The Pagal Panthis (lit. 'followers of the mad path') were a socio-religious order that emerged in the late 18th-century in the Mymensingh region of Bengal (now located in Bangladesh ).Karam Shah (1710 AD -1813 AD) a sufi saint was the founder of that order. Adherents of a syncretic mixture of Hinduism , Sufism and Animism , the order sought to uphold religious principles and the rights of landless peasants in Bengal; under the leadership of Karam shah's son Tipu Shah , the movement soon evolved into a popular, armed struggle against the British East India Company and the zamindar ( landlord ) system. It was crushed with the help of the army in 1833. It was a semi religious sect having influence in the northern districts of Bengal. Pagal panthi movement was of Hodi, Garo and Hajong tribes. It was led by Hodi leader Janku Pathar and Debraj Pathar.
60-426: Karam Shah's father was Ser Ali Ghazi who was a zamindar of Sherpur pargana. Around 1588 (994 Bangabd/bengali calendar) was expelled from the zamindari for the crime of killing Kanungo Ramavallab Nandi of East Kacharibari Darsha village of Sherpur. At that time, however, the name of Serpur was Dasakahaniya. Later, Ali Ghazi was killed in the conspiracy of Hindu landlords. Karim shah lived with his mother for some days in
120-559: A Sufi practice known as dhikr Allāh ( Arabic : ذِكر الله , lit. "Remembrance of God"), the Sufi repeats and contemplates the name Allah or other associated divine names to Him while controlling his or her breath. The Islamic tradition to use Allah as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship, including the question, whether or not the word Allah should be translated as God . Umar Faruq Abd-Allah urged English-speaking Muslims to use God instead of Allah for
180-566: A helpless condition. Later he started living at Shankarpur in Susanga Pargana. He was a follower of Sufism. Many historians have called him a reformer of religion and a seer of the future. In 1775 AD, Karam Shah shifted his residence to Letirkanda in present-day Purbadhala Upazila in Mymensingh Division . From the same year, Karam Shah began to initiate the tribals of the Garo hill region into
240-503: A universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites . Since the first centuries of Islam, Arabic-speaking commentators of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faith used the term Allah as a generic term for the supreme being. Saadia Gaon used the term Allah interchangeably with the term ʾĔlōhīm . Theodore Abu Qurrah translates theos as Allah in his Bible, as in John 1:1 "the Word
300-621: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Allah Allah ( / ˈ æ l ə , ˈ ɑː l ə , ə ˈ l ɑː / A(H)L -ə, ə- LAH ; Arabic : ﷲ , IPA: [ɑɫˈɫɑːh] ) is the Arabic word for God , particularly the God of Abraham . Outside of the Middle East , it is principally associated with Islam , but the term was used in pre-Islamic Arabia and continues to be used today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of
360-451: Is also evidence that Allah and Hubal were two distinct deities. According to that hypothesis, the Kaaba was first consecrated to a supreme deity named Allah and then hosted the pantheon of Quraysh after their conquest of Mecca , about a century before the time of Muhammad . Some inscriptions seem to indicate the use of Allah as a name of a polytheist deity centuries earlier, but nothing precise
420-411: Is bounded by Durgapur and Kalmakanda upazilas on the north, Kendua and Gauripur upazilas on the south, Barhatta and Atpara upazilas on the east, Purbadhala upazila on the west. According to the 2011 Census of Bangladesh , Purbadhala Upazila had 68,083 households and a population of 310,834. 87,051 (28.01%) were under 10 years of age. Purbadhala has a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 42.78%, compared to
480-580: Is generally pronounced [ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)] , exhibiting a heavy lām , [ɫ] , a velarized alveolar lateral approximant , a marginal phoneme in Modern Standard Arabic . Since the initial alef has no hamza , the initial [a] is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel is /i/ , the lām is light, [l] , as in, for instance, the Basmala . The history of the name Allāh in English
540-418: Is in line with the spirit of the 18 - and 20-point agreements of Sarawak and Sabah. The word Allāh is always written without an alif to spell the ā vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using alif to spell ā . However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic alif is added on top of the shaddah to indicate
600-532: Is known about this use. Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who was gradually eclipsed by more particularized local deities. There is disagreement on whether Allah played a major role in the Meccan religious cult. No iconic representation of Allah is known to have existed. Muhammad's father's name was ʿAbd-Allāh meaning "the slave of Allāh". The interpretation that Pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced Abrahamic religions
660-507: Is no deity but God) or sometimes " lā ilāha illā inta/ huwa " (There is no deity but You / Him ) and " Allāhu Akbar " (God is the Most Great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God ( dhikr ). The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah". Similarly, the Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians is ʼĔlāhā , or Alaha . (Even
