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24-472: In 1966, a lexicostatistical analysis of various Austroasiatic languages in Mainland Southeast Asia was performed by Summer Institute of Linguistics linguists David Thomas and Richard Phillips. This study resulted in the recognition of two distinct new subbranches of Austroasiatic, namely Katuic and Bahnaric (Sidwell 2009). Sidwell (2005) casts doubt on Diffloth's Vieto-Katuic hypothesis, saying that

48-696: A basis for research. He became well known after contributing Tableau de la Pologne , a treatise on the geography of Poland (in 1807, as the First Empire troops established French tutelage in the region ). In 1822–1824, he served as the first general secretary of the newly founded Société de Géographie . Malte-Brun was the first person to suggest importing camels into Australia . See Australian feral camel . The importance of Malte-Bruns work can be seen also in Albanology . In his sixth volume of Universal Geography published in 1826 an original Albanian alphabet

72-543: A geography treatise meant as a gift to his adoptive country. A poem on the death of Andreas Peter Bernstorff which he published during his exile procured for him permission to return to Denmark. But another pamphlet against the aristocracy subjected him to a new prosecution, and he left his country, and finally took up his residence in Paris. In December 1800, the Danish courts pronounced sentence of perpetual banishment against him, which

96-575: A later edition of his Universal Geography , reasoning that it overemphasized Chinese influence, and suggested Chin-India instead. Nevertheless, Indo-China had already gained traction and soon supplanted alternative terms such as Further India and the Peninsula beyond the Ganges . Later, however, as the French established the colony of French Indochina (covering present-day Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam), use of

120-471: A zealous imperialist , and after the fall of Napoleon an equally zealous monarchist, publishing in 1824 Traité de la légitimité considérée comme base du droit public de l'Europe chrétienne . Aside from his political writings, he devoted himself especially to geographical studies. He was the founder of Les Annales des Voyages (in 1807) and Les Annales des Voyages, de la Géographie et de l'Histoire (in 1819), which encouraged observations and reports as

144-421: Is Yāvadvīpa  [ ms ] . Another possible early name of mainland Southeast Asia was Suvarṇabhūmi ("land of gold"), a toponym, that appears in many ancient Indian literary sources and Buddhist texts, but which, along with Suvarṇadvīpa ("island" or "peninsula of gold"), are also thought to refer to insular Southeast Asia. The origins of the name Indo-China are usually attributed jointly to

168-574: Is mentioned (erroneously thought to be from the first millennium), that opened a whole new research perspective followed by Johann Georg von Hahn , Leopold Geitler , Gjergj Pekmezi and others. Seven original Albanian alphabets have been discovered since. He died in Paris in 1826, as he was drafting the final version of his major work, the Précis de Géographie Universelle ou Description de toutes les parties du monde . This appeared in eight volumes (1810–1829),

192-454: Is predominantly Buddhist with minority Muslim and Hindu populations. Conrad Malte-Brun Conrad Malte-Brun ( French: [kɔ̃ʁad malt bʁœ̃] ; born Malthe Conrad Bruun ; 12 August 1775 – 14 December 1826), sometimes referred to simply as Malte-Brun , was a Dano - French geographer and journalist. His second son, Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun ,

216-651: The Chao Phraya (in Thailand ), and the Mekong (flowing through Northeastern Thailand , Laos , Cambodia and Vietnam ). To the south it forms the Malay Peninsula , located on which are Southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia ; the latter is variably considered part of Mainland Southeast Asia or separately as part of Maritime Southeast Asia . Mainland Southeast Asia contrasts with Maritime Southeast Asia , mainly through

240-526: The French Revolution and an activist in favor of freedom of the press . Following the harsh censorship laws instituted by the Danish ruler crown prince Frederick in September 1799, he was indicted because of his many pamphlets which contained outright criticism of the government, which the new censorship laws forbade. A particular cause for offence was a pamphlet he published in 1795 entitled "Catechism of

264-623: The Indochinese Peninsula ) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia . It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. It includes the countries of Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand and Vietnam as well as Peninsular Malaysia . The term Indochina (originally Indo-China )

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288-689: The Maritime Southeast Asian countries, and straddles the Indomalayan and Australasian realms . The Indochinese Peninsula projects southward from the Asian continent proper. It contains several mountain ranges extending from the Tibetan Plateau in the north, interspersed with lowlands largely drained by three major river systems running in a north–south direction: the Irrawaddy (serving Myanmar ),

