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66-467: The company was founded in 2001 as part of the break-up of the once-unitary Polish State Railways JSC , to separate infrastructure management and transport operations. During 2000, a substantial restructuring of Polish railways in favour of a liberalised model permission of private operators and external participate, was enacted, one result of which was the creation of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. as Poland's new railway infrastructure manager in place of

132-616: A 11,000km mission-critical backhaul network across Poland's railways. The scheme, which has been largely financed by the European Union alongside contributions from the Polish government, will create one of the largest modern railway communications networks and is a key component for ERTMS operations. Multiple contracts were also signed with Thales Group , a long term supplier of Poland's railways, around this time to design and deliver both signalling and railway traffic control systems, which includes

198-658: A European Court ruling on the required restructuring of the Polish State Railways prior to joining the EU, is the PKP group company responsible for freight transport operations. It is currently the largest railway cargo carrier in Poland, and second-largest in the European Union. The company was founded after dividing Polskie Koleje Państwowe (all-national rail operator) into several dozens of companies to meet European Union Standards. PKP Cargo

264-602: A cost efficient digital replacement for existing incompatible in-track cable and analogue railway radio networks. Over 35 different such systems are reported to exist in Europe alone. The standard is the result of over ten years of collaboration between the various European railway companies, with the goal of achieving interoperability using a single communication platform. GSM-R is part of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) standard and carries

330-445: A fixed numbering plan for GSM-R. It is defined by number prefixes. Those numbers are used for functional registration and fixed entries for MSISDN or short dialcodes as defined within the HLR. 807660 for example defines a MSISDN of a mobile subscriber. The number 23030301 would be a functional number associated with the train number 30303 and the role of the user 01. Different groups make up

396-453: A frequency band rather close to GSM-R. This could cause ETCS disturbances, random emergency braking because of lost communications etc. As a result, there is an increasing trend towards monitoring and managing GSM-R interference using active and automated testing on board trains and trackside. The GSM-R standard specification is divided in two EIRENE specifications: EIRENE defines the "Technical Specification for Interoperability" (TSI) as

462-451: A high-speed railway network, raising the maximum speeds on several different lines to 200km/h, as well as to construct or modernise rail links to various major airports and international transport corridors. During May 2010, it was announced that Bombardier Transportation had been awarded a contract to perform the first implementation of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) Level 2 technology in Poland. This initial deployment of

528-660: A result left the railways far less able to compete with intercity bus and air services. During the entire communist period, only one major infrastructural project relating to the railways was completed. This, the Central Trunk Line , was a prestige project completed in 1976, intended both for heavy coal transport and fast passenger services. This line for the first time allowed passengers to travel in comfort and at relatively high speed from Kraków and Katowice to Warsaw; however, high-speed services have never started, although test runs reached 250 km/h in 1994. Moreover, despite

594-641: A single-track line for almost 400 km, from the Polish- Ukrainian border crossing just east of Hrubieszów to Sławków Południowy (near Katowice ). It is used only for freight traffic, mainly iron ore and coal. It is the westernmost broad gauge railway line in Europe that is connected to the broad gauge rail system of the countries which before 1991 constituted the Soviet Union . Electric train traction of Polish State Railway started in 1936 in Warsaw area and

660-678: A solution. The end of the crisis and an increase in cargo transport and income came in 1937. Following the German invasion on 1 September 1939 and the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland on 17 September 1939, most Polish rolling stock fell into Soviet hands. The Polish railways in Silesia, Greater Poland and Pomerania were adopted by German railways Deutsche Reichsbahn on 25 September. The Polish railways in Generalgouvernement became Ostbahn. Until

726-478: A tourist attraction for British trainspotters since at least the mid-twentieth century. The late withdrawal of steam power on the PKP system meant that Poland was an attractive destination for rail enthusiasts long after steam had ended on Britain’s railways. The last PKP steam shed in Wolsztyn has remained in operation as a result of this tourism and continues to operate regular steam hauled services. PKP Intercity

