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129-671: The PNR South Main Line ( Filipino : Pangunahing Linyang Patimog ng PNR , also known as Southrail and formerly the Main Line South ) is one of the two trunk lines that form the Philippine National Railways ' network in the island of Luzon , Philippines . It was opened in stages between 1916 and 1938 by the Manila Railroad. Services peaked in the 1940s until the late 1960s, when the system started to decline. Since 1988, it

258-542: A "Modernizing the Language Approach Movement" (MOLAM). Lacuesta hosted a number of "anti-purist" conferences and promoted a "Manila Lingua Franca" which would be more inclusive of loanwords of both foreign and local languages. Lacuesta managed to get nine congressmen to propose a bill aiming to abolish the SWP with an Akademia ng Wikang Filipino , to replace the balarila with a Gramatica ng Wikang Filipino , to replace

387-858: A CMC coach conducted a test run from Tutuban to Naga. The regular Metro South Commuter serves the Greater Manila Area from Tutuban to Alabang in Muntinlupa, Mamatid in Cabuyao , Calamba , or IRRI in Los Baños . There were commuter services leading to College from 1976 to 1986, which was superseded by the present service to IRRI. There were also named services to Guadalupe station in Mandaluyong and Carmona station in Carmona , Cavite . These were named after indigenous flora. The present Metro South Commuter line

516-517: A P5 billion plan to retrofit the existing line between Laguna and Albay for cargo movement. One of the plans is to operate cargo trains between Calamba, Laguna, and Legazpi in Albay by 2025. In particular, the government looks to build a dry port in Calamba where containers can be carried in and out of the freight trains . At the same time, As the government looks for another financier for PNR South Long Haul,

645-630: A commemorative marker in 1943. The following year a commemorative postage stamp was issued to mark the 75th anniversary. The years after the war saw a revival of interest in the event; the first re-enactment was staged in 1948. In 1957, Congress established the Golden Spike National Historic Site to preserve the area around Promontory Summit as closely as possible to its appearance in 1869. O'Connor Engineering Laboratories in Costa Mesa, California, designed and built working replicas of

774-507: A common Malayo-Polynesian language due to the Austronesian migration from Taiwan. The common Malayo-Polynesian language split into different languages, and usually through the Malay language, the lingua franca of maritime Southeast Asia, these were able to adopt terms that ultimately originate from other languages such as Japanese , Hokkien , Sanskrit , Tamil , and Arabic . The Malay language

903-577: A common national language, termed Filipino , to replace Pilipino. Neither the original nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino; Instead, tasking the National Assembly to: take steps toward the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. In 1987, a new constitution designated Filipino as the national language and, along with English, as an official language. That constitution included several provisions related to

1032-466: A main line to the south of Tutuban station began in 1909 by the virtue of Act No. 1905. By 1909, there was already a line between Tutuban and Naic , Cavite . This was known as the Naic line. Another line was also opened from Calamba, Laguna to Bauan via Batangas City . More lines were constructed into the 1910s including the lines from Nueva Cáceres , Ambos Camarines to Legazpi or Tabaco , Albay as

1161-635: A maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph), over twice higher than the existing narrow-gauge line. Planning of the Luzon network started in 1875. To the south of Manila would be a line leading to Legazpi, Albay and a branch line leading to Bauan , Batangas . Some parts of what will become the South Main Line were first constructed in 1903 as part of the Antipolo Line to Rizal under the virtue of Insular Government Act No. 703. The formal construction of

1290-630: A number roughly equivalent to the city's then population. The celebration was opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt who inaugurated it by pressing a telegraph key at the White House in Washington, DC. On the same day as the premiere of the movie, a still standing gold-colored concrete spike called the "Golden Spike Monument," measuring some 56 feet (17 m) in height, was unveiled at 21st Street and 9th Avenue in Council Bluffs, Iowa, adjacent to

1419-672: A resolution on November 9, 1937 recommending Tagalog to be basis of the national language. On December 30, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the language of the Philippines, and proclaimed the national language of the Philippines so based on the Tagalog language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. The order stated that it would take effect two years from its promulgation. On December 31 of

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1548-447: A silver ceremonial spike maul . The spike was engraved on all four sides: The spike was removed immediately after being hammered in to prevent it from being stolen. A second golden spike, exactly like the one from the ceremony (except for the date), was cast at the same time, and probably engraved at a later time with the correct Promontory date of May 10, 1869. It has been noted that the first Golden Spike engraving appeared "rushed", and

1677-513: A single line. This formed the backbone of the South Main Line and was subsequently opened in 1938. This service was short lived and ended during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in 1942. During this era, the Japanese government focused on rebuilding the North Main Line instead and extended it to Sudipen on the border between Ilocos Sur and La Union , and the south line's rehabilitation

1806-429: A week and was known as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week). The celebration coincides with the month of birth of President Manuel L. Quezon, regarded as the "Ama ng Wikang Pambansa" (Father of the national language). In 1946, Proclamation No. 35 of March 26 provided for a week-long celebration of the national language. this celebration would last from March 27 until April 2 each year, the last day coinciding with birthday of

1935-563: Is a language under the Austronesian language family . It is the national language ( Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika ) of the Philippines , lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages ( Wikang opisyal / Opisyal na wika ) of the country, with English . It is a standardized variety of the native language Tagalog , spoken and written in Metro Manila ,

2064-784: Is a translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Usually, the diacritics are not written, and the syntax and grammar are based on that of Tagalog . the General Assembly proclaims this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among

