this cannot be confirmed. The National Students for Justice in Palestine
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#17328518231328632-516: Is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the industrial and post-industrial era , especially in modern times. Due to its grounding in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium from everyday speech, which is construed as a multitude of dialects of this language. These dialects and Modern Standard Arabic are described by some scholars as not mutually comprehensible. The former are usually acquired in families, while
8798-445: The Lisān al-ʻArab ). Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary
8964-479: The American Association of University Professors wrote the administration a letter saying that the change "flagrantly contravenes University rules and procedures" and calling on the administration to "commit to shared faculty governance, and to nullify improperly authorized committees, actions, and policies that circumvent channels of governance at the University and the core principle of free speech." During
9130-579: The Australasian Union of Jewish Students . In April 2011, while speaking at Brandeis University , Avi Dichter , a member of the Knesset and of Israel's centrist and Kadima party, was interrupted by protesters from the university's SJP calling him a war criminal and accusing him of torture and crimes against humanity. Every year the International Studies (IS) program at Vassar College has
9296-507: The BBC 's style guide uses the terms "barrier" (sometimes "separation barrier" or " West Bank barrier ") as do The Economist , PBS and The New York Times . The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses the phrase "security fence" in English. The International Court of Justice has used the term "wall", explaining that "the other expressions sometimes employed are no more accurate if understood in
9462-624: The Green Line were demolished by the IDF during construction of the wall in the village of Nazlat Issa . In August 2003, an additional 115 shops and stalls (an important source of income for several communities) and five to seven homes there were also demolished. According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 15 communities were to be directly affected, numbering about 138,593 Palestinians, including 13,450 refugee families, or 67,250 people. In addition to loss of land, in
9628-458: The National March on Washington: Free Palestine held on November 4, 2023. SJP organizers reportedly estimated that the 150 active SJP chapters at the beginning of the war were joined by interested students at an additional 80 campuses during fall 2023. An internal document the national SJP distributed shortly after Hamas 's October 7 attack on Israel praised the attack as a "historic win for
9794-667: The Palestinian territory . The barrier was built by Israel following a wave of Palestinian political violence and incidents of terrorism inside Israel during the Second Intifada , which began in September 2000 and ended in February 2005. The Israeli government cites a decreased number of suicide bombings carried out from the West Bank as evidence of its efficacy, after such attacks fell from 73 between 2000 and July 2003 (the completion of
9960-654: The Steinhardt Social Research Institute concurred with the AMCHA Initiative's report. According to Mark Rotenberg, vice president for university initiatives and general counsel for Hillel , "SJP is a primary source of aggressive and hostile anti-Israel and antisemitic activity that targets university campuses". In 2023, Haaretz found, "based on dozens of conversations with Jewish students on U.S. campuses since October 7", that "a sizable majority seem to feel that by legitimizing and even glorifying
10126-521: The University of California, Berkeley in 1993. It was cofounded by Hatem Bazian, now the chairman of American Muslims for Palestine . It held several events in spring 1993, and was officially recognized by the university in the fall. After the organization's status briefly lapsed in 1999, it was revived at the time of the Second Palestinian Intifada , which began in September 2000. In 2002,
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#173285182313210292-457: The West Bank separation barrier , is a separation barrier built by Israel along the Green Line and inside parts of the West Bank . Israel describes the wall as a necessary security barrier against Palestinian political violence ; whereas Palestinians describe it as an element of racial segregation and a representation of Israeli apartheid , who often call it " Wall of Apartheid ". At
10458-496: The West Bank separation wall , which they call an " Apartheid Wall ". Some SJP chapters encourage activists to cover their faces when protesting, and to avoid using their real names and photos on social media, to avoid doxing . In 2001, SJP's University of California, Berkeley chapter chose the memorial of the Deir Yassin massacre to occupy a campus building and disrupt a midterm exam in progress for over 600 students as part of
10624-561: The Xth form , or جامعة jāmiʻah 'university', based on جمع jamaʻa 'to gather, unite'; جمهورية jumhūriyyah 'republic', based on جمهور jumhūr 'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine an older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., هاتف hātif 'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; جريدة jarīdah 'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk'). Colloquial or dialectal Arabic refers to
10790-585: The atrocities perpetuated by Hamas , and by showing no empathy for fellow Jewish students grieving for the victims, SJP has crossed the line from anti-Zionist to antisemitic". The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs published a book, Students for Justice in Palestine Unmasked , reporting many instances of the group supporting antisemitism and violence and connections between the group and U.S.-designated terror groups. On February 7, 2013, Brooklyn College's (BC) SJP chapter organized and held an open forum on
