45-560: PHP Family (previously known as PHP Group of Industries ) is a Bangladeshi conglomerate based in Chittagong . It was envisioned in 1969 by Sufi Mohammed Mizanur Rahman who is the chairman of the group as of 2018. PHP Group is active in business like steel, float glass, aluminum, textiles, power, petro, refinery, financial service, agro and so on. PHP Automobiles Limited is a part of PHP Family that started production of Proton cars since 2017 branded as Proton PHP. Apart from automobiles,
90-556: A lexicostatistical comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant Munda and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic the closer they are to those branches, without any noticeable innovations common to Bahnaric and Katuic. He therefore takes
135-521: A peace treaty in 1997, the Bangladeshi government is yet to implement many of its commitments to protect adibashi land rights. However, the deletion in 1977 of Bangalee as the nationality term for the country's citizens, in order to be inclusive of non-Bengali minorities, also reflects attempts to build a more cosmopolitan Bangladeshi society. The culture of Bangladesh has evolved with influences from diverse social societies. Bangladesh's main religion
180-676: A factory of car manufacturing on a land of 4.5 lakhs square-feet area in Chittagong and started full operation from March 2015. From 2019, the factory had been continuing at full volume. Now, it is capable of assembling 1,200 units of cars in a year. PHP Automobiles is now a two phases away from becoming a hundred percent car manufacturer. PHP Automobiles captured 20% of the Sedan's market share in Chittagong city in Bangladesh. Company's Managing Director's motto to promote "Made in Bangladesh" car has been being
225-580: A few specialized exceptions in other Austroasiatic branches. The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of register contrast, either between modal (normal) voice and breathy (lax) voice or between modal voice and creaky voice . Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast. However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost
270-746: A mixture of Bengali and Tibeto-Burman surnames. Austroasiatic The Austroasiatic languages ( / ˌ ɒ s t r oʊ . eɪ ʒ i ˈ æ t ɪ k , ˌ ɔː -/ OSS -troh-ay-zhee- AT -ik, AWSS- ) are a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia , South Asia and East Asia . These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia , and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand , Laos , India , Myanmar , Malaysia , Bangladesh , Nepal , and southern China . Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are Vietnamese speakers. Of
315-479: A stressed, full syllable. This reduction of presyllables has led to a variety of phonological shapes of the same original Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants among the modern languages. As for word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have infixes , but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and
360-751: A taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family. Scholars generally date the ancestral language to c. 3000 BCE – c. 2000 BCE with a homeland in southern China or the Mekong River valley. Sidwell (2022) proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the Red River Delta area around c. 2500 BCE – c. 2000 BCE . Genetic and linguistic research in 2015 about ancient people in East Asia suggest an origin and homeland of Austroasiatic in today southern China or even further north. The name Austroasiatic
405-414: A village are called Paras , and each para has its own name. Several paras constitute a mauza , the basic revenue and census survey unit. The traditional character of rural villages was changing in the latter half of the 20th century with the addition of brick structures of one or more stories scattered among the more common thatched bamboo huts. Although farming has traditionally been ranked among
450-486: A village is the family ( poribar or gushti ), generally consisting of a complete or incomplete patrilineally extended household ( chula ) and residing in a homestead ( bari ). The individual nuclear family often is submerged in the larger unit and might be known as the house ( ghor ). Above the bari level, patrilineal kin ties are linked into sequentially larger groups based on real, fictional, or assumed relationships. A significant unit larger than that of close kin
495-621: Is Islam, which has played a critical part in influencing the country's culture. The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali , which is shared with the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. Bengali dialects vary between different regions of Bangladesh but Standard Bengali is the most widely used. According to the Ethnologue , there are 36 indigenous living languages, which include 17 Sino-Tibetan , 10 Indo-European , 7 Austro-Asiatic and 2 Dravidian languages . The oldest literary inscription in Bangladesh dates back to