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#1732852571808720-499: Is supported by some literary evidence, being the prevalence of Ishmael , whose God was that of Abraham , in pre-Islamic Arab culture. In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism , as stated by Gerhard Böwering , God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn . Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This
780-672: Is that the term is a loanword from Syriac Alāhā . Grammarians of the Basra school regarded it as either formed "spontaneously" ( murtajal ) or as the definite form of lāh (from the verbal root lyh with the meaning of "lofty" or "hidden"). The use of Allah as the name of a deity appears as early as the first century . An inscription using the Ancient South Arabian script in Old Arabic from Qaryat al-Fāw reads, "to Kahl and lh and ʿAththar ( b-khl w-lh w-ʿṯr )". Cognates of
840-574: Is that usage has been long-established and local Alkitab ( Bibles ) have been widely distributed freely in East Malaysia without restrictions for years. Both states also do not have similar Islamic state laws as those in West Malaysia. In reaction to some media criticism, the Malaysian government has introduced a "10-point solution" to avoid confusion and misleading information. The 10-point solution
900-549: The 99 Names of Allah ( al-asmā' al-ḥusná lit. meaning: 'the best names' or 'the most beautiful names') and considered attributes, each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name. Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" ( ar-Raḥmān ) and "the Compassionate" ( ar-Raḥīm ), including
960-478: The Abrahamic religions , including Judaism and Christianity . It is thought to be derived by contraction from al - ilāh ( الاله , lit. ' the god ' ) and is linguistically related to God's names in other Semitic languages , such as Aramaic ( ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ʼAlāhā ) and Hebrew ( אֱלוֹהַּ ʾĔlōah ). The word "Allah" now implies the superiority or sole existence of one God , but among
1020-485: The Arabic Presentation Forms-A block, which exists solely for "compatibility with some older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly"; this is discouraged for new text. Instead, the word Allāh should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern font technologies will render the desired ligature. The calligraphic variant of the word used as the emblem of Iran
1080-617: The Gagauz people . While it is an Arabic word and has historically been used by Muslims and non-Muslims alike in the Arab world , the usage of "Allah" by non-Muslims has been controversial in non-Arab parts of the Muslim world , especially Malaysia , where it became illegal for non-Muslims to use "Allah" after the country experienced a social and political upheaval in the face of the word being used by Malaysian Christians and Sikhs . The etymology of
1140-676: The Malaysian and Indonesian languages (both of them standardized forms of the Malay language ). Mainstream Bible translations in the language use Allah as the translation of Hebrew Elohim (translated in English Bibles as "God"). This goes back to early translation work by Francis Xavier in the 16th century. The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by Albert Cornelius Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin edition) recorded Allah " as
1200-544: The Muslim fakir Majnu Shah , the leader of the Madariya Sufi order . After the death of Karim Shah in 1813, the order was led by his son Tipu Shah. Chandi Bibi, the wife of Karim Shah and Tipu Shah's mother also held an influential position in the community, known as Pir-Mata ( Saint-Mother ). The philosophy and teachings of Karim Shah were a syncretism of Sufism , Hindu philosophy and local customs, traditions and beliefs. The religious order gained popularity amongst
1260-540: The 10th-century encyclopedic collection Kitab al-Aghani notes that pre-Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry " Ya La Ibad Allah " (O slaves of Allah) to invoke each other into battle. According to Shahid, on the authority of 10th-century Muslim scholar Al-Marzubani , "Allah" was also mentioned in pre-Islamic Christian poems by some Ghassanid and Tanukhid poets in Syria and Northern Arabia . Different theories have been proposed regarding
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#17328525718081320-523: The Arabic-descended Maltese language of Malta , whose population is almost entirely Catholic , uses Alla for "God".) Arab Christians have used two forms of invocations that were affixed to the beginning of their written works. They adopted the Muslim bismillāh , and also created their own Trinitized bismillāh as early as the 8th century. The Muslim bismillāh reads: "In
1380-740: The Day Of Judgement. The Qur'an declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures." Allah does not depend on anything. Allah is not considered a part of the Christian Trinity. God has no parents and no children. The concept correlates to the Tawhid , where chapter 112 of the Qur'an ( Al-'Ikhlās , The Sincerity) reads: قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌۢ ١ In