10956-494: The northern Hejaz . These features are evidence of common descent from a hypothetical ancestor , Proto-Arabic . The following features of Proto-Arabic can be reconstructed with confidence: On the other hand, several Arabic varieties are closer to other Semitic languages and maintain features not found in Classical Arabic, indicating that these varieties cannot have developed from Classical Arabic. Thus, Arabic vernaculars do not descend from Classical Arabic: Classical Arabic
11122-419: The "learned" tradition (Classical Arabic). This variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an Old Higazi register. It is clear that the orthography of the Quran was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of Old Higazi. In
11288-755: The "purest," most eloquent form of Arabic—initiating a process of jamʿu‿l-luɣah ( جمع اللغة 'compiling the language') which took place over the 8th and early 9th centuries. Kitāb al-'Ayn ( c. 8th century ), attributed to Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi , is considered the first lexicon to include all Arabic roots ; it sought to exhaust all possible root permutations —later called taqālīb ( تقاليب ) — calling those that are actually used mustaʿmal ( مستعمَل ) and those that are not used muhmal ( مُهمَل ). Lisān al-ʿArab (1290) by Ibn Manzur gives 9,273 roots, while Tāj al-ʿArūs (1774) by Murtada az-Zabidi gives 11,978 roots. West Bank barrier The West Bank barrier , West Bank wall or
11454-454: The 11th and 12th centuries in al-Andalus , the zajal and muwashah poetry forms developed in the dialectical Arabic of Cordoba and the Maghreb. The Nahda was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of the 19th century in which writers sought "to fuse Arabic and European forms of expression." According to James L. Gelvin , " Nahda writers attempted to simplify the Arabic language and script so that it might be accessible to
11620-562: The 2004 International Court ruling, instead instituting a restrictive permit regime for Palestinians. However, it has changed the route to allow settlements to annex parcels of land. The existing barrier cuts off access to the Jordan River for Palestinian farmers in the West Bank. Israeli settlement councils already have de facto control of 86 percent of the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea as
11786-412: The 45 km stretch of barrier enclosing Gush Etzion, no progress had been made on it, and Israel reopened the debate. The fence is scheduled to go through the national park, the Nahal Rafaim valley, and the Palestinian village of Battir . The Israeli land appropriated in Gva'ot would be on the Palestinian side of the barrier. On 21 September 2014, the government voted to not reauthorize the barrier in
11952-562: The 4th to the 6th centuries, the Nabataean script evolved into the Arabic script recognizable from the early Islamic era. There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script dating to the 6th century CE, found at four locations in Syria ( Zabad , Jebel Usays , Harran , Umm el-Jimal ). The oldest surviving papyrus in Arabic dates to 643 CE, and it uses dots to produce the modern 28-letter Arabic alphabet. The language of that papyrus and of
12118-812: The 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, both for Muslims and non-Muslims. For example, Maimonides , the Andalusi Jewish philosopher, authored works in Judeo-Arabic —Arabic written in Hebrew script . Ibn Jinni of Mosul , a pioneer in phonology , wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology in works such as Kitāb Al-Munṣif , Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab , and Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ [ ar ] . Ibn Mada' of Cordoba (1116–1196) realized
12284-510: The Ariel Bloc ( Ariel , Karnei Shomron , Kedumim , Immanuel etc.), Gush Etzion , Givat Ze'ev , Oranit , and Maale Adumim . The barrier nearly encircles some Palestinian towns, about 20% follows the armistice line , and a projected 77,000 ha (191,000 acres) or about 13.5% of the West Bank area is on the west side of the wall. According to a study of the April 2006 route by the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem , 8.5% of
12450-545: The BDS movement and boycotts of Israel. The college's political science department co-sponsored the forum. The speakers were Judith Butler , an American philosopher who supports the BDS movement, and Omar Barghouti , a Palestinian who is one of its founders. The forum attracted widespread media attention. Among its critics were the Anti-Defamation League , Alan Dershowitz , who called it an "anti-Israel hatefest", and New York politicians, who threatened to stop funding
12616-569: The Barnard College Student Government Association in 2018 and the Colombia College Student Council in 2020. Students voted to divest from Israel in both votes, but Columbia University President Lee Bollinger declined to divest the university's holdings. On October 25, 2023, hundreds of Columbia University affiliates, in coordination with SJP and other Palestinian advocacy groups, participated in
12782-510: The Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences. This has led to considerable anxiety amongst Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted. ... The land between the Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns. An often-quoted example of
12948-590: The Berkeley chapter organized the first National Student Conference of the Palestine Solidarity Movement (PSM) to coordinate Palestine solidarity activism nationwide. Subsequent national conferences were held at the University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, Ohio State University, Duke University, and Georgetown University. On 16 October 2011, the SJP organised a conference that resolved the organization's Points of Unity, stating: Students for Justice in Palestine
13114-616: The Court. In a 2004 advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice , "Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall". The Court asserted that "the construction of the wall, and its associated régime, are contrary to international law." So in the July 9, 2004 advisory opinion the ICJ advised that