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792-485: Is GMSK modulation (Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying). GSM-R is a TDMA ("Time-Division Multiple Access") system. Data transmission is made of periodical TDMA frames (with a period of 4.615 ms), for each carrier frequency (physical channel). Each TDMA frame is divided in 8 time slots, named logical channels (577 μs long, each time-slot), carrying 148 bits of information. There are worries that LTE mobile communication will disturb GSM-R, since it has been given

858-409: Is a dedicated group call with the number 599. The call is established with an emergency level priority whose level is the highest possible priority 0. The SEC is enabled and used by devices registered for shunting operations. The establishment of such a call leads to automatic acceptance of the call on all enabled devices within the current area or cell-group configured. The EIRENE SRS document defines

924-478: Is a semi-independent division of PKP that operates long-distance passenger trains in Poland. It was founded in 2001 when, in preparation for separation between infrastructure management and transport operations, the Polish State Railways were reorganized into a number of independent operating companies under the unified direction of the PKP Group . PKP Intercity operates all InterCity trains in Poland as well as most of

990-503: Is a switch, which can be used to connect the overhead wires together. At some lines, a three-phase AC line operated with 6 kV, 15 kV or 20 kV runs parallel to the railway line , either on the poles of the overhead wire or on separate poles. It is used for power supply of signals, level crossing equipment and other devices requiring electric power used for the rail. This line can be also used for emergency power supply of substations. Until 22 December 2008 Przewozy Regionalne

1056-468: Is an international wireless communications standard for railway communication and applications. A sub-system of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), it is used for communication between train and railway regulation control centers. The system is based on GSM and EIRENE – MORANE specifications which guarantee performance at speeds up to 500 km/h (310 mph), without any communication loss. GSM-R could be supplanted by LTE-R, with

1122-784: Is being implemented within DCS 1800 band DCS 1800 band was initially divided and auctioned in paired parcels each of 2 × 2.5 MHz with duplex spacing of 95 MHz. State rail operators acquired six mostly non-grouped parcels which cover 2 × 15 MHz of spectrum to deploy GSM-R. State rail operators re-licensed 2 x 10 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney for Rail Safety and Control Communications. All except for South Australian Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure (Adelaide) re-licensed 2 x 5 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum at commercial rates set by Australian Government. The used modulation

1188-498: Is coverage on all the lines and the old system called Telerail was abandoned in favour of GSM-R in 2006. In Norway, the GSM-R network was opened on all lines on 1 January 2007, replacing the older Scanet network. The implementation of over 14,000 km (8,700 mi) of GSM-R enabled railway, intended to replace both its legacy VHF 205 MHz National Radio Network (NRN) and UHF 450 MHz suburban Cab Secure Radio (CSR) systems

1254-506: Is currently the parent company of the PKP Group, passenger operators PKP Intercity and PKP Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście . Freight carriers PKP Cargo and PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa are also parts of the group. PKP is also one of the largest real estate managers in Poland. Regaining independence on 11 November 1918 allowed Poland to reclaim the former Russian and Austrian sectors from military railways. The Railway Department in

1320-399: Is indoors, outdoor switchgear is used at 110 kV. The distance between substations is between 15 and 28 kilometres. For reliability of supply, substations are usually fed by at least two powerlines. Each substation normally feeds two segments of the overhead wire, which are separated by a switch. As is common with DC systems, the negative pole is grounded. Halfway between two substations, there

1386-665: Is now complete as of January 2016. As of spring 2016 , the only areas of UK Network Rail still currently employing VHF train radio communications are on sections of the Highland and Far North lines in Scotland, where the Radio Electronic Token Block system is utilised, using modified Ofcom frequencies around 180 MHz, having been de-scoped from the National GSM-R plan, due to practical difficulties involved in deploying

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1452-423: Is owned by the PKP S.A. (50% + 1 share) and private investors. It is a railway transportation service that originally functioned in Poland's Tricity area ( Gdynia , Sopot and Gdańsk ). The system has since grown to cover a longer route, reaching towns like Słupsk , Lębork and Wejherowo . It is serviced by electric multiple unit cars at a frequency of 6 minutes to half an hour between trains (depending on

