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26-646: Sidwell (2005) lists the following varieties of Ta'Oi, which is a name applied to speakers of various related dialects. Taoih, like other Katuic languages, is largely analytic and slightly inflectional. Taoih has a large amounts of affixes which mark agreement for person and case and derive new lexicalized words. The specific cases that are marked differ by person. There are several grammatical cases in Taoih, including some important ones: nominative, accusative, locative, dative, and genitive. Urɘq book ɘɳ-maɨ GEN - 2SG Urɘq ɘɳ-maɨ book GEN-2SG Your book Taoih

52-470: A polar bear ᖁᑭᖅᑐᖓ Qukiqtunga ᖁᑭᖅᑐᖓ Qukiqtunga I just shot myself In Guugu Yimithirr (a member of the Pama-Nyungan language family) reflexivity can combine with past (PST), nonpast (NPST), and imperative (IMP) tense marking to form the verbal suffixes: /-dhi/ (REFL+PST), /-yi/ (REFL+NPST) and /-ya/ (REFL+IMP) respectively. See the following example where the verb waarmbal,

78-459: A reflexive verb: "loď se potopila"/"loď sa potopila". Reflexive verbs can have a variety of uses and meanings, which often escape consistent classification. Some language-common identified uses are outlined below. For example, Davies et al. identify 12 uses for Spanish reflexive constructions, while Vinogradov divides Russian reflexive verbs into as many as 16 groups. Martin Haspelmath also has

104-416: A useful distinction between the reflexive types mentioned below, which he calls introverted reflexives, and so-called extroverted reflexives, which are used for verbs that are usually not reflexive, like hate oneself, love oneself, hear oneself, and kill oneself. Some Indo-European languages have a different reflexive morpheme for extroverted reflexives. For example: The "true" (literal) reflexive denotes that

130-401: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Benefactive case The benefactive case ( abbreviated BEN , or sometimes B when it is a core argument ) is a grammatical case used where English would use "for", "for the benefit of", or "intended for", e.g. "She opened the door for Tom " or "This book is for Bob ". The benefactive case expresses that the referent of

156-459: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Reflexive verb In grammar , a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject , for example, "I wash myself". More generally, a reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object). For example, the English verb to perjure

182-485: Is a semantic overlap between impersonal/anticausative/autocausative constructs and the passive voice (also present in all Romance and Slavic languages). On one hand, impersonal reflexive constructs have a wider scope of application, as they are not limited to transitive verbs like the canonical passive voice. On the other hand, those constructs can have slight semantic difference or markedness . "Inherent" or "pronominal" ( inherently or essentially ) reflexive verbs lack

208-450: Is a verb which must have both an object and a subject, but where, in some context, both the object and the subject are identical. In Inuktitut, this situation is expressed by using a specific verb but by affixing a non-specific ending to it. ᓇᓄᖅ Nanuq ᖁᑭᖅᑕᕋ qukiqtara ᓇᓄᖅ ᖁᑭᖅᑕᕋ Nanuq qukiqtara I just shot the polar bear ᓇᓄᕐᒥᒃ Nanurmik ᖁᑭᖅᓯᔪᖓ qukiqsijunga ᓇᓄᕐᒥᒃ ᖁᑭᖅᓯᔪᖓ Nanurmik qukiqsijunga I just shot

234-596: Is prominently a neutral alignment language. Taoih exhibits neutral alignment for case with (in)transitive verbs and also neutral alignment for agreement in both (in)transitive and ditransitive frames, the verb never shows agreement with any argument, regardless of its transitivity. For ditransitive verbs, Taoih exhibits indirective alignment. Kuyuk Kuyu’k dong give urɘq book a-o-inho'a DAT - LK - 2SG anho'a and a-o-ndil DAT - LK -girl Kuyuk dong urɘq a-o-inho'a anho'a a-o-ndil Kuyu’k give book DAT-LK-2SG and DAT-LK-girl "Kuyuk gives

260-501: Is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself . In a wider sense, the term refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is a reflexive pronoun , regardless of semantics; such verbs are also more broadly referred to as pronominal verbs , especially in the grammar of the Romance languages . Other kinds of pronominal verbs are reciprocal ( they killed each other ), passive ( it is told ), subjective , and idiomatic. The presence of

286-483: Is used intransitively : (He is praying). Similarly, in French one can say, in informal but fully correct language: (Literally: I (to) myself smoke a cigarette. I (to) myself do a pause.) Formally, those forms coincide with reflexives in these languages. A similar construction is also found in colloquial English with a pronoun that is reflexive in function but not form: This linguistic morphology article

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312-470: Is used for medial, especially reciprocal, constructions. Some examples from Danish are: (The hypothetical form **kysses (kiss each other) is not often—if ever—seen in Danish; however, it will likely be understood by most native speakers, indicating that the mediopassive voice is still at the very least potentially productive in Danish. An expression like "de kysses uafladeligt" (they kiss each other all