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#1732848034202540-626: Is better preserved in the Katuic languages , which Sidwell has specialized in. Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the Mon–Khmer languages of Southeast Asia , Northeast India and the Nicobar Islands , and the Munda languages of East and Central India and parts of Bangladesh and Nepal . However, no evidence for this classification has ever been published. Each of
585-478: Is home to several indigenous ethnic groups in the three hill districts of Rangamati , Bandarban and Khagrachari . The three largest communities in the region have a Raja as their tribal chief who is recognized by the Government of Bangladesh. There are several Austroasiatic , Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan ethnic groups which inhabit parts of northern and northeastern Bangladesh . The basic social unit in
630-420: Is the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the world's most populous megacities . Other important cities include Chittagong , Sylhet , Khulna , Rajshahi , Bogura , Jessore , Barisal , Comilla , Narayanganj and Mymensingh . Most urban centres are rural administrative towns. Urban centres grew in number and population during the 1980s as a result of an administrative decentralization program that featured
675-439: Is the voluntary religious and mutual benefit association known as "the society" ( shomaj or milat ). Among the functions of a shomaj might be the maintenance of a Mosque and support of a mullah . An informal council of shomaj elders ( matabdars or shordars ) settles disputes taking place in the village . Factional competition between the motobdars is a major dynamic of social and political interaction. Groups of homes in
720-781: The Chamic languages of Vietnam, and the Land Dayak languages of Borneo (Adelaar 1995). Diffloth 's widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in Encyclopædia Britannica and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in Ethnologue . Peiros is a lexicostatistic classification, based on percentages of shared vocabulary. This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to language contact . Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not find
765-480: The United Kingdom . A significant number of Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) have dual citizenship in different countries. After Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Bangladeshis, as a nationality, have been referred to by various terms: None of these terms should be conflated with Bengalis , the name of the predominant ethnic group in the country who make up the bulk of all Bangladeshis. The region of Bengal
810-420: The eponymous bay . Bangladeshi citizenship was formed in 1971, when the permanent residents of the former East Pakistan were transformed into citizens of a new republic. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous nation . The vast majority of Bangladeshis are ethnolinguistically Bengalis , an Indo-Aryan people . The population of Bangladesh is concentrated in the fertile Bengal delta , which has been
855-530: The 3rd century BCE. It was found at Mahasthangarh and is written in the Brahmi script . The language is Magadhi Prakrit . The Bengali language developed from Magadhi Prakrit, and it's written from Apabhramsa , between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single eastern Indo-Aryan language with Assamese and Odia , but later became distinct. It became an official language of the Sultanate of Bengal , where it
900-564: The 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1–1.3 million Rohingya refugees now settled in Bangladesh. In southeastern Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier has a district history. It was an exclusive zone for Tibeto-Burman tribes in Bengal during the British Raj . Today, the area makes up 10% of Bangladesh's territory. It
945-654: The Austroasiatic languages, only Vietnamese , Khmer , and Mon have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the national languages of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the Wa language is a "recognized national language" in
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#1732848034202990-776: The Bengali script. The Bengali Language Movement in East Pakistan was a key catalyst for forming Bangladeshi identity. It is commemorated by UNESCO as International Mother Language Day , as part of worldwide efforts to preserve linguistic heritage. Bangladesh is also home to number of minority indigenous languages, including Santhali , Garo , Marma , Manipuri language ( Meitei language ), Chakma and Bisnupriya Manipuri . Bangladeshi Muslims typically carry surnames that have Arabic , Persian , and Sanskrit origins. Bangladeshi Hindus have Sanskritized Bengali surnames. Many Bangladeshi Christians have Portuguese surnames. Buddhists have
1035-505: The centre of urban and agrarian civilizations for millennia. The country's highlands, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts and parts of the Sylhet Division , are home to various tribal minorities. Bengali Muslims are the predominant ethnoreligious group of Bangladesh with a population of 150.36 million, which makes up 91.04% of the country's population as of 2022. The minority Bengali Hindu population made up approximately 7.95% of