2193-462: Is also common among Austronesian languages. It has head-initial directionality. It is an agglutinative language but can also display inflection . It is not a tonal language and can be considered a pitch-accent language and a syllable-timed language. It has nine basic parts of speech . The Philippines is a multilingual state with 175 living languages originating and spoken by various ethno-linguistic groups. Many of these languages descend from

2322-590: Is argued that current state of the Filipino language is contrary to the intention of Republic Act (RA) No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages. It is further argued that, while the official view (shared by the government, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , and a number of educators) is that Filipino and Tagalog are considered separate languages, in practical terms, Filipino may be considered

2451-401: Is frequently used. While the word Tagalista literally means "one who specializes in Tagalog language or culture" or a "Tagalog specialist", in the context of the debates on the national language and " Imperial Manila ", the word Tagalista is used as a reference to "people who promote or would promote the primacy of Tagalog at the expense of [the] other [Philippine] indigenous tongues". This

2580-741: Is served by the North Main Line. Another is the South Long Haul project which will connect southern Metro Manila with the Bicol Region . A 56 km (35 mi) section of the South Main Line, currently used for the Metro Commuter service, will be reconstructed as part of the North–South Commuter Railway . This section of the line, referred to as NSCR South or PNR Calamba, will run between Tutuban to Calamba , and will connect with its northern counterpart at either Tutuban or Solis on

2709-479: Is that speech variety spoken in Metro Manila and other urban centers where different ethnic groups meet. It is the most prestigious variety of Tagalog and the language used by the national mass media. The other yardstick for distinguishing a language from a dialect is: different grammar, different language. "Filipino", "Pilipino" and "Tagalog" share identical grammar. They have the same determiners (ang, ng and sa);

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2838-414: Is the indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in the Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 went neither so far as to categorically identify, nor so far as to dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92–1 is the prerogative of

2967-648: Is the North–South Commuter Railway 's South section between Tutuban and Solis stations in north-central Metro Manila to Calamba station in Calamba, Laguna . This route will be electrified with direct current power through overhead lines . The other is the PNR South Long Haul from Sucat station in Muntinlupa to Matnog station in Matnog , Sorsogon . This route will continue to be operated by diesel stock but will run at

3096-690: Is the ceremonial 17.6- karat gold final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the first transcontinental railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento and the Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory . The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects, particularly those in which construction

3225-617: Is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a common meeting point. The spike is now displayed in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University . Completing the last link in the transcontinental railroad with a spike of gold was the brainchild of David Hewes , a San Francisco financier and contractor. The spike had been manufactured earlier that year especially for the event by the William T. Garratt Foundry in San Francisco. Two of

3354-627: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language, or KWF), superseding the Institute of Philippine Languages. The KWF reports directly to the President and was tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino

3483-474: The American colonial period , English became an additional official language of the Philippines alongside Spanish; however, the number of speakers of Spanish steadily decreased. The United States initiated policies that led to the gradual removal of Spanish from official use in the Philippines. This was not done through an outright ban, but rather through a strategic shift in language policy that promoted English as

3612-666: The Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language ) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the 20-letter Abakada alphabet which became the standard of the national language. The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language. In 1959, the language became known as Pilipino in an effort to disassociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group . The changing of

3741-581: The Bicol Region , including the Mayon Limited, have been suspended. The Manila Limited was a train service between Manila and Iriga . One train each left from these two termini. Train 517 left Manila by 3 pm and arrived in Iriga by 4:15 am. Train 518 left Iriga by 2:50 pm and arrived in Manila by 2:35 am. It ended in 2006 when all regular intercity services were terminated. The Prestige Express , also nicknamed

3870-532: The E233 series to be built by the Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC). Another 404 commuter train cars will be built by J-TREC. As of 2023, the airport express trains are being procured after they awarded the contract. There are also plans for the line to be extended to Batangas City to the south once the line itself achieves successful operations. This will occupy the old right-of-way of

3999-645: The Inter-Provincial Commuter from San Pedro to Lucena and the Bicol Commuter regional rail service between Sipocot, Naga Camarines Sur and Legazpi Albay , following the closure of the main line, the PNR Metro Commuter Line between Tutuban station and Laguna. Since its closure, there has been a planned overhaul of the line. The railway will consist of two standard-gauge lines which will overlap in southern Metro Manila and Laguna. One

PNR South Main Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

4128-820: The Legazpi Division , the Pagsanjan branch line and the extension of the Antipolo line to Montalban . Between 1916 and 1919, a new line to Tayabas province was opened and was named the Main Line South and had branch lines covering all provinces in the Southern Tagalog region. The first intercity service on the new Main Line South was the first Bicol Express , which originally only stopped at Aloneros station in Guinayangan , Quezon between 1916 and 1919. The Main Line South

4257-530: The Mariano Marcos State University in Batac, Ilocos Norte, that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano , Cebuano , Hiligaynon , or any of the other Philippine languages . He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104, which requires that the national language be developed and enriched by

4386-707: The Metro Commuter Line , the Inter-Provincial Commuter line and the Bicol Commuter service. The Metro Commuter Line operates two services, the Metro South Commuter and the Shuttle Service . In 2006, regular intercity operations on the South Main Line were indefinitely suspended. Issues such as rail metal theft and natural disasters have hampered the line's intercity service from operating regularly ever since. Illegal settlers also live close to

4515-863: The Missouri River between Council Bluffs, Iowa , and Omaha, Nebraska , by boat until the building of the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in March 1872. In the meantime, a coast-to-coast rail link was achieved in August 1870 in Strasburg, Colorado , by the completion of the Denver extension of the Kansas Pacific Railway . In 1904 a new railroad route called the Lucin Cutoff was built by-passing

