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113-547: Outer Dark is the second novel by American writer Cormac McCarthy , published in 1968. The time and setting are nebulous, but can be assumed to be somewhere in Appalachia , sometime around the turn of the twentieth century. The novel tells of a woman named Rinthy who bears her brother's baby. The brother, Culla, leaves the nameless infant in the woods to die, but tells his sister that the newborn died of natural causes and had to be buried. Rinthy discovers this lie and sets out to find

226-428: A " subconscious process" which should be given space for spontaneous inspiration. After 1958, McCarthy wrote all of his literary work and correspondence with a mechanical typewriter . He originally used a Royal but went looking for a more lightweight machine ahead of a trip to Europe in the early 1960s. He bought a portable Olivetti Lettera 32 for $ 50 at a Knoxville pawn shop and typed about five million words over

339-459: A "faithful adaptation" of the "devastating novel". McCarthy published the play The Sunset Limited in 2006. Critics noted it was unorthodox and may have had more in common with a novel, hence McCarthy's subtitle: "a novel in dramatic form". He later adapted it into a screenplay for a 2011 film , directed and executive produced by Tommy Lee Jones , who also starred opposite Samuel L. Jackson . Oprah Winfrey selected McCarthy's The Road as

452-443: A Twitter account impersonating McCarthy, quickly amassing several thousand followers and recognition by former site owner Jack Dorsey . Five hours after the account's creation, McCarthy's publisher confirmed that the account was fake and that McCarthy did not own a computer. In 2018, another account impersonating McCarthy was created. In 2021, it was briefly marked verified following a viral tweet, after which his agent confirmed that

565-548: A breast pump. During the latter part of pregnancy, the woman's breasts enter into the Secretory Differentiation stage. This is when the breasts make colostrum (see below), a thick, sometimes yellowish fluid. At this stage, high levels of progesterone inhibit most milk production. It is not a medical concern if a pregnant woman leaks any colostrum before her baby's birth, nor is it an indication of future milk production. At birth , prolactin levels remain high, while

678-425: A colon for setting off a list, but never semicolons, which he labeled as "idiocy". He did not use quotation marks for dialogue and believed there is no reason to "blot the page up with weird little marks". Erik Hage notes that McCarthy's dialogue often lacks attribution, but that "somehow   ... the reader remains oriented as to who is speaking." His attitude to punctuation dated to some editing work he did for

791-462: A combination of those methods. Several protocols for inducing lactation were developed by Jack Newman and Lenore Goldfarb and are commonly called the Newman-Goldfarb protocols. The "regular protocol" involves the use of birth control pills to mimic the hormone levels of pregnancy with domperidone to stimulate milk production, followed by discontinuing the birth control and the introducing use of

904-480: A crime, this time of trespassing. He pleads guilty to this crime for a lighter sentence, and works off his fine. The final episode of his journey of false accusations is being accused of inciting a herd of pigs off a cliff and the murder of a young hog-driver. This time, to evade being executed, Culla jumps off a cliff himself into a river, injuring his leg. Coming ashore, he again finds the trio, as well as his child (burned on one side of his body and missing an eye) and

1017-403: A double electric breast pump to induce milk production. Additional protocols exist to support an accelerated timeline and to support induced lactation in menopausal parents. Some couples may stimulate lactation outside of pregnancy for sexual purposes . Rare accounts of male lactation (as distinct from galactorrhea ) exist in historical medical and anthropological literature. Most recently

1130-567: A house on Martin Mill Pike in South Knoxville . McCarthy later said, "We were considered rich because all the people around us were living in one- or two-room shacks." Among his childhood friends was Jim Long (1930–2012), who was later depicted as J-Bone in Suttree . McCarthy attended St. Mary's Parochial School and Knoxville Catholic High School , and was an altar boy at Knoxville's Church of

1243-413: A lactation is to provide nutrition and immune protection to the young after birth. Due to lactation, the mother-young pair can survive even if food is scarce or too hard for the young to attain, expanding the environmental conditions the species can withstand. The costly investment of energy and resources into milk is outweighed by the benefit to offspring survival. In almost all mammals, lactation induces

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1356-493: A lawyer who treats her kindly and allows her to rest at his office while she waits for a doctor, who keeps business across from the lawyer. The doctor gives her hope her child is still alive, and gives her a salve for her breasts which are still lactating and have begun bleeding. Rinthy finally catches up to the tinker, who takes her to his cabin with the suggestion of giving her her child. He does not in fact do so, but berates her for abandoning her child, and telling her he deserves