1440-723: The Jewish and Christian theologies. Languages which may not commonly use the term Allah to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula , the word ojalá in the Spanish language and oxalá in the Portuguese language exist today, borrowed from Andalusi Arabic law šá lláh similar to inshalla ( Arabic : إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ ). This phrase literally means 'if God wills' (in
1500-456: The cause of the peasants. Purbadhala Upazila Purbadhala ( Bengali : পূর্বধলা ) is an upazila of Netrokona District in the Division of Mymensingh , Bangladesh . Purbadhala is located at 24°56′00″N 90°36′10″E / 24.9333°N 90.6028°E / 24.9333; 90.6028 . It has 68083 households and total area 308.03 km (118.93 sq mi). It
1560-467: The egalitarian paranoia doctrine. From 1786 Fakir Sannyasi was involved in the revolt and formed a zamindar and anti-British movement in Sherpur Pargana. Karam Shah's pre-ascetic name was Chand Ghazi. After getting involved in the zamindar and anti-British movement, he made himself known as Karam Shah. Somewhere he was also called Karim Shah. He died in 1813 AD at his native Letirkanda. He was buried in
1620-692: The forementioned above al-Aḥad ("the One, the Indivisible") and al-Wāḥid ("the Unique, the Single"). According to Islamic belief, Allah is the most common word to represent God, and humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith. "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind." "He is unique ( wāḥid ) and inherently one ( aḥad ), all-merciful and omnipotent." No human eyes can see Allah till
1680-519: The hearing of the appeal. In October 2013 the court ruled in favor of the government's ban. In early 2014 the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 bibles for using the word to refer to the Christian God in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the use of Allah is not prohibited in the two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak . The main reason it is not prohibited in these two states
1740-551: The lands. Those who forced peasants to pay taxes and oppressed them lost the moral right to rule over others. Ruling in the name of Allah , Tipu Shah enforced religious laws and encouraged tax resistance . The patron-saint of the Pagal Panthis , Majnu Shah, had been famous for encouraging revolts against the British East India Company , which had gained control over Bengal and later much of India . Under Tipu Shah ,
1800-429: The latter corresponding to the Jewish custom to refer to Yahweh as Adonai . Most Qur'an commentators , including al-Tabari (d. 923), al-Zamakhshari (d. 1143/44), and al-Razi (d. 1209), regard Allah to be a proper name. While other names of God in Islam denote attributes or adjectives, the term Allah specifically refers to his essence as his real name ( ism'alam li-dhatih ). The other names are known as
1860-567: The leadership of the Pathors (the Hodi leaders or headman) stormed into Sherpur town, looted government offices and overpowered the officials, landlords and police, forcing them to flee to Mymensingh. Declaring themselves rulers of the town and surrounding areas, the rebels held control for almost two years. Negotiations and compromises between the rebels and the British helped forge peace and further concessions to
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1920-478: The militias of the landlords and the Company's armed forces. Basing his forces in a mud-fort near Sherpur, Tipu Shah proclaimed his rule in the name of Allah and assumed the religious and political leadership of the community. The people of the region stopped paying taxes to the British and followed Tipu Shah's rulings. Although Tipu Shah and his aides were arrested in 1833 and tried, the government subsequently met many of
1980-515: The name "Allāh" exist in other Semitic languages , including Hebrew and Aramaic . The corresponding Aramaic form is ʼElāh ( אלה ), but its emphatic state is ʼElāhā ( אלהא ). It is written as ܐܠܗܐ ( ʼĔlāhā ) in Biblical Aramaic and ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ( ʼAlāhā ) in Syriac , both meaning simply "God". The unusual Syriac form is likely an imitation of the Arabic. Regional variants of
2040-459: The name as a reference to a creator god or a supreme deity of their pantheon . The term may have been vague in the Meccan religion . According to one hypothesis, which goes back to Julius Wellhausen , Allah (the supreme deity of the tribal federation around Quraysh ) was a designation that consecrated the superiority of Hubal (the supreme deity of Quraysh) over the other gods. However, there
2100-548: The name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized bismillāh reads: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The Syriac , Latin and Greek invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was made to emphasize the monotheistic aspect of Trinitarian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims. The word Allāh
2160-526: The names of those martyrs from the era of the Himyarite and Aksumite kingdoms In an inscription of Christian martyrion dated back to 512, references to al-ilah ( الاله ) can be found in both Arabic and Aramaic. The inscription starts with the statement "By the Help of al-ilah". Archaeological excavation quests have led to the discovery of ancient pre-Islamic inscriptions and tombs made by Arab Christians in