4644-526: The South Long Haul project . The Lucena Express was first opened in 1916 with a service between Malvar, Batangas and Aloneros in Guinayangan, Quezon. Later, the service was opened between Manila and Lucena. This train stopped at Blumentritt (San Lazaro), Santa Mesa, Paco, San Pedro, Biñan, Santa Rosa, Calamba, Los Baños, College, Masaya, San Pablo, Tiaong, Taguan, Candelaria, Lutucan and Sariaya stations. It

4773-685: The Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004, with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code fil . On August 22, 2007, it

4902-648: The VIP Train from some rail enthusiasts of the time, was a limited express service from 1974 to 1981. It ran the full length of the South Main Line, but only stopped at only five stations in between. In Manila, it only stopped at the historic Paco station . Afterwards, it stopped at Lucena in Quezon , Naga in Camarines Sur , and in Daraga and Ligao in Albay . Like all services on

5031-443: The enhanced community quarantine in Luzon , the intercity section was temporarily reactivated for PNR's Hatid Probinsya ( lit.   ' Send Home to the Provinces ' ) program in June 2020. So-called "locally-stranded individuals", or people who wished to return to their hometowns amidst the lockdown, were returned to Bicol via so-called LSI trains . This is part of the larger Balik Probinsya ( lit.   ' Return to

5160-407: The national highway network started the decline of PNR as a whole. By 1988, only the South Main Line remained as the sole intercity line, although commuter trains on the North Main Line continued to run to Malolos station until 1997. Since then, services further dwindled until only a small section of the line between Tutuban and Santa Rosa stations remained active by 2014 as the rest of the line

5289-422: The 145th anniversary of the Golden Spike ceremony, Corky Lee gathered 200+ Chinese, Chinese Americans and other Asian Pacific Americans groups to create what he called "photographic justice". Research done by Stanford's "Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project" disproved the myth, identifying two Chinese laborers who were photographed in the famous A.J. Russell shot. More Chinese laborers who attended

PNR South Main Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

5418-467: The 1969 ceremony no Chinese representatives spoke during the dedication of a plaque memorializing Chinese railroad workers. The 2019 ceremony brought an intentionally greater focus on the Chinese contribution with Elaine Chao then United States Secretary of Transportation speaking at the event. The Chinese Railway Workers Descendants Association continues to hold annual gatherings at Chinese Arch near Promontory. A monument dedicated to Chinese workers on

5547-403: The 20-letter Abakada with a 32-letter alphabet, and to prohibit the creation of neologisms and the respelling of loanwords. This movement quietened down following the death of Lacuesta. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . While there was a sizable number of delegates in favor of retaining the Tagalog-based national language, majority of

5676-413: The 50th anniversary parade. At the conclusion of the ceremony, the participating Chinese workers were honored and cheered by the CPRR officials and that road's construction chief, J.H. Strobridge, at a dinner in his private car. To drive the final spike, Stanford lifted a silver spike maul and drove the spike into the tie, completing the line. Stanford and Hewes missed the spike, but the single word "done"

5805-407: The Bauan line. Along with the northward extension to the north to Tarlac City , the line will have a total length of 220 kilometers (140 miles). The Batangas extension will be a different development from the South Long Haul as the two lines will not overlap, even in Metro Manila. The South Long Haul project, also known as PNR Bicol, is a planned rebuild of the intercity line between Metro Manila and

5934-428: The Bicol Region. Originally proposed as a simple reconstruction of the existing network at narrow-gauge and a maximum speed of 75 kilometers (47 mi), the project now involves a complete overhaul of the railway and its conversion to standard-gauge , replacing the existing line. The line will be initially built as a single-track system . However, there are provisions for an upgrade to double-track or electrification in

6063-408: The Filipino language. Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: as Filipino evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. And also states in the article: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain

6192-422: The Filipino writer Francisco Baltazar , author of the Tagalog epic Florante at Laura . In 1954, Proclamation No. 12 of March 26 provided that the week of celebration would be from March 29 to April 4 every year. This proclamation was amended the following year by President Ramon Magsaysay by Proclamation No. 186 of September 23, moving the dates of celebration to August 13–19, every year. Now coinciding with

6321-423: The Golden Spike Days Celebration was held in Omaha, Nebraska, from April 26 to 29, 1939, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the joining of the UP and CPRR rails and driving of the Last Spike at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. The center piece event of the celebration occurred on April 28 with the world premiere of the Cecil B. DeMille feature motion picture Union Pacific which took place simultaneously in

6450-411: The Hewes family spike lettering appeared more polished. It was held, unknown to the public, by the Hewes family until 2005. This second spike is now on permanent display, along with Thomas Hill's famous painting The Last Spike , at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. With the locomotives drawn so near, the crowd pressed so closely around Stanford and the other railroad officials that

6579-399: The Institute of National Language (later the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ or SWP) and tasking it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. Later, President Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form the NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra , who sat as

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6708-443: The Inter-Provincial Commuter service, with operations commencing the following day. In May 2024, it was announced that the local consortium led by Philtrak Inc. and its chairman and chief executive, Francis Yuseco, offered to transform the idle rail tracks of the old railway tracks into a new mass transit and logistics hub. Also, there is a plan to connect from Tutuban in Manila to San Pablo, Laguna, and utilize European Road Trains and