1518-455: Is performed since the beginning with 3 kV DC. As of 1 January 2011, 11481 kilometres were electrified by a total length of 19276 kilometres. All used power is taken from the public grid and rectified in substations . Most substations are fed with voltages between 15 and 30 kV. Where lines have heavy traffic and higher speed, the substations are fed from the 110 kV grid. The switchyard of substations fed from voltages below 30 kV

1584-547: Is safety, which has been helped by the implementation of continuous digital communication and a reduction in grade crossings amongst other measures. On 10 November 2015, the first phase of the North Sea – Baltic rail freight corridor was launched; it is intended to increase rail freight traffic between the most important North Sea ports with Central Europe and the Baltic States, with the new rail freight line interconnecting with

1650-530: Is standardized to be implemented in either the E-GSM (900 MHz-GSM) or DCS 1800 (1,800 MHz-GSM) frequency band which are both being used around the world. Europe includes the CEPT member states, which include all EU members and Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bosnia Herzegovina, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Moldavia, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,

1716-437: Is typically implemented using dedicated base station masts close to the railway, with tunnel coverage effected using directional antennae or 'leaky' feeder transmission. The distance between the base stations is 7–15 km (4.3–9.3 mi). This creates a high degree of redundancy and higher availability and reliability. In Germany, Italy and France the GSM-R network has between 3,000 and 4,000 base stations . In areas where

1782-484: The European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2 or 3 is used, the train maintains a circuit switched digital modem connection to the train control center at all times. This modem operates with higher priority than normal users (eMLPP). If the modem connection is lost, the train will automatically stop. GSM-R is one part of ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed of: GSM-R

1848-554: The Polish resistance movement on railways took place about the same time. In 1942, production of simple military-use DR Kriegslok BR52 ( PKP class Ty2 ) steam locomotives began in Poznań and Chrzanów ; the steam boilers for these locomotives were produced in Sosnowiec . The Warsaw Uprising caused widespread damage of Warsaw rolling stock, network and electric traction; both bridges over

1914-519: The Polish - Ukrainian border in Izow-Hrubieszów to Sławków Południowy (near Katowice ). The line was opened in 1979 and was used to import iron ore from the USSR, as well as to export coal and sulphur from Poland. After the fall of communism and the economic changes of 1989 traffic on the line has much diminished. At present various schemes are being tried to increase its profitability. This line runs as

1980-549: The "standard" GSM-R band: In Germany this band was extended with additional channels in the 873–876 MHz and 918–921 MHz range. Being used formerly for regional trunked radio systems the full usage of the new frequencies is aimed for 2015. GSM-R occupies a 4 MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM). GSM-R occupies a 1.6 MHz wide range of the P-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM) held by Indian Railways : GSM-R

2046-493: The CMK line (224 km line from Kraków and Katowice to Warsaw) with trains reaching 200 km/h (124 mph) as a regularly scheduled operation. There is a plan by PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe (infrastructure manager) to increase speed to 250 km/h on whole line soon. In the day of 13 December 2020 the speed limit was raised to 200 km/h also on the line from Warsaw to seaport Gdynia by New Pendolino train. The PKP has been

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2112-469: The GSM-R infrastructure: this number includes both ordinary and high speed lines, as well as more than 1,000 km (620 mi) of tunnels. Roaming agreements with other Italian mobile operators allow coverage of lines not directly served by GSM-R. Roaming agreements have also been set up with French and Swiss railway companies and it is planned to extend them to other countries. In the Netherlands, there

2178-461: The GSM-R market: Transport NSW is installing a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) throughout the 1,455-kilometre (904 mi) electrified rail network, including 66 tunnels covering 70 kilometres (43 mi), bounded by Kiama , Macarthur , Lithgow , Bondi Junction and Newcastle with GSM-R to replace the existing analogue MetroNet train radio. The replacement will fulfil recommendations from