13280-643: The DePaul SJP presented a referendum to the Student Government on Sabra. The result was 1,127 in favor, 332 against, and 8 extraneous write-ins. The number of votes were 32 short of the 1,500 needed for the referendum to be valid. Stanford's BDS ( Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions ) defeat was notably followed by two quick BDS victories at University of California, Riverside , and University of California, San Diego . On March 8, 2013, substantial campaigning by SJP at University of California, Riverside (UCR) produced
13446-472: The Fourth Geneva Convention. On request of the ICJ, Palestine submitted a copious statement. The UN Fact Finding Mission and several UN Rapporteurs subsequently said that in the movement and access policy there has been a violation of the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of race or national origin. Israeli supporters of the barrier stood in the plaza near the courthouse, holding
13612-516: The Gush Etzion area. In 2022, 45 km (28.0 mi) of the barrier that had been built as a multi-layered fence were replaced by new sections of the 9-meter high concrete wall. Suicide bombings have decreased since the construction of the barrier. Israeli officials (including the head of the Shin Bet ) quoted in the newspaper Maariv have said that in the areas where the barrier was complete,
13778-576: The Israel–Hamas war that began in October 2023, SJP and various other organizations coordinated nationwide student walkouts on college campuses on October 25, 2023, and February 7, 2024. Their objective was to protest Israeli assaults on Gaza and denounce U.S. financial support for Israel . The walkouts were scheduled at campuses ranging from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst , to the University of California, Los Angeles . The National SJP helped organize
13944-425: The Jerusalem area will leave Beit Iksa on the Palestinian side; and Jaba on the Israeli side, but with a crossing to the Palestinian side at Tzurif . Further changes were made to the route around Eshkolot and Metzadot Yehuda , and the route from Metzadot to Har Choled was approved. In 2012, 440 km (273.4 mi) (62%) of the barrier had been completed. In September 2014, eight years after approving
14110-412: The Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises." Arabic has been taught worldwide in many elementary and secondary schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around
14276-424: The Palestinian resistance". It advocated a "day of resistance" on October 12, involving demonstrations by its chapters at over 200 colleges in the U.S. and Canada. Some university administrators criticized the organization for this. The Tufts University SJP branch faced criticism for expressing support for Hamas's 2023 attack on Israel in an email. In a letter, Tufts SJP commended Hamas's "creativity" in launching
14442-672: The Qur'an is referred to by linguists as "Quranic Arabic", as distinct from its codification soon thereafter into " Classical Arabic ". In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the Hejaz , which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the Hijra , most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from
14608-561: The Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the Maghreb , a linguistically innovative variety such as Moroccan Arabic is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the Mashriq , much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages. With
14774-541: The Trans-Israel Highway. The city is accessible through a military checkpoint on the main road from the east, and a tunnel built in September 2004 on the south side connects Qalqilyah with the adjacent village of Habla . In 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court ordered the government to change the route of the barrier in this area to ease movement of Palestinians between Qalqilyah and five surrounding villages. In
14940-461: The U.S. have adopted the name Palestine Solidarity Committee or Students for Palestinian Equal Rights . In Canada, some SJP chapters have adopted the name Solidarity for Palestinian Human Rights ( SPHR ). In Quebec , some use the name Solidarité pour les droits humains des Palestiniennes et Palestiniens (SDHPP), which means the same thing in French . Students for Justice in Palestine was founded at
15106-534: The UN Charter. It also explained that necessity may constitute a circumstance precluding wrongfulness under certain very limited circumstances, but that Article 25 of the International Law Commission's Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) bars a defense of necessity if the State has contributed to the situation of necessity. The Court cited illegal interference by
15272-410: The West Bank area will be on the Israeli side of the barrier after completion, and 3.4% partly or completely surrounded on the eastern side. Some 27,520 to 31,000 Palestinians will be captured on the Israeli side. Another 124,000, on the other hand, will effectively be controlled and isolated. Some 230,000 Palestinians in Jerusalem will be placed on the West Bank side. Most of the barrier was built at
15438-568: The West Bank economy attributable to "barriers" combined with "checkpoints and movement permits" of USD $ 185m and $ 229m. Foreign Affairs contributor David Makovsky estimated the number of West Bank Palestinians who lived on the Israeli side in 2004 as "fewer than one percent" but noted that a larger number living in enclaves like Qalqiliya adjacent to the fence were also adversely affected. The Israeli human rights organisation B'Tselem says that "thousands of Palestinians have difficulty going to their fields and marketing their produce in other areas of
15604-451: The West Bank have to obtain special permits to enter the area. In June 2004, The Washington Times reported that the reduced Israeli military incursions in Jenin have prompted efforts to rebuild damaged streets and buildings and a gradual return to a semblance of normality, and in a letter dated October 25, 2004, from the Israeli mission to Kofi Annan , Israel's government pointed out that