6837-411: The Manila Railroad was one of the first in Asia to fully retire its steam locomotive fleet and adopt dieselization . The Manila Railroad was reorganized into the Philippine National Railways in 1964 by the virtue of Republic Act 4156. The early days of PNR during the 1960s and the early 1970s were also considered by the agency as its best. During this period, there were already proposed extensions of

6966-466: The NSCR, as well as for future freight services. The Bicol Express was the primary service on the South Main Line. The service started operations between Manila and Aloneros station in Guinayangan , Quezon by 1919 along with the Lucena Express . A separate train between Pamplona and Tabaco, and between Port Ragay and Legazpi was opened by 1933. The Tabaco branch line during this era was closed in 1937 and instead, they linked these three sections into

7095-557: The NSCR. Plans for a workaround with existing rolling stock are yet to be announced. The project was originally supposed to be financed by Chinese official development assistance , which was backed out in 2023 due to the failure to act on the loan. After China's exit from funding the railway project, this was put on hold with no takers to fund it as of 2024. Filipino language Filipino ( English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / , FIH-lih-PEE-noh ; Wikang Filipino , [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞] )

7224-413: The National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago. The 1987 Constitution mandates that Filipino be further enriched and developed by the other languages of the Philippines . Filipino, like other Austronesian languages, commonly uses verb-subject-object order, but can also use subject-verb-object order. Filipino follows the trigger system of morphosyntactic alignment that

7353-447: The PNR South railways program that is part of the new Luzon Rail System (PNR Luzon). PNR Luzon is the proposed network of rail lines to be built on the island of Luzon . Two new lines that will use the South Main Line's right of way will be constructed. The first is the 56 km (35 mi) south section of the North–South Commuter Railway , an electrified double-track line connecting Metro Manila and Laguna to Central Luzon , which

7482-583: The PNR wants to wait for no one in its push to revive the Bicol Express. This time, it seeks to retrofit the alignment to the south of Luzon for cargo purposes. The plan's pursuit could result in a change in the game for nearly 600,000 farmers in Bicol. On October 21, 2024, the PNR resumed its services for the Lucena - Calamba -Lucena line. The PNR train stops include San Pablo station , Calamba station , Sariaya, Lutucan, Candelaria, Tiaong (Lalig), IRRI, UP Los Baños station-Junction station, Masili and Pansol stations . There are currently 47 stations being used on

7611-410: The Peñafrancia Express trains headed in opposite directions and had to cross each other along the route in Quezon province. Later on, additional stops were added, mostly in the Bicol province of Camarines Sur with the train stopping in towns like Ragay, Sipocot, and Libmanan. This service ended by the late 1990s. All locomotives, coaches and multiple units in active service with the PNR are being used on

7740-401: The Philippine islands started in 1565 with the fall of Cebu. The eventual capital established by Spain for its settlement in the Philippines was Manila , situated in a Tagalog-speaking region, after the capture of Manila from the Muslim Kingdom of Luzon ruled by Raja Matanda with the heir apparent Raja Sulayman and the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Lakan Dula . After its fall to

7869-404: The Philippines provided that: The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages. On November 13, 1936, the first National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved Commonwealth Act No. 184; creating

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7998-500: The Promontory location to the south. By going west across the Great Salt Lake from Ogden, Utah, to Lucin, Utah, the new railroad line shortened the distance by 43 miles and avoided curves and grades. Main line trains no longer passed over Promontory Summit. In 1942, the old rails over Promontory Summit were salvaged for the war effort; the event was marked by a ceremonial "undriving" of the last iron spike. The original event had been all but forgotten except by local residents, who erected

8127-488: The Provinces ' ) program by the national government to decongest Metro Manila and develop the countryside regions of the Philippines both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic . The fifth and last known service was on August 29, 2020. The line was once again closed after the program ended. On February 14, 2022, Valentine's Day , a regional rail service between San Pablo, Laguna and Lucena , Quezon made its first run. On June 25, President Rodrigo Duterte inaugurated

8256-419: The South Main Line to Sorsogon province enacted by Republic Act 6366. However, increasing maintenance costs, natural disasters and competition from highways prevented the PNR from expanding, and eventually caused the eventual decline of the entire system. The latter years of the 1970s were increasingly burdensome to the PNR as natural disasters and increasing maintenance costs, as well as stiff competition with

8385-405: The South Main Line, 31 of these are for the Metro South Commuter line, 6 stations for the Inter-Provincial Commuter line, and 10 for the Bicol Commuter service. It previously served all provinces in Calabarzon , as well as Camarines Sur and Albay . Currently, only sections in Metro Manila , Laguna , Quezon , and Camarines Sur are served. There are two operable sections of the South Main Line,

8514-424: The South Main Line, there were more stations added. The service was replaced by the shorter Peñafrancia Express in 1981 that ended at Naga. The service used JMC-319 Luster , later MC-6366 Nikkō . It was a JMC class diesel multiple unit built by Tokyu Car Company in 1955 and refurbished in 1973 with a streamlined cab inspired by the likes of the 0 Series Shinkansen . PNR later removed the streamlined cone from

8643-475: The South Main Line. More stations were also added to the line. It was renumbered as Train T-611 for the southbound (MA-NG) and Train T-612 for the northbound (NG-MA). Another Bicol Express train was serviced by the second version of the General Manager's train, a trainset based on modified CMC-300 series DMUs already operating in PNR service. This was numbered T-577. Since then, the service was discontinued by 2006 after natural disasters inflicted serious damage to

8772-473: The South Main Line. This is because almost all PNR operations happen here on Metro South Commuter, Shuttle Service , Inter-Provincial Commuter, and Bicol Commuter services. As of 2022, the line uses diesel locomotives and multiple units, as well as passenger coaches built for the 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) Cape gauge. Its diesel locomotive fleet are predominantly GE Universal Series locomotives built between 1973 and 1992 by GE Transportation ,