2220-432: The national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1029 females per 1000 males. 22,132 (7.12%) lived in urban areas. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census , Purbadhala had a population of 235,675. Males constituted 50.79% of the population, and females 49.21%. This Upazila's eighteen up population was 114,878. Purbadhala had an average literacy rate of 23% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Netrokona Thana
2280-402: The native peoples and brought together a diverse collection of tribes, Muslims, Hindus and animists. The order preached monotheism , human equality, non-violence and encouraged the people to overcome social and religious differences and avoid conflicts and dogma. Karim Shah and his followers addressed each other as "Bhaisaheb" ( brother ) to promote equality and brotherhood. Karim Shah himself
2340-489: The order focused on organising peasants in rebellions against oppressive taxes and laws imposed by the zamindars (landlords) and the British. The region had been devastated by war between British forces and Burma . To meet the costs of war, severe taxation was imposed on the region's peasants by the Company and the landlords. Forcible collections and usurpation of property increased peasant discontent and disorder. The Pagal Panthis sought to protect and defend peasants from
2400-451: The peasant demands, including lowering the rent rate and other taxes. Compromises and agreements between the landlords, the Company and the peasants helped restore peace and order in the northern Mymensingh region. After Tipu Shah's death in 1852, the order came under the leadership of Janku and Dobraj Pathor, who organised another peasant resistance movement against the landlords and British authorities. An armed group of Pagal Panthis under
2460-698: The pre-Islamic Arabs, Allah was a supreme deity and was worshipped alongside lesser deities in a pantheon . When Muhammad founded Islam, he used "Allah" to refer to the same unitary God who met Abraham , according to the Bible and the Quran . Many Jews, Christians, and early Muslims used "Allah" and "al-ilah" interchangeably in Classical Arabic . The word is also frequently, albeit not exclusively, used by Bábists , Baháʼís , Mandaeans , Indonesian Christians , Maltese Christians , and Sephardic Jews , as well as by
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2520-421: The previous ligature is considered faulty which is the case with most common Arabic typefaces. This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. Unicode has a code point reserved for Allāh , U+FDF2 ﷲ ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM , in
2580-414: The pronunciation. In the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription , God is referred to by the term الاله , that is, alif-lam-alif-lam-ha. This presumably indicates Al-'ilāh means "the god", without alif for ā . Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah. Since Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Koran only, rendering lām + lām + hā' as
2640-574: The rights of the landless peasants in Bengal. He came to Susanga Pargana in 1775 and initiated the Garos and Hajongs into the egalitarian religion. In fact, in 1802 this egalitarian and truth-seeking community of Garos and Hajongs was first referred to as "fanatics" by the English Collector of Mymensingh. The ideologies of the fanatics combined the non-violent elements of all religions and were compatible with
2700-633: The role of Allah in pre-Islamic polytheistic cults . According to the Quran exegete Ibn Kathir , Arab pagans considered Allah as an unseen God who created and controlled the Universe. Pagans believed worship of humans or animals who had lucky events in their life brought them closer to God. Pre-Islamic Meccans worshiped Allah alongside a host of lesser gods and those whom they called the "daughters of Allah." Islam forbade worship of anyone or anything other than God. Some authors have suggested that polytheistic Arabs used
2760-550: The ruins of a church at Umm el-Jimal in Northern Jordan , which initially, according to Enno Littmann (1949), contained references to Allah as the proper name of God. However, on a second revision by Bellamy et al. (1985 & 1988) the five-verse inscription was retranslated: "(1)This [inscription] was set up by colleagues of ʿUlayh, (2) son of ʿUbaydah, secretary (3) of the cohort Augusta Secunda (4) Philadelphiana; may he go mad who (5) effaces it." Irfan Shahîd quoting
2820-597: The sake of finding "extensive middle ground we share with other Abrahamic and universal traditions". Most Muslims use the Arabic phrase in shā'a llāh (meaning 'if God wills') untranslated after references to future events. Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of bi-smi llāh (meaning 'In the name of God'). There are certain other phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims and left untranslated, including " Subḥāna llāh " (Glory be to God), " al-ḥamdu li-llāh " (Praise be to God), " lā ilāha illā llāh " (There
2880-542: The sense of "I hope so"). The German poet Mahlmann used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity, though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey. Some Muslims leave the name "Allāh" untranslated in English, rather than using the English translation "God". The word has also been applied to certain living human beings as personifications of the term and concept. Christians in Malaysia and Indonesia use Allah to refer to God in