15770-439: The West Bank. Farming is a primary source of income in the Palestinian communities situated along the Barrier's route, an area that constitutes one of the most fertile areas in the West Bank. The harm to the farming sector is liable to have drastic economic effects on the residents – whose economic situation is already very difficult – and drive many families into poverty." In October 2003, a United Nations resolution to declare
15936-434: The attack. The university disapproved of the statement, emphasizing that no student group speaks for the university. The Anti-Defamation League New England chapter condemned Tufts SJP's remarks as "obscene". Harvard's Hillel called the student group's letter an "outrageous statement that blames Israel for the violence carried out by Hamas terrorists—a group that has opposed peace and called for Israel's destruction since it
16102-427: The ban on a "toolkit" the national organization gave its chapters calling Hamas's attack "the resistance" and asserting that "Palestinian students in exile are integral to this movement". The university system cited Florida law criminalizing support for designated foreign terrorist organizations. SJP was active at at least two Florida universities, the University of Florida and the University of South Florida . The move
16268-600: The barrier "harms West Bank health". Upon completion of the construction, the organizations predict, the barrier would prevent over 130,000 Palestinian children from being immunised, and deny more than 100,000 pregnant women (out of which 17,640 are high risk pregnancies) access to healthcare in Israel. In addition, almost a third of West Bank villages will suffer from lack of access to healthcare. After completion, many residents may lose complete access to emergency care at night. In towns near Jerusalem ( Abu Dis and al-Eizariya ), for example, average time for an ambulance to travel to
16434-484: The barrier are built on land seized from Palestinians, or between Palestinians and their lands. In a 2009 report, the UN said that the most recent barrier route allocates more segments to be built on the Green Line itself compared to previous draft routes of the barrier. However, in its current route the barrier annexes 9.5% of the total area of the West Bank to the Israeli side of the barrier. In early 2003, 63 shops straddling
16600-620: The barrier illegal where it deviates from the Green Line and should be torn down was vetoed by the US in the United Nations Security Council . On May 19, 2004, the UN passed Security Council Resolution 1544 reiterating the obligation of Israel, the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by its legal obligations and responsibilities under the Fourth Geneva Convention , and called on Israel to address its security needs within
16766-405: The barrier is a violation of international law, that it should be removed, that Arab residents should be compensated for any damage done, and that other states take action to obtain Israel's compliance with the Fourth Geneva Convention. The ICJ said that an occupying power cannot claim that the lawful inhabitants of the occupied territory constitute a "foreign" threat for the purposes of Article 51 of
16932-485: The barrier qualifies as a violation of international law . In 2003, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that charged Israel's building of the barrier to be a violation of international law and demanded its removal by a vote of 144–4 with 12 abstentions. The walled sections of the barrier have become a canvas for graffiti art , with its Palestinian side illustrating opposition to
17098-534: The barrier, Palestinian resistance, their right to return, as well as human rights in general. In Hebrew , descriptions include: "separation fence" ( גדר ההפרדה , Geder HaHafrada ); "separation wall" (Hebrew: חומת ההפרדה , Ḥomat HaHafrada ) and "security fence" ( גדר הביטחון , Geder HaBitaḥon ). In Arabic , it is called "wall of apartheid"/"racial segregation wall" جدار الفصل العنصري , jidār al-faṣl al-‘unṣuriyy , indicating an allegation of Israeli apartheid . In English,
17264-522: The boundaries of international law. In a special emergency session of the General Assembly , the United Nations asked the International Court of Justice [ICJ] to evaluate the legal status of the barrier. Israel chose not to accept ICJ jurisdiction nor make oral statements, and instead submitted a 246-page written statement containing the views of the Government of Israel on Jurisdiction and Propriety to
17430-472: The building of the barrier. The Court described the history of violence against Israeli citizens since the breakout of the Second Intifada and the loss of life that ensued on the Israeli side. The court ruling also cited the attempts Israel had made to defend its citizens, including "military operations" carried out against "terrorist acts", and stated that these actions "did not provide a sufficient answer to
17596-461: The city of Qalqilyah one-third of the city's water wells lie on the other side of the barrier. The Israeli Supreme Court says the Israeli government's rejection of accusations of a de facto annexation of these wells, stating that "the construction of the fence does not affect the implementation of the water agreements determined in the (interim) agreement". The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) estimates that in
17762-411: The college if the event was held. But the forum took place, with around 200 people in the audience and 150 anti-BDS protestors who had gathered outside. During Butler's speech, four Jewish students of BC, Yvonne Juris, Melanie Goldberg, Ari Ziegler, and one unnamed student, were asked to leave. They had brought with them anti-BDS literature and flyers that they intended to hand out. According to Goldberg,
17928-567: The conversion of Semitic mimation to nunation in the singular. It is best reassessed as a separate language on the Central Semitic dialect continuum. It was also thought that Old Arabic coexisted alongside—and then gradually displaced— epigraphic Ancient North Arabian (ANA), which was theorized to have been the regional tongue for many centuries. ANA, despite its name, was considered a very distinct language, and mutually unintelligible, from "Arabic". Scholars named its variant dialects after