2244-540: The Ministry of Communication was created and the Polish railways were officially named Polskie Koleje Państwowe . In December 1918, the Greater Poland Uprising started. The rebels took over the former Prussian sector of railways. One year later, the fights for Lwów were over and the former Austrian railway directorate was taken over by Poland. Taking over the railways from Prussians lasted until 1921. After

2310-572: The Polish-German border. This Polish rail-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Polish State Railways The Polish State Railways ( Polish : Polskie Koleje Państwowe , abbr. : PKP S.A. ) is a Polish state-owned holding company (legally a sole-shareholder company of the State Treasury ) comprising the rail transport holdings of the country's formerly dominant namesake railway operator . The company

2376-535: The Soviet Union. Due to the Red Army's rapid advance into Germany proper, the railway lines of Silesia, Farther Pomerania, and East Prussia largely remained intact, so that operations could be resumed. However, on many lines, the second track was removed and transported into the Soviet Union as war reparations. Because the Polish did have enough personnel, Germans continued their work, to be deported only in 1946. Renaming

2442-586: The Special Commission of Inquiry into the Waterfall rail accident to provide a common platform of communication for staff working on the railway. The equipment will be installed at about 250 locations and more than 60 sites in tunnels. The old analogue network was dismantled in 2020. Public Transport Victoria has installed a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) on the Melbourne train network with GSM-R to replace

2508-561: The United Kingdom, and Vatican City. Although previously members of the CEPT, Belarus and Russia had their memberships suspended, indefinitely, with effect from 00:00 (CET), 18 March 2022. The CEPT Assembly made this decision following a poll of members by the CEPT Presidency, and published their decision on 17 March 2022. ) GSM-R uses a specific frequency band , which can be referred to as

2574-759: The Vistula River and the tunnel on the Warsaw Cross-City Line were destroyed. At the beginning of 1945, the Ministry of Transport was created, as well as the Regional Directorate of National Railways. Many pre-war locomotives were sent to the Soviet Union. Poland received many German locomotives as a compensation for war losses. In June, the rail connection with Warsaw was opened, using a temporary railway station made of warehouses. On 15 September 1945, PKP took over management of all railway lines on former German, now Polish Western and Northeastern land from

2640-408: The country's EuroCity services throughout Europe. Although competition is rising in the long-distance rail travel market in Poland, PKP Intercity still holds a de facto monopoly in the industry, as its current market share represents almost 100% of the segment. PKP Intercity's trains currently (2015) operate under the following brands: PKP Cargo ( WSE :  PKP ), founded in 2001 so as to satisfy

2706-453: The country's rapidly expanding network of motorways and express roads . However, ever-decreasing journey times, better schedules which allow for well-coordinated connections, the rise of private operators and large-scale investment in infrastructure, in many cases aided by European Union funding, as well as new rolling stock is slowly enticing people back onto the railways. On 14 December 2014 PKP Intercity Pendolino trains began operating on

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2772-609: The country, scheduling train timetables, and management of railway property, such as lines and stations. In 2024 PKP owns 16.54% of this company's shares. A company responsible for supplying Polish railroad operators with electric energy. PKP Energetyka was founded after dividing PKP into a group of several dozen independent companies to meet European Union Standards. PKP Group sold PKP Energetyka to CVC Capital Partners in 2015, which in turn sold it to PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna in 2022. GSM-R GSM-R , Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway or GSM-Railway

2838-568: The first production implementation being in South Korea. However, LTE is generally considered to be a " 4G " protocol, and the UIC 's Future Railway Mobile Communication System ( FRMCS ) program is considering moving to something " 5G "-based (specifically 3GPP R15/16, i.e. 5G NR ), thus skipping two technological generations. GSM-R is built on GSM technology, and benefits from the economies of scale of its GSM technology heritage, aiming at being