1469-414: A lengthy list of suggested changes from his editor Larry Bensky, interrupting his work on the novel. His revision of The Orchard Keeper would at different times interrupt further work on the novel. Aside from the work on his first novel, McCarthy suffered loneliness during this period, with his wife and son having left him, and with McCarthy having moved to Knoxville, Tennessee. He wrote the final version of

1582-569: A multidisciplinary research center devoted to the study of complex adaptive systems . Unlike most members of the SFI, McCarthy did not have a scientific background. As Murray Gell-Mann explained, "There isn't any place like the Santa Fe Institute, and there isn't any writer like Cormac, so the two fit quite well together." From his work at the Santa Fe Institute, McCarthy published his first piece of nonfiction writing in his 50-year writing career. In

1695-482: A period of infertility (in humans, lactational amenorrhea ), which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for survival of the offspring. From the eighteenth week of pregnancy (the second and third trimesters ), a woman's body produces hormones that stimulate the growth of the milk duct system in the breasts : It is also possible to induce lactation without pregnancy through combinations of birth control pills, galactagogues , and milk expression using

1808-575: A physical relationship. They remained friends until his death. In 1979, McCarthy published his semiautobiographical Suttree , which he had written over 20 years before, based on his experiences in Knoxville on the Tennessee River . Jerome Charyn likened it to a doomed Huckleberry Finn , noting how the Yew tree of the author's sprawling Tennessee garden was inspiration for the "christening of what became

1921-911: A professor of English while enrolled at the University of Tennessee; he stripped out much of the punctuation in the book being edited, which pleased the professor. McCarthy edited fellow Santa Fe Institute Fellow W. Brian Arthur 's influential article "Increasing Returns and the New World of Business", published in the Harvard Business Review in 1996, removing commas from the text. He also copy edited work for physicists Lawrence M. Krauss and Lisa Randall . Saul Bellow praised his "absolutely overpowering use of language, his life-giving and death-dealing sentences". Richard B. Woodward has described his writing as "reminiscent of early Hemingway ". Unlike earlier works such as Suttree and Blood Meridian ,

2034-482: A screenplay before turning it into a novel. Consequently, the novel has little description of setting and is composed largely of dialogue. A western set in the 1980s, No Country for Old Men was adapted by the Coen brothers into a 2007 film of the same name , which won four Academy Awards and more than 75 film awards globally. In the early 2000s while staying at an El Paso motel with his young son, McCarthy looked out

2147-416: A second companion novel, Stella Maris , on November 22. The latter was McCarthy's first novel since Outer Dark to feature a female protagonist. At the time of his death, McCarthy was listed as an executive producer on a film adaption of Blood Meridian , to be directed by John Hillcoat , who previously directed the film adaptation of The Road. He left the beer on the counter and went out and got

2260-419: A slight tingling, others feel immense amounts of pressure or slight pain/discomfort, and still others do not feel anything different. A minority of mothers experience a dysphoric milk ejection reflex immediately before let-down, causing anxiety, anger or nausea, amongst other negative sensations, for up to a few minutes per feed. A poor milk ejection reflex can be due to sore or cracked nipples, separation from

2373-656: A subject of transgender health care , multiple case reports have described transgender women successfully inducing lactation. Research has indicated that such breast milk is nutritionally comparable to both the milk of naturally lactating and induced lactating cisgender women. Domperidone is a drug that can induce lactation. Charles Darwin recognized that mammary glands seemed to have developed specifically from cutaneous glands, and hypothesized that they evolved from glands in brood pouches of fish, where they would provide nourishment for eggs. The latter aspect of his hypothesis has not been confirmed; however, more recently

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2486-527: A television drama series. Beginning in early 1975, and armed with only "a few photographs in the footnotes to a 1928 biography of a famous pre-Civil War industrialist William Gregg as inspiration", McCarthy and Pearce spent a year traveling the South to research the subject of industrialization there. McCarthy completed the screenplay in 1976 and the episode, titled The Gardener's Son , aired on January 6, 1977. Numerous film festivals abroad screened it. The episode

2599-613: Is a purely human cultural creation and not a biologically determined phenomenon. In 2015, McCarthy's next novel, The Passenger , was announced at a multimedia event hosted in Santa Fe by the Lannan Foundation . The book was influenced by his time among scientists; it has been described by SFI biologist David Krakauer as "full-blown Cormac 3.0—a mathematical [and] analytical novel". In March 2022, The New York Times reported that The Passenger would be released on October 25, 2022, and