18094-412: The decision to divest from those companies was not aimed at Israel but related to socially responsible investing criteria, and criticized SJP for suggesting otherwise. SJP replied that the college was shying away from the "political implications of its action". In November 2010, SJP at DePaul University began a campaign to have Sabra brand hummus removed from the university. The parent company of Sabra
18260-476: The east of the settlement Ariel to be completed before the finish of the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip . Despite the ICJ ruling that the wall beyond the Green Line is illegal, Ariel Sharon reiterated on September 8, 2004, that the large settlement blocs of Ariel, Ma'aleh Adumim and Gush Etzion will be on the Israeli side of the Barrier. He also decided that the Barrier would run east of Ariel, but its connection with
18426-453: The effects of the barrier is the Palestinian town of Qalqilyah, a city of around 45,000, which is surrounded almost on all sides by the barrier. One 8 meter-high concrete section of this wall follows the Green Line between the city and the nearby Trans-Israel Highway. According to the BBC, this section, referred to as an "anti-sniper wall", is intended to prevent gun attacks against Israeli motorists on
18592-577: The emergence of Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include: There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the Safaitic and Hismaic inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the Dadanitic and Taymanitic languages of
18758-728: The eve of the conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and arabized peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA. In around
18924-550: The exact route of the barrier had not been determined, and it had been alleged by opponents that the barrier route would encircle the Samarian highlands of the West Bank, separating them from the Jordan valley . In June 2004, in exchange for Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's support Israel's planned withdrawal from Gaza, Prime Minister Sharon pledged to build an extension of the barrier to
19090-611: The existence of the barrier "replaced the need for closures: movement within the northern West Bank, for example, is less restrictive where the Barrier has been constructed. Physical obstacles have also been removed in Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate and Jerusalem Governorate where the Barrier is under construction." The report says that more freedom of movement in rural areas may ease Palestinian access to hospitals and schools, but also says that restrictions on movement between urban population centers have not significantly changed. Parts of
19256-593: The fact that they participate in the innovations common to all forms of Arabic. The earliest attestation of continuous Arabic text in an ancestor of the modern Arabic script are three lines of poetry by a man named Garm(')allāhe found in En Avdat, Israel , and dated to around 125 CE. This is followed by the Namara inscription , an epitaph of the Lakhmid king Imru' al-Qays bar 'Amro, dating to 328 CE, found at Namaraa, Syria. From
19422-557: The first continuous segment) to 12 between August 2003 and the end of 2006. While the barrier was initially presented as a temporary security measure at a time of heightened tensions, it has since been associated with a future political border between Israel and the State of Palestine . The barrier has drawn criticism from Palestinians, human rights groups, and members of the international community, who have all argued that it serves as evidence of Israel's intent to annex Palestinian land under
19588-501: The fourth most useful language for business, after English, Mandarin Chinese , and French. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet , an abjad script that is written from right to left . Arabic is usually classified as a Central Semitic language . Linguists still differ as to the best classification of Semitic language sub-groups. The Semitic languages changed between Proto-Semitic and
19754-490: The government of Israel with the Palestinian's national right to self-determination ; and land confiscations, house demolitions, the creation of enclaves, and restrictions on movement and access to water, food, education, health care, work, and an adequate standard of living in violation of Israel's obligations under international law. The Court also said that Israeli settlements had been established and that Palestinians had been displaced in violation of Article 49, paragraph 6, of
19920-468: The group for violating campus event policies that require 10 days' notice for events. The suspension was effective until the end of the fall semester, and the group could not receive university funding or hold events on university grounds during this period. The campus event policy was updated to 12 days' notice before SJP held a walkout. Criticizing the changes, the executive committee of the Columbia chapter of
20086-557: The guise of security. It has also been alleged that the construction of the wall aims to undermine the Israeli–Palestinian peace process by unilaterally establishing new de facto borders. Key points of dispute are that it substantially deviates eastward from the Green Line, severely restricts the travel of many Palestinians, and impairs their ability to commute to work within the West Bank or to Israel. The International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion finding that
20252-494: The immediate need to stop the severe acts of terrorism. ... Despite all these measures, the terror did not come to an end. The attacks did not cease. Innocent people paid with both life and limb. This is the background behind the decision to construct the separation fence (Id., at p. 815)." In 2006, 362 km (224.9 mi) of the barrier had been completed, 88 km (54.7 mi) was under construction and 253 km (157.2 mi) had not yet been started. On April 30, 2006,
20418-579: The inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts. In 1997, a bureau of Arabization standardization was added to the Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization of the Arab League . These academies and organizations have worked toward the Arabization of the sciences, creating terms in Arabic to describe new concepts, toward