2904-476: The following years. In 2006, Poland’s Council of Ministers approved the adoption of the Infrastructure and Environment for 2007-2013 operational programme, under which PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe played a leading role in the modernisation of major portions of Poland's rail network during this timeframe. These works, costed at in excess of €36 billion and primarily funded by the European Union, sought to complete

2970-641: The implementation of Level 2 European Train Control System (ETCS), upon multiple lines. During April 2021, a major milestone in the project was reached with the completion of work on the E65 line between Warsaw and Gdynia , permitting the implementation of 200km/h services along it. Into the 2020s, PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe has continued to study opportunities for improvements, such as increasing capacity around Katowice and raising line speeds between Szczecin Główny and

3036-520: The last moment before the German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, cargo trains transported goods from the Soviet Union to Germany. The beginning of German attacks on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 resulted in the possession of railway and rolling stock by the Ostbahn and the possession of PKP rolling stock with broad gauge track and reconstruction to standard gauge. The beginning of organized sabotage by

3102-508: The latest mandatory upgrade was in 2006. The complete timeline of GSM-R versions is: The current version of GSM-R can run on both R99 and R4 3GPP networks. GSM-R permits new services and applications for mobile communications in several domains : It is used to transmit data between trains and railway regulation centers with level 2 and 3 of ETCS. When the train passes over a Eurobalise , it transmits its new position and its speed, then it receives back agreement (or disagreement) to enter

3168-454: The mid-to-late communist era, the state of the Polish railways deteriorated to a large extent. Once a large and profitable network, the systemic lack of funding and failure to acquire new rolling stock left PKP far behind the railway operators of Western Europe in terms of technical advances and passenger comfort. In addition to this, the poor state of many rail lines throughout the country led to ever-increasing journey times for passengers, and as

3234-439: The new infrastructure management organisation came to agreements with those contractors, as well other parties, on a competitive and fair basis in accordance with binding Public Procurement Law; the treatment of all bidder and the overall bidding procedure were monitored as a precaution against irregularities by the Polish government. As a result, many international contractors from across the EU secured work on Poland's railways over

3300-482: The new signalling system was on a section of the E30 main line between Legnica , Wegliniec , and Bielawa and initially co-existed with the traditional signalling equipment already in situ. Multiple follow-on contracts covering various aspects of the project and other sections of the same line was issued over the following three years. During late 2015, it was announced that services using the new ETRMS section had commenced; at

3366-548: The next track and its new maximum speed. Like other GSM devices, GSM-R equipment can transmit data and voice. New GSM-R features for mobile communication are based on GSM, and are specified by EIRENE project. Call features are: There are other additional features: The following definitions are a part of the System Requirements Specification (SRS) as defined by the EIRENE standard. The Shunting Emergency Call

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3432-509: The old system called Urban Train Radio System (UTRS). The equipment was installed at about 100 locations. It cost $ 152 million. In France, the first commercial railway route opened with full GSM-R coverage is the LGV Est européenne linking Paris Gare de l'Est to Strasbourg . It was opened on 10 June 2007. As of 2008, in Italy more than 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) of railway lines are served by

3498-456: The railways in Upper Silesia in 1922. That same year, a decision was made to divide railways in Poland into nine administrative districts. An economic crisis in the 1930s forced the state to cut back its budget for railway investment. Profit decreased by 50% compared to 1929. The next year, over 23,000 PKP employees had been dismissed and protests and strikes causes authorities to try to find

3564-440: The route, the maximum speed was restricted to 160km/h instead of 200km/h. These trains have been certified for operation at speeds of up to 250km/h in accordance with the relevant Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), but such operations require suitable infrastructure to do so. Conventional services, both passenger and freight, have also been permitted to run faster when feasible to do so; another areas of improvement

3630-426: The set of mandatory specifications to be fulfilled to keep compatibility with other European networks; current TSI are FRS 7 and SRS 15. EIRENE also defines non-mandatory specifications, that are called "Interim version", which defines extra features that are likely to become mandatory in the next TSIs. The current versions are 21 December 2015 versions FRS 8.0.0 and SRS 16.0.0 The GSM-R specifications are fairly stable;