1080-510: The company also produces motorbikes. PHP Automobiles Limited - Bangladesh's only privately car maker. In the year of 2015, The Honorable Prime Minister and The Prominent Malaysian leader Mahathir Bin Mohamad was invited special guest to a program at University of Information Technology and Science. After recognizing the immense opportunity and capability of PHP Family he (Mahathir Bin Mohamad) approached
1125-411: The company. A summon was issued against them instructing to remove the dam within 7 days. However it was found that the dam was not removed even after 14 days after it was issued. Bangladeshi Bangladeshis ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশী [ˈbaŋladeʃi] ) are the citizens and nationals of Bangladesh , a South Asian country centred on the transnational historical region of Bengal along
1170-535: The conservative view that the thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence. Sidwell & Blench (2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi–Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic. If this would the case, Sidwell & Blench suggest that Khasic may have been an early offshoot of Palaungic that had spread westward. Sidwell & Blench (2011) suggest Shompen as an additional branch, and believe that
1215-512: The core inspiration for the engineers and employees of PHP Automobiles. On 4 March 2022, Department of Environment filed a case against PHP Float Glass Industries Limited for blocking a waterfall by building dams and razing hills at Barabkunda of Sitakunda upazila in Chattogram in order to water their mango orchard. The lawsuit accused the managing director of PHP Family, manager of the company's mango orchard project, and head of human resources of
1260-399: The country's merchant and business class, particularly Nizari Ismailism adherents. They also include former Stranded Pakistanis and their descendants. Bangladesh's non-Bengali Muslims are usually fluent in both Bengali and Hindustani . Also there are over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees living in Bangladesh who came here during the period of (2016–17) crisis. On 28 September 2018, at
1305-459: The creation of upazilas . Bangladesh is noted for cultural pluralism within a Bengali Muslim majority. Secularism has been an important contributor to the nation's society and ethos. The Bengali language is a fundamental element of Bangladeshi identity. It is a secular language which evolved between the 7th and 10th centuries, with an indigenous alphabet, and unites people of different faiths and regions. The Bengali Language Movement sowed
1350-590: The de facto autonomous Wa State within Myanmar. Santali is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status. Ethnologue identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps Shompen , which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer, and Munda . However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and Khasi–Khmuic ), while another has abandoned Mon–Khmer as
1395-653: The families that is written in boldface type below is accepted as a valid clade. By contrast, the relationships between these families within Austroasiatic are debated. In addition to the traditional classification, two recent proposals are given, neither of which accepts traditional "Mon–Khmer" as a valid unit. However, little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published, and therefore cannot be evaluated by peer review. In addition, there are suggestions that additional branches of Austroasiatic might be preserved in substrata of Acehnese in Sumatra (Diffloth),
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1440-488: The honorable Chairman of PHP Family to start automotive business. It would be similar to what Mahathir Bin Mohamad did in 1983 with Proton cars and to make a revolution in Bangladesh automotive sector and further he invited PHP Family to visit the factory of Proton cars in Malaysia. Following the invitation PHP Family authorities visited the factory of Proton Cars in Malaysia. After that PHP Family took quick initiative to construct
1485-505: The internal (branching) structure below. Diffloth compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have: Remo Savara Kharia – Juang Korku Kherwarian Khmuic Pakanic Palaungic Khasian Vietic Katuic Bahnaric Khmer Pearic Nicobarese Aslian Monic Or in more detail, Paul Sidwell (2009), in
1530-631: The largest minority of Bangladesh, with a population between 13.1 million constituting 7.95% as per 2022 Census. Bangladesh has the third largest Hindu population in the world after India and Nepal . There are an estimated 400,000 Bengali Christians and 500,000 Bengali Buddhists . The Bengali population is concentrated in Bengal delta, the coastal areas of Chittagong Division and the river valleys of Sylhet-Division. An estimated 3 million Bangladeshi citizens are non-Bengali Muslim immigrants from different parts of South Asia. They include affluent sections of