312-857: The Aristocrats." The case of Peter Andreas Heiberg , who for similar crimes had been sentenced to exile at Christmas of 1799, did not make Malte-Brun optimistic about his prospects. Poul Skibsted acted as prosecutor in both trials. Bruun had already left the country prior to the court sentence (which was first carried late 1800) and had settled first in Sweden , later in the Free City of Hamburg . At some point during his exile, he started using his Danish first name , Malthe , as part of his surname , Bruun . Malte-Brun arrived in France in November 1799, and began work on

336-553: The Danish-French geographer Conrad Malte-Brun , who referred to the area as indo-chinois in 1804, and the Scottish linguist John Leyden , who used the term Indo-Chinese to describe the area's inhabitants and their languages in 1808. Scholarly opinions at the time regarding China's and India's historical influence over the area were conflicting, and the term was itself controversial—Malte-Brun himself later argued against its use in

360-625: The Ta’Oi cluster has around 200,000 speakers. Reconstructions of Proto-Katuic, or its sub-branches, include: Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of proto-Katuic as follows: This is identical to reconstructions of proto-Austroasiatic except for * ʄ , which is better preserved in the Katuic languages than in other branches of Austro-Asiatic, and which Sidwell believes was also present in Proto-Mon Khmer. Paul Sidwell (2015:185–186) lists

384-533: The course of history and share a number of typological similarities. The countries of mainland Southeast Asia received cultural influence from both India and China to varying degrees. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand are all influenced by Indian culture , only Vietnam is influenced by Chinese culture but still has minor influences from India, largely via the Champa civilization that Vietnam conquered during its southward expansion. Overall, Mainland Southeast Asia

408-868: The division of largely land-based lifestyles in Indochina and the sea-based lifestyles of the Indonesian archipelago and Philippine archipelago , as well as the dividing line between the Austroasiatic , Tai–Kadai , and Sino-Tibetan languages (spoken in Mainland Southeast Asia) and the Austronesian languages (spoken in Maritime Southeast Asia). The languages of the mainland form the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area : although belonging to several independent language families, they have converged over

432-494: The evidence is ambiguous, and that it is not clear where Katuic belongs in the family. Sufficient data for use in the sub-classification of the Katuic languages only become available after the opening of Laos to foreign researchers in the 1990s. The sub-classification of Katuic below was proposed by Sidwell (2005). Additionally, Sidwell (2009) analyzes the Katu branch as the most conservative subgroup of Katuic. Gehrmann (2019) proposes

456-465: The following classification of the Katuic languages. Ethnologue also lists Kassang (the Tariang language ), but that is a Bahnaric language (Sidwell 2003). Lê, et al. (2014:294) reports a Katu subgroup called Ba-hi living in mountainous areas of Phong Điền District , Vietnam, but Watson (1996:197) speaks of "Pacoh Pahi" as a Pacoh variety. Kuy and Bru each have around half a million speakers, while

480-553: The following lexical innovations unique to Katuic that had replaced original Proto-Austroasiatic forms. Sidwell (2015:173) lists the following lexical isoglosses shared between Katuic and Bahnaric . Furthermore, Gerard Diffloth (1992) lists the words 'centipede', 'bone', 'to cough', 'to fart', 'to breathe', and 'blood' as isoglosses shared between Katuic and Vietic . A Vieto-Katuic connection has also been proposed by Alves (2005). Mainland Southeast Asia Mainland Southeast Asia (historically known as Indochina or

504-593: The term became more restricted to the French colony, and today the area is usually referred to as Mainland Southeast Asia. In biogeography , the Indochinese bioregion is a major region in the Indomalayan realm , and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Oriental Paleotropical Kingdom . It includes the native flora and fauna of all the countries above. The adjacent Malesian Region covers

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528-514: Was also a geographer. Today he is perhaps best remembered for coining the name for the geographic region Oceania (French Océanie ) around 1812, he also coined the name Indo-China . Born in Thisted to an administrator of Danish crown lands , Malte-Brun was originally destined for a career as a pastor , but chose instead to attend classes at the University of Copenhagen , and became a supporter of

552-445: Was coined in the early nineteenth century, emphasizing the historical cultural influence of Indian and Chinese civilizations on the area. The term was later adopted as the name of the colony of French Indochina (today's Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam ). Today, the term Mainland Southeast Asia , in contrast to Maritime Southeast Asia , is more commonly referenced. In Indian sources, the earliest name connected with Southeast Asia

576-437: Was rescinded about the time of his death. Malte-Brun's geography treatise was written with the help of Edme Mentelle , a professor at the École Normale ; together, they produced Géographie mathématique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde (6 vols., published between 1803 and 1812). He was a regular contributor to Journal des Débats . He at first opposed the consular government , but subsequently became

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