2940-666: The term Allah in any other but Muslim contexts, but the Malayan High Court in 2009 revoked the law, ruling it unconstitutional. While Allah had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of Allah by the Roman Catholic newspaper The Herald . The government appealed the court ruling, and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until
3000-477: The traditional religion of the peasants. Karim Shah was deeply religious and people believed that he possessed spiritual powers. He could prophesy and according to followers, he had the power to cure diseases and improve their fortunes. A large number of people were hoping for his company. They stayed with him in a commune and were engaged in his service in various ways . There were separate living arrangements for followers from different clans and groups. The movement
3060-622: The translation of the Dutch word Godt . Ruyl also translated the Gospel of Matthew in 1612 into the Malay language (an early Bible translation into a non-European language, made a year after the publication of the King James Version ), which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated the Gospel of Mark , published in 1638. The government of Malaysia in 2007 outlawed usage of
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#17328525718083120-555: The word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. According to Marshall Hodgson , it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba , a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator. The Syriac word ܐܠܗܐ ( ʼĔlāhā ) can be found in the reports and the lists of names of Christian martyrs in South Arabia, as reported by antique Syriac documents of
3180-640: The word Allāh has been discussed extensively by classical Arab philologists. Most considered it to be derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article al- and ilāh " deity , god" to al-lāh meaning "the deity, the God". Indeed, there is "the interchangeability of al-ilāh and allāh in early Arabic poetry even when composed by the Christian ʿAdī ibn Zayd . The majority of scholars accept this hypothesis. A minority hypothesis, seen with more skepticism,
3240-524: The yard of his house. The Pagal Panthis were a sect that emerged in the northern Mymensingh and Sherpur District area of the province of Bengal. In contrast to the rest of Bengal, the region was inhabited mainly by tribal peoples such as the Garos , Hajongs, Dalus, Hodis and Rajbongshies , who were mainly adherents of animism and tribal beliefs. Diverse faiths were tolerated in the region. The Pagal Panthis were founded by Karim Shah and other disciples of
3300-456: Was formed in 1874 and it was turned into an upazila in 1983. Purbadhala Upazila is divided into 11 union parishads : Agia, Bairaty, Bishkakuni, Dhalamulgaon, Ghagra , Gohalakanda, Hogla , Jaria, Khalishaur, Narandia , and Purbadhala. The union parishads are subdivided into 224 mauzas and 336 villages. Chairman: Sujon, from Awame League Vice Chairman: Masum Mostofa, from Jamayet e Islam This Mymensingh Division location article
3360-467: Was popularly believed to possess spiritual powers enabling him to foretell events, cure diseases and heal people. He propagated the communist ideology(The egalitarian ideology refers to the equality of all human beings.) and said - All people are God's creation, no one is subordinate to anyone . Thus the distinction between high and low is inconsistent. This order, which followed a fusion of Hinduism, Sufism and Animism, tried to uphold religious principles and
3420-406: Was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in the 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biography of Muḥammad (1934), Tor Andræ always used the term Allah , though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is different from that of
3480-584: Was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God. According to Francis Edward Peters , "The Qur'ān insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews ( 29:46 ). The Qur'an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham ". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh , and as
3540-543: Was shunned and criticised by Bengali Muslim society and its leaders, who condemned religious syncretism and referred to the order as Pagal Panthis – literally the followers of a "mad faith." However, the order gained widespread popularity amongst peasant masses. Under Tipu Shah, the order extended its philosophy to demand equal socio-economic rights for the peasants of the region. Tipu Shah proclaimed that no unilateral ownership of land could be allowed, as God had created humans as equals, thus granting every human an equal right to
3600-639: Was with Allah". Muslim commentators likewise used the term Allah for the Biblical concept of God. Ibn Qutayba writes "You cannot serve both Allah and Mammon.". However, Muslim translators of the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia rarely translated the Tetragrammaton , referring to the supreme being in Israelite tradition, as Allah . Instead, most commentators either translated Yahweh as either yahwah or rabb ,
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