2712-505: Is also the case of several other important characters in the Border Trilogy , including Billy Parhnam [ sic ], John Grady's mother (and possibly his grandfather and brothers), and perhaps Jimmy Blevins, each of whom are speakers of Spanish who were ostensibly born in the US political space into families with what are generally considered English-speaking surnames ... This is also

2825-542: Is an occupational hazard to writing, it's drinking'." However, his long-time friend Augusta Britt claimed that he had resumed drinking near the end of his life. In the 1980s, McCarthy and Edward Abbey considered covertly releasing wolves into southern Arizona to restore their decimated population. In the late 1990s, McCarthy moved to Tesuque, New Mexico , north of Santa Fe , with his third wife, Jennifer Winkley, and their son, John. McCarthy and Winkley divorced in 2006. In 2013, Scottish writer Michael Crossan created

2938-588: Is characterised by a sparse use of punctuation and attribution. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American novelists. McCarthy was born in Providence, Rhode Island , although he was raised primarily in Tennessee . In 1951, he enrolled in the University of Tennessee , but dropped out to join the U.S. Air Force . His debut novel , The Orchard Keeper , was published in 1965. Awarded literary grants, McCarthy

3051-401: Is feeding from one breast. However, this and other problems often settle after two weeks of feeding. Stress or anxiety can cause difficulties with breastfeeding. The release of the hormone oxytocin leads to the milk ejection or let-down reflex . Oxytocin stimulates the muscles surrounding the breast to squeeze out the milk. Breastfeeding mothers describe the sensation differently. Some feel

3164-420: Is helped ashore by the trio that was following him, who suspect him of murdering the two men aboard the ferry. Culla is obliged to eat some of the strange, unknown meat from their fire and, threatening him, the men take his boots. Culla afterwards stumbles upon an apparently abandoned, unlocked home and takes refuge in it. In the morning, he is welcomed by an armed man who takes him to the squire, again accused of

3277-438: Is known for (biparentally) feeding their offspring by epidermal mucus secretion. A closer examination reveals that, as in mammals and birds, the secretion of this nourishing fluid may be controlled by prolactin. Similar behavior is seen in at least 30 species of cichlids . Lactation is also the hallmark of adenotrophic viviparity – a breeding mechanism developed by some insects, most notably tsetse flies . The single egg of

3390-402: Is produced in the mother's oviduct epithelium 's hypertrophied glands, similar to mammal milk . The substance was released seemingly in response to tactile and acoustic stimulation by the babies. The researchers observed the hatchlings emitting high-pitched clicking sounds as they approached their mothers for milk, a behavior unique among amphibians. This milk-feeding behavior may contribute to

3503-901: Is seen in Blood Meridian with the murder spree the Glanton Gang initiates because of the bounties, the "overwhelmed" law enforcement in No Country for Old Men , and the corrupt police officers in All the Pretty Horses . As a result, he has been labeled the "great pessimist of American literature". McCarthy was fluent in Spanish, having lived in Ibiza, Spain, in the 1960s and later residing in El Paso, Texas, and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Isabel Soto argues that after he learned

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3616-401: Is soon born, and after Rinthy falls asleep, Culla leaves it out to die in the woods telling her that the child died. The child is found by the tinker, who takes him to a wet nurse, without knowing who his parents are. Rinthy finds an empty grave and sets out to find the child. After abandoning the child, Culla, trying to escape his sin, sets out across the country to find work. His first job

3729-474: Is the Great American Novel . Time included it on their 2005 list of the 100 best English-language books published since 1923. At the time, McCarthy was living in a stone cottage behind an El Paso shopping center, which he described as "barely habitable". As of 1991, none of McCarthy's novels had sold more than 5,000 hardcover copies, and "for most of his career, he did not even have an agent". He

3842-655: Is the Gaelic version of "Charles". Cormac had been a family nickname given to his father by his Irish aunts. Other sources say he changed his name to honor the Irish chieftain Cormac MacCarthy , who constructed Blarney Castle . After marrying fellow student Lee Holleman in 1961, McCarthy moved to what Lee's obituary calls "a shack with no heat and running water in the foothills of the Smoky Mountains outside of Knoxville." There,