20584-608: The language. Software and books with tapes are an important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on the Internet provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries. The tradition of Arabic lexicography extended for about
20750-599: The late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic koine" distinct from the spoken vernaculars developed based on the Bedouin dialects of Najd , probably in connection with the court of al-Ḥīra . During the first Islamic century, the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized Classical Arabic elements in morphology and syntax. Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali ( c. 603 –689)
20916-420: The latter is taught in formal education settings. However, there have been studies reporting some degree of comprehension of stories told in the standard variety among preschool-aged children. The relation between Modern Standard Arabic and these dialects is sometimes compared to that of Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin vernaculars (which became Romance languages ) in medieval and early modern Europe. MSA
21082-572: The length of the Green Line) and would leave about 10% of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and nearly 50,000 Palestinians on the Israeli side. It also put the large settlement Maale Adumim and the Gush Etzion bloc on the Israeli side of the barrier, effectively annexing them. The final route, when realized, closes the Wall separating East Jerusalem, including Maale Adumim, from the West Bank. Before,
21248-452: The lines, whoever wants to swallow 1.8 million Arabs will just bring greater support for Hamas ." Following an attack on HaSharon Junction , near the city of Netanya , Rabin made his goals more specific: "This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want to reach a separation between us and them. We do not want a majority of the Jewish residents of
21414-409: The main fence be postponed. Israel appropriated Palestinian private land to build the fence upon and started preparations for constructing the wall to the farthest point ever inside the West Bank, 22 km (14 mi) beyond the Green Line , 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long, and 100 m (330 ft) wide. In 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court made reference to the conditions and history that led to
21580-883: The many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be mutually unintelligible , and some linguists consider them distinct languages. However, research indicates a high degree of mutual intelligibility between closely related Arabic variants for native speakers listening to words, sentences, and texts; and between more distantly related dialects in interactional situations. The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as soap operas and talk shows , as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising. Hassaniya Arabic , Maltese , and Cypriot Arabic are only varieties of modern Arabic to have acquired official recognition. Hassaniya
21746-464: The most from lack of a border barrier had already started to build the barrier using their own funds directly on the green-line. By 2003, 180 km (112 mi) had been completed and in 2004, Israel started the southern part of the barrier. In February 2004, the Israeli government said it would review the route of the barrier in response to US and Palestinian concerns. In particular, Israeli cabinet members said modifications would be made to reduce
21912-409: The nearest hospital has increased from 10 minutes to over 110 minutes. A report from Physicians for Human Rights-Israel states that the barrier imposes "almost-total separation" on the hospitals from the population they are supposed to serve. The report also said that patients from the West Bank visiting Jerusalem's Palestinian clinics declined by half from 2002 to 2003. The wall significantly impacts
22078-768: The need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial age (such as sayyārah سَيَّارَة 'automobile' or bākhirah باخِرة 'steamship'). In response, a number of Arabic academies modeled after the Académie française were established with the aim of developing standardized additions to the Arabic lexicon to suit these transformations, first in Damascus (1919), then in Cairo (1932), Baghdad (1948), Rabat (1960), Amman (1977), Khartum [ ar ] (1993), and Tunis (1993). They review language development, monitor new words and approve
22244-573: The north of the West Bank about 80 per cent of Palestinians who own land on the other side of the barrier have not received permits from the Israeli authorities, and hence cannot cultivate their fields. Israel has built a barrier in the Jordan Valley near the Jordanian border. A plan to build another barrier between the West Bank and the Jordan valley was abandoned because of international condemnation after
22410-504: The northern and western edges of the West Bank, mostly beyond the Green Line and created 9 enclaves , which enclosed 15,783 ha (39,000 acres). An additional barrier, circa 10 km long, run south of Ramallah. Israel states that the topography does not permit putting the barrier along the Green Line in some places because hills or tall buildings on the Palestinian side would make the barrier ineffective against terrorism. The International Court of Justice states that in such cases it
22576-477: The northern section of the West Bank (Stage 1) and the Green Line a closed military area for an indefinite period. New directives stated that every Palestinian over the age of twelve living in the enclaves created in the closed area have to obtain a "permanent resident permit" from the Civil Administration to enable them to continue to live in their homes, approximately 27,250 people in all. Other residents of
22742-559: The number of Israel Defense Forces checkpoints and road closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical and educational services in Israel, restricted access to water sources, and economic effects. In a 2005 report, the United Nations stated that: ... it is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for