338-469: Is used in Western and South Slavic languages, while Eastern Slavic languages use the suffix - sja (-ся). There is also the non-clitic emphatic pronoun sebja / себя , used to emphasize the reflexive nature of the act; it is applicable only to "true" reflexive verbs, where the agent performs a (transitive) action on itself. The Slavic languages use the same reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers , while

364-630: The Tibeto-Burman group of languages) has the benefactive case marker -wiʋaŋ . In Aymara , the benefactive case is marked with - taki , expressing that the referent of the inflected noun benefits from the situation expressed by the verb, or, when there is no verb, that the noun to which it attaches is a recipient, as in the word below: khuchi pig -ja - 1 . POSS -naka - PL -taki - BEN -w(a) - DECL khuchi -ja -naka -taki -w(a) pig -1.POSS -PL -BEN -DECL 'for my pigs' Benefactive meaning may also be marked on

390-410: The agent is simultaneously the patient . The verb is typically transitive and can be used in non-reflexive meaning as well. "Reciprocal" reflexive denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other". In most cases, the transitive verbs are also used. In modern Scandinavian languages, the passive (or more properly mediopassive ) voice

416-511: The Romance and North Germanic ones have a special third person pronoun that cliticizes and the other Germanic ones do as well without cliticizing. This is illustrated in the following table for the word "to recall" (e.g., Je me souviens means "I recall", Tu te souviens means "You recall", and so on). In all of these language groups, reflexive forms often present an obstacle for foreign learners (notably native speakers of English, where

442-454: The book to you (dual) and the girl." To mark benefactive arguments, the dative marker and preposition adeh occur before patients. Ku 1SG takoóh cook adeh for. BEN a-o-akoónh DAT - LK -father anho'a and a-maɨ DAT - 2SG Ku takoóh adeh a-o-akoónh anho'a a-maɨ 1SG cook for.BEN DAT-LK-father and DAT-2SG "I cook for father and you." This Austroasiatic language -related article

468-453: The corresponding non-reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived. In other words, the reflexive pronoun "is an inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry": In Hebrew reflexive verbs are in binyan הִתְפַּעֵל. A clause whose predicate is a reflexive verb may never have an object but may have other modifiers. e.g. A reflexive verb

494-522: The feature is practically absent) due to the variety of uses. Even in languages which contain the feature, it is not always applicable to the same verbs and uses (although a common subset can be generally extracted, as outlined below). For example, the Spanish reflexive construct " se hundió el barco " ("the boat sank") has no reflexive equivalent in some Slavic languages (which use an intransitive equivalent of sink ), though for example Czech and Slovak do use

520-505: The floor.") English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically, as in "self-destruct". Romance and Slavic languages make extensive use of reflexive verbs and reflexive forms. In the Romance languages , there are nonemphatic clitic reflexive pronouns and emphatic ones. In Spanish , for example, the particle se encliticizes to the verb's infinitive, gerund, and imperative ( lavarse ' to wash oneself ' ), while in Romanian ,

546-469: The noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause. This meaning is often incorporated in a dative case . In Latin this type of dative is called the dativus commodi . An example of a language with a benefactive case is Basque , which has a benefactive case ending in -entzat . Quechua is another example, and the benefactive case ending in Quechua is -paq . Tangkhul-Naga (from

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572-419: The particle procliticizes to the verb ( a se spăla ' to wash oneself ' ). Full reflexive pronouns or pronominal phrases are added for emphasis or disambiguation: Me cuido a mí mismo "I take care of myself" ( mismo ' -self, same ' combines with the prepositional form of the pronoun mí ' my ' to form an intensive reflexive pronoun). The enclitic reflexive pronoun sa / se / si / się

598-404: The reflexive pronoun changes the meaning of a verb, e.g., Spanish abonar ' to pay ' , abonarse ' to subscribe ' . There are languages that have explicit morphology or syntax to transform a verb into a reflexive form. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e.g., "She threw herself to

624-499: The reflexive pronoun to intransitive verbs. The grammatical subject is either omitted (in pro-drop languages ) or is a dummy pronoun (otherwise). Thus, those verbs are defective , as they have only the 3rd person singular (masculine or neuter, depending on language) form. In Slavic languages, practically "the only condition is that they can be construed as having a human agent. The applied human agent can be generic, or loosely specified collective or individual." In many cases, there

650-506: The time) could very well be used for humorous purposes.) "Autocausative" reflexive denotes that the (usually animate) "referent represented by the subject combines the activity of actor and undergoes a change of state as a patient": "Anticausative" reflexive denotes that the (usually inanimate) subject of the verb undergoes an action or change of state whose agent is unclear or nonexistent. "Intransitive" forms (also known as "impersonal reflexive" or "mediopassive") are obtained by attaching

676-476: The verb, in a common type of applicative voice . An autobenefactive case or voice marks a case where the agents and the benefactor are one and the same. In Rhinelandic colloquial German , one finds expressions like: (I smoke a cigarette for myself), where mer (for myself) is optional. In the Colognian language , there is a compulsory autobenefactive for example with the verb bedde (to pray) when it

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