8901-477: The Spaniards, Manila was made the capital of the Spanish settlement in Asia due to the city's commercial wealth and influence, its strategic location, and Spanish fears of raids from the Portuguese and the Dutch. The first dictionary of Tagalog, published as the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala , was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, and published in 1613 by the "Father of Filipino Printing" Tomás Pinpin in Pila , Laguna . A latter book of

9030-437: The agency was investigated after piles of railroad ties were found in the front yard of Muntinlupa station . These ties were meant for the rehabilitation of the line near Hondagua station in Quezon. On December 1, 2019, commuter rail services on the Metro Commuter were extended from Calamba to IRRI station . It is a request stop in front of the International Rice Research Institute headquarters in Los Baños . During

9159-476: The birthday of President Manuel L. Quezon. The reason for the move being given that the original celebration was a period "outside of the school year, thereby precluding the participation of schools in its celebration". In 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation No. 19, reaffirming the celebration every August 13 to 19. In 1997, the celebration was extended from a week to a month by Proclamation 1041 of July 15 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos . It

9288-663: The ceremony became somewhat disorganized, leading to varying accounts of the actual events. On the Union Pacific side, thrusting westward, the last two rails were laid by Irishmen; on the Central Pacific side, thrusting eastward, the last two rails were laid by the Chinese! A.J. Russell stereoview No. 539 shows the "Chinese at Laying Last Rail UPRR". Eight Chinese workers laid the last rail, and three of these men, Ging Cui, Wong Fook, and Lee Shao, lived long enough to also participate in

9417-715: The chair of the Institute and as the representative of Samar-Leyte-Visayans , the Institute's members were composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing the Ilokano-speaking regions ), Filemon Sotto (the Cebu-Visayans ), Casimiro Perfecto (the Bikolanos ), Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (the Panay-Visayans ), Hadji Butu (the languages of Muslim Filipinos ), and Cecilio Lopez (the Tagalogs ). The Institute of National Language adopted

9546-478: The city's Omaha, Orpheum, and Paramount theaters. The film features an elaborate reenactment of the original Golden Spike ceremony (filmed in Canoga Park, California) as the motion picture's closing scene for which DeMille borrowed the actual Golden Spike from Stanford University to be held by Dr. W.H. Harkness ( Stanley Andrews ) as he delivered his remarks prior to its driving to complete the railroad. (A prop spike

9675-652: The completion of the Pacific Railroad "from the Missouri river to the Pacific" authorized by the Pacific Railroad Acts , much less a seamless coast-to-coast rail network: neither Sacramento nor Omaha was a seaport, nor did they have rail connections until after they were designated as the termini. Western Pacific completed the westernmost transcontinental leg from Sacramento to San Francisco Bay on September 6, 1869, with

9804-461: The delegates who were non-Tagalogs were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise was reached and the wording on the 1973 constitution made no mention of dropping the national language Pilipino or made any mention of Tagalog. Instead, the 1973 Constitution , in both its original form and as amended in 1976, designated English and Pilipino as official languages and provided for development and formal adoption of

9933-615: The direction of Lipa, Batangas and will follow a new right-of-way, ending at Batangas International Port in Batangas City . The second branch will be the Legazpi line. It will be built from the new Daraga station located outside the poblacion of Daraga at which Phase 1 terminates, and will lead the existing right of way to Legazpi station in Legazpi, Albay . Originally having a planned maximum speed 120 km/h (75 mph), revisions to

10062-429: The exception being 3 INKA CC300s which entered service in 2021. These are the 900 , 2500 and 5000 classes. Not all GE locomotives are operational due to either being scrapped, destroyed during accidents or stored for rehabilitation. Meanwhile, its multiple units and coaches are all built by Asian manufacturers. There are three distinct generations of active railcars: The South Main Line will be reconstructed under

10191-581: The future. Stations will be allowed to use passing sidings so that express train travel is uninterrupted. The South Long Haul line in its present form will be built between Sucat in Muntinlupa , southern Metro Manila , and Matnog station in Matnog , Sorsogon at the southeasternmost tip of Luzon . There will be two branch lines with the first is the Batangas branch. The branch will split between Los Baños and San Pablo stations in Laguna and will head towards

10320-470: The golden spike. It remains a common myth that Chinese workers are not visible in the famous A.J. Russell "champagne photo" of the last spike ceremony. Many Chinese workers were absent from the Golden Spike ceremony in 1869 despite their tremendous contribution in the completion of the railroad. Over 12,000 Chinese had labored to build the rail line from the west, 80% of the railroad workers were Chinese. On

10449-481: The hybrid electric road transit designed by the Department of Science and Technology . The proposed articulated bus train will occupy five meters on each side of the railway, while the remaining open spaces will be utilized for housing, logistics, public markets, and post-harvest facilities, with transit stations along the way. On July 15 of the same year, it was announced that PNR would revive freight services and pursue

10578-523: The last iron spike was driven, finally completing the line. After the ceremony, the Golden Spike was donated to the Stanford Museum (now Cantor Arts Center ) in 1898. The last laurel tie was destroyed in the fires caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Although the Promontory event marked the completion of the transcontinental railroad from Omaha to Sacramento on May 10, 1869, it did not mark