22908-456: The number of checkpoints Palestinians had to cross, and especially to reduce Palestinian hardship in areas such as the city of Qalqilyah which the barrier completely surrounds. On February 20, 2005, the Israeli cabinet approved the barrier's route on the same day it approved the execution of the Gaza disengagement plan . The length of the route was increased to 670 km (416 mi) (about twice
23074-469: The number of hostile infiltrations has decreased to almost zero. Maariv also stated that Palestinian militants, including a senior member of Islamic Jihad , had confirmed that the barrier made it much harder to conduct attacks inside Israel. Since the completion of the fence in the area of Tulkarm and Qalqilyah in June 2003, there have been no successful attacks from those areas. All attacks were intercepted or
23240-424: The one whose sound is heard but whose person remains unseen. Now the term al-hatif is used for a telephone. Therefore, the process of tawleed can express the needs of modern civilization in a manner that would appear to be originally Arabic. In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native dialects, which depending on
23406-560: The organizers of the event confronted them, demanded they hand over the papers, and asked a security guard to remove them from the event, which he did. This caused controversy; the organizers were accused of antisemitism because the evicted students were Jewish and of stifling free speech. Four months later, the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) filed a legal complaint against the college, alleging anti-Jewish discrimination. This caused BC to launch an investigation which resulted in
23572-533: The other hand, has increased the flow of customers from other parts of Israel who would normally have patronised Palestinian business in the West Bank, resulting in an economic boom. The report states that the downsides are that the barrier has divided families in half and "damaged Israeli Arabs' solidarity with the Palestinians living on the other side of the Green Line". A UN report released in August 2005 observed that
23738-549: The overhaul of Arabic grammar first proposed by Al-Jahiz 200 years prior. The Maghrebi lexicographer Ibn Manzur compiled Lisān al-ʿArab ( لسان العرب , "Tongue of Arabs"), a major reference dictionary of Arabic, in 1290. Charles Ferguson 's koine theory claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprang up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on
23904-498: The physical sense." It is also referred to as the "Apartheid Wall" or "Apartheid Fence" in a derogatory manner. " Seam zone " (Hebrew: מרחב התפר ) refers to the land between the 1949 Armistice Agreement Line and the fence. The barrier is described by the Israeli Defense Forces as a "multi-layered composite obstacle", parts of it consisting of a 9 metres (30 ft) high concrete wall, while other stretches consist of
24070-577: The portraits of 927 terror victims. The organization Christians for Israel helped bring the No. 19 bus, on which eleven civilians were killed, to the Hague. In April 2003, B'Tselem stated that "Israel has made cynical use of security claims to justify grave human rights violations in the Occupied Territories...Among other things the determination of the route of the barrier was based on political considerations,
24236-749: The previous national hub organization, was sponsored by American Muslims for Palestine (AMP). At a hearing of the House Ways and Means Committee , author Jonathan Schanzer criticized the SJP and AMP for the AMP's links to several now-defunct charities the U.S. government shut down for alleged indirect funding of Hamas , including the Holy Land Foundation . Students for Justice in Palestine became known for theatrical protests dramatizing Palestinian life for people on university campuses, including through protests recreating Israeli military checkpoints, detentions, and
24402-410: The region may be mutually unintelligible. Some of these dialects can be considered to constitute separate languages which may have "sub-dialects" of their own. When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers code-switch back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within
24568-469: The requirements of every stage" of the intifada. Other factors are also cited as causes for the decline. According to Haaretz , a 2006 report by the Shin Beit concluded that "[t]he fence does make it harder for them [terrorists]" but that attacks in 2005 decreased due to increased pursuing of Palestinian militants by the Israeli army and intelligence organizations, Hamas's increased political activity, and
24734-471: The rights, freedom and mobility of Palestinian workers especially. It represents for Palestinians a complex system of control, surveillance and oppression. According to the Washington Post, about 70000 Palestinians cross checkpoints daily to work in Israel, mainly in construction sites. Security forces at checkpoints have the authority to turn back Palestinians without reason or, as often is the case, turn
24900-592: The river to the sea " on the building of the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library . In November, Columbia University also suspended its chapter of SJP, saying that the club, along with Jewish Voice for Peace , had breached university policies by holding unauthorized protests. Within days of the Columbia suspension, the Columbia University Apartheid Divest coalition, involving over 80 student groups, reactivated (it had been dormant since 2020) and continued activism in support of
25066-510: The route was revised by a cabinet decision, following a suicide bombing in Tel Aviv . In the Ariel area, the new route corrects an anomaly of the previous route that would have left thousands of Palestinians on the Israeli side. The Alfei Menashe settlement bloc was reduced in size, and the new plan leaves three groups of Palestinian houses on the Palestinian side of the fence. The barrier's route in
25232-480: The same ruling, the court rejected the arguments that the fence must be built only on the Green Line. The ruling cited the topography of the terrain, security considerations, and sections 43 and 52 of The Hague Regulations 1907 and Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention as reasons for this rejection. In early October 2003, the IDF OC Central Command declared the area between the separation barrier in