3955-615: Is way, way down at the bottom of the list." McCarthy died at his home in Santa Fe on June 13, 2023, at the age of 89. Stephen King said McCarthy was "maybe the greatest American novelist of my time ... He was full of years and created a fine body of work, but I still mourn his passing." Lactating In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although in humans and goats, it can happen without pregnancy. Nearly every species of mammal has teats ; except for monotremes , egg-laying mammals, which instead release milk through ducts in

4068-403: Is with a local squire, who puts him to work chopping wood, for which he is paid half a dollar. After he leaves it is found out that a pair of expensive boots have been stolen. Immediately blaming him, the squire pursues him. The squire is set upon by an unknown trio of men and killed. Travelling to the town of Cheatham looking for work, it is found out that someone has desecrated three graves near

4181-550: The Erinyes (or Furies, or Eumenides) of Greek myth. However, cosmic retribution in Outer Dark does not simply punish those who have committed a sin, it punishes those who are innocent and guilty alike. Ethical considerations do not seem to exist in the world of Outer Dark , while the fates of characters are not determined by the morality of their lives. The world of Outer Dark appears to be devoid of meaning, which can be seen in both

4294-550: The French Quarter in New Orleans , McCarthy was evicted from a $ 40-a-month room for failing to pay his rent. When he traveled the country, McCarthy always carried a 100-watt bulb in his bag so he could read at night, no matter where he was sleeping. In the summer of 1965, using a Traveling Fellowship award from The American Academy of Arts and Letters , McCarthy shipped out aboard the liner Sylvania hoping to visit Ireland. On

4407-611: The Great American Novel . McCarthy first experienced widespread success with All the Pretty Horses (1992), for which he received both the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award . It was followed by The Crossing (1994) and Cities of the Plain (1998), completing The Border Trilogy . His 2005 novel No Country for Old Men received mixed reviews. His 2006 novel The Road won

4520-503: The New York Times (April 19, 1992) McCarthy's novels often depict explicit violence. Many of his works have been characterized as nihilistic , particularly Blood Meridian . Some academics dispute this, saying Blood Meridian is actually a gnostic tragedy. His later works have been characterized as highly moralistic. Erik J. Wielenberg argues that The Road depicts morality as secular and originating from individuals, such as

4633-626: The University of Tennessee , studying liberal arts . He became interested in writing after a professor asked him to repunctuate a collection of eighteenth-century essays for inclusion in a textbook. McCarthy left college in 1953 to join the U.S. Air Force . While stationed in Alaska , McCarthy read books voraciously, which he said was the first time he had done so. He returned to the University of Tennessee in 1957, where he majored in English and published two stories, "Wake for Susan" and "A Drowning Incident" in

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4746-401: The hypothalamus , which signals to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin . Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli, which already hold milk. The increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple. This response can be conditioned e.g. to the cry of the baby. Milk ejection is initiated in

4859-505: The posterior pituitary , respectively. The oxytocin is produced in the neuron's soma in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and is then transported down the infundibulum via the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract with the help of the carrier protein, neurophysin I , to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, and then stored in Herring bodies , where they are stored until the synapse between second- and third-order neurons. Following

4972-596: The "bloodiest book since the Iliad " . Although snubbed by many critics, the book has grown appreciably in stature in literary circles; Harold Bloom called Blood Meridian "the greatest single book since Faulkner's As I Lay Dying ". In a 2006 poll of authors and publishers conducted by The New York Times Magazine to list the greatest American novels of the previous quarter-century, Blood Meridian placed third, behind Toni Morrison 's Beloved (1987) and Don DeLillo 's Underworld (1997). Some have even suggested it

5085-480: The 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction. Many of McCarthy's works have been adapted into film. The 2007 film adaptation of No Country for Old Men was a critical and commercial success, winning four Academy Awards , including Best Picture . The films All the Pretty Horses , The Road , and Child of God were also adapted from his works of

5198-510: The April 2007 selection for her Book Club . As a result, McCarthy agreed to his first television interview, which aired on The Oprah Winfrey Show on June 5, 2007. The interview took place in the library of the Santa Fe Institute . McCarthy told Winfrey that he did not know any writers and much preferred the company of scientists. During the interview, he related several stories illustrating

5311-520: The Immaculate Conception . As a child, McCarthy saw no value in school, preferring to pursue his own interests. He described a moment when his teacher asked the class about their hobbies. McCarthy answered eagerly, as he later said, "I was the only one with any hobbies and I had every hobby there was ... name anything, no matter how esoteric. I could have given everyone a hobby and still had 40 or 50 to take home." In 1951, he began attending