10707-475: The last leg into Salt Lake City, actor John Wayne . The Union Pacific Railroad also sent a special display train and the US Army Transportation Corps sent a steam-powered 3-car special from Fort Eustis , Virginia. On May 10, 2006, on the anniversary of the driving of the spike, Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a depiction of the driving of the spike. The Golden Spike design

10836-795: The last spike at the Mossdale Bridge across the San Joaquin River near Lathrop, California . The official completion date of the Pacific Railroad as called for by Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, et seq. was determined to be November 6, 1869, by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court's Opinion and Order dated January 27, 1879, in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States (99 U.S. 402). Passengers were required to cross

10965-471: The last spike ceremony are also visible in A.J. Russell's "stereo view # 539 Chinese at Laying Last Rail UPRR," although the Chinese laborers who attended the ceremony still only represented a small fraction of the total Chinese workforce on the railroad. Three of the Chinese workers who helped build the railroad in 1869, Wong Fook, Lee Chao, and Ging Cui would be given a place in the celebratory 50th anniversary parade at Ogden, Utah , in 1919. However, during

11094-444: The last spike was driven, three other commemorative spikes, presented on behalf of the other three members of the Central Pacific's Big Four who did not attend the ceremony, had been driven in the pre-bored laurel tie: The golden spike was made of 17.6- karat (73%) copper-alloyed gold, and weighed 14.03 troy ounces (436 g). It was dropped into a pre-drilled hole in the laurel ceremonial last tie, and gently tapped into place with

11223-548: The latest edition being published in 2013 in Manila. Spanish served in an official capacity as language of the government during the Spanish period. Spanish played a significant role in unifying the Philippines, a country made up of over 7,000 islands with a multitude of ethnicities, languages, and cultures. Before Spanish rule, the archipelago was not a unified nation, but rather a collection of independent kingdoms, sultanates, and tribes, each with its own language and customs. During

11352-460: The latter national. This is similar to the comparison between Castilian and Spanish , or Mandarin and Chinese . Political designations aside, Tagalog and Filipino are linguistically the same, sharing, among other things, the same grammatical structure. On May 23, 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, KWF chair and a linguistics expert, acknowledged in a keynote speech during the NAKEM Conference at

11481-408: The lexicon of the country's other languages, something toward which the commission was working. On August 24, 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: Are "Tagalog," "Pilipino" and "Filipino" different languages? No, they are mutually intelligible varieties, and therefore belong to one language. According to the KWF, Filipino

11610-600: The locomotives present at the original ceremony for the Park Service. These engines are drawn up face-to-face each Saturday during the summer for a re-enactment of the event. For the May 10, 1969, centennial of the driving of the last spike, the High Iron Company ran a steam-powered excursion train round trip from New York City to Promontory. The Golden Spike Centennial Limited transported over 100 passengers including, for

11739-431: The name did not, however, result in universal acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had previously not accepted the 1937 selection. The 1960s saw the rise of the purist movement where new words were being coined to replace loanwords. This era of "purism" by the SWP sparked criticisms by a number of persons. Two counter-movements emerged during this period of "purism": one campaigning against Tagalog and

11868-401: The official name of Tagalog, or even a synonym of it. Today's Filipino language is best described as "Tagalog-based". The language is usually called Tagalog within the Philippines and among Filipinos to differentiate it from other Philippine languages, but it has also come to be known as Filipino to differentiate it from the languages of other countries; the former implies a regional origin,

11997-706: The old South Main Line in the 1960s and early 1970s. To accommodate this many passengers, 64 passenger railcars were procured by the PNR in 2021. This would be arranged into 8-car trainsets similar to the NSCR, but are expected to be diesel stock due to the aforementioned lack of electrification on the line. This replaced a previous order of 9 diesel multiple unit cars from CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive , which would have been arranged into 3-car trainsets. Diesel locomotives are also expected to be used as freight trains connecting various ports and inland facilities. The project will also rebuild

12126-549: The other campaigning for more inclusiveness in the national language. In 1963, Negros Occidental congressman Innocencio V. Ferrer took a case reaching the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of the choice of Tagalog as the basis of the national language (a case ruled in favor of the national language in 1970). Accusing the national language as simply being Tagalog and lacking any substantial input from other Philippine languages, Congressman Geruncio Lacuesta eventually led

12255-509: The other end of the wye junction in Manila . The plan will also have interoperability between the Metro Manila Subway and the NSCR, and the subway trains will extend services to Calamba. While the maximum speed of the system is 160 km/h (99 mph), the dense urban areas along this section will limit its maximum speed to 120 km/h (75 mph) and to 80 km/h (50 mph) at

12384-863: The peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ang Pangkalahatáng Kapulungán ay nagpapahayág ng PANGKALAHATÁNG PAGPAPAHAYÁG NA ITÓ NG MGÁ KARAPATÁN NG TÁO bílang pangkalahatáng pamantáyang maisasagawâ pára sa lahát ng táo at bansâ, sa layúning ang báwat táo at báwat galamáy ng lipúnan, na láging nása ísip ang Pahayág na itó, ay magsíkap sa pamamagítan ng pagtutúrò at edukasyón na maitagúyod ang paggálang sa mgá karapatán at kalayáang itó at sa pamamagítan ng mgá hakbáng na pagsúlong na pambansâ at pandaigdíg, ay makamtán ang pangkalahatán at mabísang pagkilála at pagtalíma sa mgá itó, magíng ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá Kasáping Estádo at ng mgá mamamayán ng mgá teritóryo na nása ilálim ng kaniláng nasasakúpan. Golden spike The Golden Spike (also known as The Last Spike )