25398-458: The same sentence. The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the varieties of Chinese , Hindi and Urdu , Serbian and Croatian , Scots and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot. While there
25564-596: The settler population steadily grows there. In 2013, Ehud Barak , Israeli Defense Minister at the time, proposed that Israel should consider unilateral disengagement from the West Bank and the dismantling of settlements beyond the separation barrier, but maintain a military presence in the Jordan Valley along the West Bank-Jordan border. Médecins du Monde , the Palestinian Red Crescent Society and Physicians for Human Rights-Israel have stated that
25730-458: The sole example of Medieval linguist Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati – who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. Yasir Suleiman wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of
25896-498: The standardization of these new terms throughout the Arabic-speaking world, and toward the development of Arabic as a world language . This gave rise to what Western scholars call Modern Standard Arabic. From the 1950s, Arabization became a postcolonial nationalist policy in countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan. Arabic usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of
26062-414: The state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism." In 1994, the first section of a barrier (slabs of concrete contiguous for miles) was constructed. The section follows the border between Bat Hefer and Tulkarm communities. In 1995, the Shahal commission was established by Yitzhak Rabin to discuss how to implement
26228-422: The suicide bombers detonated prematurely. In a March 23, 2008 interview, Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Ramadan Shalah complained to the Qatari newspaper Al-Sharq that the separation barrier "limits the ability of the resistance to arrive deep within [Israeli territory] to carry out suicide bombing attacks, but the resistance has not surrendered or become helpless, and is looking for other ways to cope with
26394-501: The towns where the inscriptions were discovered (Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, Safaitic). However, most arguments for a single ANA language or language family were based on the shape of the definite article, a prefixed h-. It has been argued that the h- is an archaism and not a shared innovation, and thus unsuitable for language classification, rendering the hypothesis of an ANA language family untenable. Safaitic and Hismaic, previously considered ANA, should be considered Old Arabic due to
26560-417: The university cleared SJP of those allegations, but found both Hillel and SJP responsible for having violated the university's Free Expression and Demonstration policy, Hillel for not having registered its table and SJP for not having registered its impromptu action, having learned about Hillel's tabling the night before. As punishment, Hillel was required to attend an event on how to register events, while SJP
26726-430: The university's Code of Student Conduct. The university also banned SJP from engaging in on-campus protests. In 2006, Auckland University's SJP led demonstrations against the local weapons industry Rakon , a company that sells components to the U.S. military. On 28 September 2015, members of the Victoria University of Wellington's SJP branch picketed a talk by two visiting former Israeli soldiers that had been organized by
26892-451: The world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their foreign languages , Middle Eastern studies , and religious studies courses. Arabic language schools exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic language schools in the Arab world and other Muslim countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all Islamic terms are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study
27058-808: Was described as part of DeSantis's heightened pro-Israel stance during the Israel–Hamas war and drew criticism for potentially suppressing speech on campuses. On October 25, the Anti-Defamation League, in collaboration with the Brandeis Center , sent an open letter to over 200 colleges urging them to investigate SJP chapters for supporting Hamas. The ADL wrote that many SJP chapters endorsed Hamas's attack on Israel, potentially violating laws against material support for terror groups. SJP denies these claims, asserting that independent protests for Palestinian rights do not constitute support for terrorism. In mid-November, George Washington University suspended SJP's activity on its campus after SJP activists projected slogans including "Glory to our martyrs" and "Free Palestine from
27224-412: Was founded." The Tufts SJP chapter organized an October 10 vigil mourning the lives lost in Gaza over the preceding days, then numbering nearly 1,000. In October 2023, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis directed state universities to ban SJP on campuses, alleging that it illegally supported Hamas militants who attacked Israel. State university system Chancellor Ray Rodrigues issued the directive, basing
27390-414: Was proposed by then-prime minister Yitzhak Rabin , following the murder of an Israeli teenage girl in Jerusalem . Rabin said that Israel must "take Gaza out of Tel Aviv " in order to minimize friction between the peoples. Following an outbreak of violent incidents in Gaza in October 1994, Rabin said: "We have to decide on separation as a philosophy. There has to be a clear border. Without demarcating
27556-426: Was sanctioned with probation for the remainder of the school year, which prohibited it from requesting funds from the school for the duration. It was also required to attend "InterGroup Dialogue Training." In May 2015, after a more than yearlong campaign, the SJP campaign at Bowdoin College to boycott Israel ended with 20% of students voting in favor, 21% abstaining, and 59% voting against. In February 2009, following
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