3696-585: The signaling information directly to the train driver, enabling higher train speeds and traffic density with a high level of safety. The specifications were finalized in 2000, based on the European Union -funded MORANE (Mobile Radio for Railways Networks in Europe) project. The specification is being maintained by the International Union of Railways project ERTMS. GSM-R has been selected by 38 countries across

3762-407: The station names took quite some time, often causing confusion because the decreed Polish names were once again changed. Maps of the Polish railroad network still reflect in the borders drawn in 1945, because in the lands annexed in 1945, railroad lines are relatively dense. In the former territory of Congress Poland, however, only a few main lines existed had been built in the 19th century. During

3828-399: The successful completion of the section from southern to central Poland, the planned extension to Gdańsk and the country's Baltic ports was never realised, and this significantly curtailed both the usefulness and potential of the line. Since Poland's return to democracy in the early 1990s, the Polish State Railways have faced ever-increasing competition from private automotive transport and

3894-644: The time of day). It is comparable to subway service or light rail in other European cities. The Tricity area is uniquely suited for this mode of transport, as it's shaped in a relatively narrow north–south corridor between the Gdańsk Bay and the Tricity Landscape Park . PKP LHS is a company of the PKP Group responsible for infrastructure operation and freight transport on the Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line . The line runs for about 400 km from

3960-401: The time, Bombardier had a positive outlook towards delivering similar project in the country. One of the benefits of the infrastructure modernisation and provision of higher line speeds was enabling PKP Intercity to launch operations of its New Pendolino high-speed trains between the Polish cities of Warsaw, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Krakow, and Katowice. Prior to the commissioning of ETCS Level 2 on

4026-439: The unified Polish State Railways JSC . The approach of these reforms were largely similar to those being implemented across most of the member nations of the European Union (EU). PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe did not inherit all infrastructure-related aspects of the former Polish State Railways, those that directly dealt with construction works were intentionally kept apart, and were partially privatised as separate entities. Instead,

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4092-543: The victory over the Red Army in the Polish-Bolshevik War (1920), a great deal of damage in railway structure was discovered on the route along which the communists were retreating. At the same time, the tense relations with Lithuania led the railways around Vilnius and Minsk to a partial disintegration and stagnation. The Libau–Romny Railway was not recovered. The Polish railways administration finally took over

4158-560: The wider pan-European network to do so. Funding for the upgrading of Poland’s railway infrastructure along the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) North Sea–Baltic Corridor has been provided by the European Investment Bank . In early 2018, a five-year contract was signed between Nokia , Herkules , Pozbud , WASKO , and PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe for the deployment of a 13,800km GSM-R radio network and

4224-644: The world, including all member states of the European Union and countries in Asia, Eurasia and northern Africa. GSM-R is a secure platform for voice and data communication between railway operational staff, including drivers, dispatchers, shunting team members, train engineers, and station controllers. It delivers features such as group calls ( VGCS ), voice broadcast (VBS), location-based connections, and call pre-emption in case of an emergency. This supports applications such as cargo tracking, video surveillance in trains and at stations, and passenger information services. GSM-R

4290-577: Was a wholly owned subsidiary of the PKP Group ; after that date, all of its shares have been transferred to Poland's 16 regional governments. Thus, the company is no longer part of the PKP Group and on interregional routes its InterRegio trains compete with PKP Intercity TLK trains. This was done in order to increase competition amongst operators on the Polish rail network. The company finally changed its name from PKP Przewozy Regionalne to Przewozy Regionalne on 8 December 2009. A company responsible for maintenance of rail tracks, conducting trains across

4356-441: Was reformed in 2001 when the former Polish State Railways state-owned enterprise was divided into several units based on the need for separation between infrastructure management and transport operations. Polish State Railways is the dominant company in the PKP Group collective that resulted from the split, and maintains 100% share control, being fully responsible for the assets of all of the other PKP Group component companies. PKP

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