12513-461: The preceding Prestige Express , it did not have specialized rolling stock. It was primarily a choice between the acquired refurbished Nikko train acquired from the previous Prestige service, and later the 900 class locomotive and hauled ICF baggage cars and sleeper coaches built in Madras (now Chennai ), India. Initially they were non-stop between Paco Station in Manila and Naga City, save for when

12642-514: The primary language for education, governance, and law. At present, Spanish was designated an optional and voluntary language under the 1987 Constitution, along with Arabic. While Spanish and English were considered "official languages" during the American colonial period, there existed no "national language" initially. Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 constitution establishing the Commonwealth of

12771-556: The rail infrastructure was destroyed by World War II when the United States fought against the Empire of Japan in 1941 and 1944-45. Rehabilitation of the network cost the Manila Railroad ₱20 million (convertible to US$ 115 million in 2020) and by the late 1950s, most of the network had been restored. More branch lines were cut including the Pagsanjan and Antipolo branches. On August 12, 1956,

12900-457: The rail line. On May 10, in anticipation of the ceremony, Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific No. 60 (better known as the Jupiter ) locomotives were drawn up face-to-face on Promontory Summit. It is unknown how many people attended the event; estimates run from as low as 500 to as many as 3,000; government and railroad officials and track workers were present to witness the event. Before

13029-518: The railroad was installed at the Utah State capitol building to correspond with the 155th anniversary. A Utah state park, planned to celebrate the Golden Spike opening in Brigham City, Utah in 2025, will feature a 43 foot tall statue depicting the Golden Spike. The statue, mounted on the back of a truck; has toured various parts of America throughout 2023 and 2024. An elaborate four-day event called

13158-463: The rails in Metro Manila and Laguna sections of the line. In Camarines Sur, liquefaction of the track's embankment caused a section of the line in Sipocot to sink. This forced the inaugural service of the new Bicol Express in 2011 to slow down to a near stop while passing through the area. On September 21, 2019, a KiHa 59 and a rerailment train consisting of a newly-repainted PNR 900 class locomotive and

13287-415: The remaining Metro South Commuter section between Tutuban and Sucat sometime after the line's completion by 2025. Newer narrow-gauge rolling stock are expected to remain in service due to them being the most recent stock in the PNR fleet. The only publicly-available information was about its purpose being primarily for freight transport. For passenger services, it will also serve as a transport redundancy for

13416-416: The resumption of service has been repeatedly announced and then cancelled, most recently in late 2016. This was mostly because of an inadequacy of train coaches, the remoteness of the areas covered by the rail tracks, and the necessity of more extensive railway repairs, which has rendered the railways towards Tutuban and back impassable. The return of train services to Bicol is planned with the construction of

13545-482: The right-of-way were made and the maximum speed was increased to 160 km/h (99 mph) for express trains, comparable to higher-speed rail in other countries. This reduces overall travel time from the old Bicol Express of 14 to 18 hours to only a maximum of 4.5 hours to Legazpi , allowing the PNR to compete with air and highway travel. The system can handle up to 100,000 passengers per day, thirteen times more than PNR's peak ridership of 7,560 daily passengers on

13674-501: The same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein (known locally as Pablo Clain) at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote a dictionary, which he later passed to Francisco Jansens and José Hernández. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlúcar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly re-edited, with

13803-398: The same personal pronouns (siya, ako, niya, kanila, etc.); the same demonstrative pronouns (ito, iyan, doon, etc.); the same linkers (na, at and ay); the same particles (na and pa); and the same verbal affixes -in, -an, i- and -um-. In short, same grammar, same language. In connection with the use of Filipino, or specifically the promotion of the national language, the related term Tagalista

13932-430: The same rolling stock as the regular commuter service but will stop at fewer stations. Finally, an Airport express service will enjoy the highest priority and will have its dedicated rolling stock being a limited express service. A total of 464 electric multiple unit trainsets have been procured to operate on the line. 104 of these are 8-car EM10000 class trainsets that are based on JR East commuter stock such as

14061-610: The same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the Wikang Pambansâ (National Language) giving the following factors: On June 7, 1940, the Philippine National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 570 declaring that the Filipino national language would be considered an official language effective July 4, 1946 (coinciding with the country's expected date of independence from the United States). That same year,

14190-469: The same year. On the same day, the golden spike was struck by then-president Manuel L. Quezon at Del Gallego , Camarines Sur . Meanwhile, services on the Naic line and the Tabaco branch were cut and the tracks were dismantled later that year. Services on the new line peaked for a brief period between 1938 and 1941, and were regarded as one of the most profitable eras for the Manila Railroad. However, most of

14319-417: The sides were engraved with the names of the railroad officers and directors. A special tie of polished California laurel was chosen to complete the line where the spike would be driven. The ceremony was originally to be held on May 8, 1869 (the date actually engraved on the spike), but it was postponed two days because of bad weather and a labor dispute that delayed the arrival of the Union Pacific side of

14448-655: The tracks and bridges. Efforts to revive the service were unsuccessful. Since 2014, operations to the Bicol Region have been suspended. This is primarily because of typhoon damage to bridges. The PNR hoped to reopen the Bicol Express Service by about September 2014. Due to the damages brought by the Typhoon Rammasun (locally named Glenda), PNR announced that the Bicol Express' resumption of services would be further delayed until October and November 2014. Since then,

14577-643: The train ran as Ordinary train (T-815) with non-reclining seats and cooling by fan. The departures for train T-816 were scheduled every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The train did not run on Saturdays. The trains meet at Gumaca. Two types of DMUs were used for the service. The ordinary Mayon Limited services used KiHa 52 DMUs. Meanwhile the Mayon Limited Deluxe used the KiHa 59 series DMUs, still with its original Kogane livery. As of September 2013, all operations to