1575-500: The most desirable occupations, villagers in the 1980s began to encourage their children to leave the increasingly overcrowded countryside to seek more secure employment in the towns. Traditional sources of prestige, such as landholding, distinguished lineage, and religious piety were beginning to be replaced by modern education, higher income, and steadier work. These changes, however, did not prevent rural poverty from increasing greatly. In 2015, 34% of Bangladeshis lived in cities. Dhaka
1620-492: The ones who are living in their country and abroad is about 187 million as per 2020–21 estimation. Approximately 99% of the Bangladeshis are Bengalis . East Bengal was a prosperous melting pot for centuries. It witnessed a synthesis of Islamic, North Indian and indigenous Bengali cultures . Today, Bengalis enjoy strong cultural homogeneity with a common standardized language and a variety of dialects . Over 91.04% of
1665-525: The population are Bengali Muslims (150.36 million) as of 2022. This makes Bangladesh the world's third largest Muslim majority country after Indonesia and Pakistan . Bengali Muslims also make up the world's second largest Muslim ethnic group after Arab Muslims . Most Bangladeshi Muslims are member of the Sunni branch of Islam. There are significant minorities of the Shia and Ahmadiya branches. Bengali Hindus are
1710-592: The population of the country according to the 2022 Census Non-Bengali Muslims make up the largest immigrant community; while the Tibeto-Burman Chakmas , who speak the Indo-Aryan Chakma language , are the largest indigenous ethnic group after Indo-Aryan Bengalis. The Austroasiatic Santhals are the largest aboriginal community. The Bangladeshi diaspora is concentrated in the Arab world , North America and
1755-490: The reconstruction of Proto-Mon–Khmer in Harry L. Shorto 's Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary . Little work has been done on the Munda languages , which are not well documented. With their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic. Paul Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Proto-Mon–Khmer as follows: This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for *ʄ . *ʄ
1800-411: The register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese, tonogenesis . Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now resembles that of South Chinese languages, whereas Khmer, which had more influence from Sanskrit, has retained a more typically Austroasiatic structure. Much work has been done on
1845-506: The seeds of East Pakistani nationalism, ultimately culminating in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Since independence, the relationship between religion and the state has been controversial. Between 1972 and 1975, Bangladesh experienced socialism under a secular parliamentary system. Military coups ushered a sixteen-year presidential regime, which restored the free market and promoted moderate Islamism . In 1988, Islam
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1890-667: Was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt ( German : austroasiatisch ) based on auster , the Latin word for "South" (but idiosyncratically used by Schmidt to refer to the southeast), and "Asia". Despite the literal meaning of its name, only three Austroasiatic branches are actually spoken in South Asia: Khasic , Munda , and Nicobarese . Regarding word structure, Austroasiatic languages are well known for having an iambic "sesquisyllabic" pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of an initial, unstressed, reduced minor syllable followed by
1935-587: Was made the state religion . In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed the principle of separation of mosque and state in the constitution. The government generally respects freedom of religion and ensures protection for minorities. Another debate on national identity concerns attitudes towards the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A low-level insurgency took place in the region to demand constitutional autonomy against Bengali settlements. Despite
1980-480: Was settled by people of diverse origins, including Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic ancestry, with the most ancient settlements traced back to 4000 BCE. Religions in Bangladesh (2022) Bangladesh has a 2024 population of 174 million according to United Nations projections. As per as 2020 estimation research, around 13 million Bangladeshis live abroad in various foreign nations. The estimated total population of all Bangladeshis including
2025-483: Was spoken as the main vernacular language. It absorbed vocabulary from Arabic , Persian and Sanskrit . Bengali is the 6th most spoken language in the world . The language was modernized during the Bengali Renaissance in the 19th century. It has influenced other languages in the region, including Chakma , Rohingya , Assamese, Odia and Nepali . The indigenous Bengali alphabets descended from Brahmi serves as
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