14706-831: The underground section near Senate-DepEd station . The project was co-financed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and construction began in July 2023. It expects full operations by 2029. NSCR is an S-train -style urban rail transit system. It incorporates elements of commuter rail in terms of distance covered and higher maximum speed, as well as elements of rapid transit in terms of service frequency, right-of-way separated, rolling stock with longitudinal seating, and use of half-height platform screen doors . Limited-stop Commuter express services will use

14835-700: The unit after an accident and the trainset was placed into service to serve the Bicol Express from 1998 to 2004. Since then, it has been withdrawn from passenger service and was relegated to track maintenance as inspection car IC-888. Although inactive and stripped of its motive power, there are no plans for the unit to be scrapped. The PNR inaugurated the Peñafrancia Express between Manila and Naga City in 1981. It became PNR's premium intercity service and also had airline-style features such as pre-recorded background music, snacks, caterers, and stewardesses. Unlike

14964-513: The use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. and: The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Section 17(d) of Executive Order 117 of January 30, 1987 renamed the Institute of National Language as Institute of Philippine Languages . Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created

15093-538: Was closed to give way for the construction of the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR). The line's current trainsets are set to be transferred to operating services in Southern Luzon, the Inter-Provincial Commuter and the Bicol Commuter Lines, which allows the lines to increase trips and serve more passengers. The present South Commuter Line will also be rebuilt and it will serve as an alternate transport mode to

15222-408: Was closed. Services were suspended in May 2015 following a derailment incident of a Hyundai Rotem DMU in between EDSA and Nichols . That same month, the Department of Transportation and Communications opened a bidding for the double-tracking of the section between Sucat and Alabang . That plan however was not pursued. Operations resumed on July 23, 2015 from Tutuban to Alabang. In May 2019,

15351-483: Was connected to the Legazpi Division by a fleet of train ferries between Quezon and Camarines Sur. This ferry service became increasingly redundant as the last rail connecting Manila to Bicol was laid on November 17, 1937. The second Bicol Express , which at that point had been running the full length of the new Main Line South to Legazpi, was inaugurated on January 31, 1938 and became a regular service by May 8 of

15480-492: Was cut to San Pablo, Laguna . After the line's post-war rehabilitation, another service was opened. The service immediately became popular with the public and more services were introduced on August 16, 1954. There were two services of this type: the daytime Bicol Express and the Night Express which was the night train counterpart. The Bicol Express leaving Manila was numbered 511 and its night counterpart leaving Legazpi

15609-735: Was discontinued in 1942 during the Japanese occupation and was later integrated with the Bicol Express after the war. The older Mayon Express Limited service was hauled by the newly-acquired MCBP class DMUs starting in 1973. In March 2012, the Mayon Limited was resurrected and ran between Tutuban and Ligao. The train ran as Mayon DeLuxe on Monday, Wednesday and Friday from Tutuban as train T-713 with three air-conditioned carriages with reclining seats. The train returned on Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday as train T-714 from Ligao. On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays

15738-548: Was generally used by the ruling classes and the merchants from the states and various cultures in the Philippine archipelago for international communication as part of maritime Southeast Asia. In fact, Filipinos first interacted with the Spaniards using the Malay language. In addition to this, 16th-century chroniclers of the time noted that the kings and lords in the islands usually spoke around five languages. Spanish intrusion into

15867-429: Was nevertheless flashed by telegraph around the country. In the United States, the event has come to be considered one of the first nationwide media events . The locomotives were moved forward until their cowcatchers met, and photographs were taken. Immediately afterwards, the golden spike and the laurel tie were removed, lest they be stolen, and replaced with a regular iron spike and normal tie. At exactly 12:47 pm,

15996-415: Was numbered 513. The Bicol Express leaving Legazpi was numbered 512 and the Night Express leaving Manila was numbered 514. The trains only stopped at six stations between Tutuban and Legazpi: Paco , Lucena , Tagkawayan , Sipocot , Naga and Ligao . Journey times lasted 13 hours between the two termini. Services were expanded until the 1970s. By 1998, Bicol Express was the only intercity service on

16125-458: Was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it

16254-579: Was selected as the winner from among several others by Utah's governor, Jon Huntsman Jr. , following a period during which Utah residents voted and commented on their favorite of three finalists. On May 10, 2019, the United States Postal Service issued a set of three new commemorative postage stamps to mark the 150th anniversary of the driving of the golden spike: one stamp for the Jupiter locomotive, one stamp for locomotive #119, and one stamp for

16383-416: Was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezon , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila , all of which mentioned are natively Tagalog-speaking. Since 1997, a month-long celebration of the national language occurs during August, known in Filipino as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month). Previously, this lasted only

16512-552: Was the only functioning inter-city rail after its counterpart to the north, the North Main Line , was closed. The intercity section of the line in Laguna , Quezon and the Bicol Region was then closed and reopened repeatedly between 2004 and 2014 due to a combination of declining ridership and was closed since then. Currently, only a little more than half of line is operational as the line currently serves two commuter services, namely

16641-548: Was used for the actual hammering sequence.) Also included as a part of the overall celebration's major attractions was the Golden Spike Historical Exposition, a large assemblage of artifacts (including the Golden Spike itself), tools, equipment, photographs, documents, and other materials from the construction of the Pacific Railroad that were put on display at Omaha's Municipal Auditorium. The four days of events drew over 250,000 people to Omaha during its run,

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