5424-458: The Santa Fe Institute. McCarthy replaced it with an identical model, bought for him by his friend John Miller for $ 11 plus $ 19.95 for shipping. McCarthy was a teetotaler . According to Richard B. Woodward, "McCarthy doesn't drink anymore – he quit 16 years ago [i.e. in 1976] in El Paso, with one of his young girlfriends – and Suttree reads like a farewell to that life. 'The friends I do have are simply those who quit drinking,' he says. 'If there

5537-496: The abdomen. In only a handful of species of mammals, certain bat species, is milk production a normal male function . Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires prolactin . Oxytocin is critical for the milk let-down reflex in response to suckling . Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing. It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as hyperprolactinaemia . The chief function of

5650-409: The account was again a fake. In 2016, a hoax spread on Twitter claiming that McCarthy had died, with USA Today even repeating the information. The Los Angeles Times responded to the hoax with the headline, "Cormac McCarthy isn't dead. He's too tough to die." In 2024, Vanity Fair published an article about McCarthy's relationship with Augusta Britt, whom he met when he was 42 and she

5763-547: The baby for herself. The name of the novel is derived from the Gospel of Matthew , specifically the meeting between the Roman centurion and Jesus , during which Jesus says: "But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth". McCarthy began writing the novel on December 15, 1962, in Asheville, North Carolina , and finished

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5876-404: The blind man walking towards a swamp, which for him means certain death. The novel ends with Culla thinking, "Someone should tell a blind man before setting him out that way." In his second novel, McCarthy moved away from the naturalistic conventions of The Orchard Keeper . A number of writing conventions which were present in his first novel are here lacking: a distinct chronology, allusions to

5989-415: The body of the tinker. After accusing Culla of fathering and abandoning the child, the leader of the trio slays the baby, after which a companion appears to begin to eat it. Careful to avoid her brother, Rinthy sets out to look for the child. After travelling a while, during the night she stumbles upon a house. Here she finds a family who take her in, feed her and offer her a place to sleep. The oldest boy of

6102-586: The book, directed by Stephen Imwalle and with Jamie Dunne and Azel James playing as Rinthy Holme and Culla Holme respectively, was released on the U.S. festival circuit. Cormac McCarthy Cormac McCarthy (born Charles Joseph McCarthy Jr. ; July 20, 1933 – June 13, 2023) was an American author who wrote twelve novels, two plays, five screenplays, and three short stories, spanning the Western , postapocalyptic , and Southern Gothic genres. His works often include graphic depictions of violence, and his writing style

6215-425: The breast") until 50–73 hours (2–3 days) after birth. Colostrum is the first milk a breastfed baby receives. It contains higher amounts of white blood cells and antibodies than mature milk, and is especially high in immunoglobulin A (IgA), which coats the lining of the baby's immature intestines, and helps to prevent pathogens from invading the baby's system. Secretory IgA also helps prevent food allergies. Over

6328-415: The breasts more fully also increases the rate of milk production. Thus the milk supply is strongly influenced by how often the baby feeds and how well it is able to transfer milk from the breast. Low supply can often be traced to: This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple . Suckling by the baby stimulates the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nucleus in

6441-589: The case of Judge Holden in Blood Meridian ." McCarthy dedicated himself to writing full time, choosing not to work other jobs to support his career. "I always knew that I didn't want to work", McCarthy said. "You have to be dedicated, but it was my number-one priority." Early in his career, his decision not to work sometimes subjected him and his family to poverty. Nevertheless, according to scholar Steve Davis, McCarthy had an "incredible work ethic ". He preferred to work on several projects simultaneously and said, for instance, that he had four drafts in progress in

6554-616: The cells in the alveoli to make milk. Prolactin also transfers to the breast milk. Some research indicates that prolactin in milk is greater at times of higher milk production, and lower when breasts are fuller, and that the highest levels tend to occur between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. Other hormones—notably insulin, thyroxine, and cortisol—are also involved, but their roles are not yet well understood. Although biochemical markers indicate that Secretory Activation begins about 30–40 hours after birth, mothers do not typically begin feeling increased breast fullness (the sensation of milk "coming in

6667-437: The child far more than she. Beginning to surmise the truth, the tinker demands to know if Culla is the child's father. When Rinthy tells him he is, the tinker refuses to believe it, calling Rinthy a liar and storming from the cabin saying he will kill her if she follows him. Later, she appears to be living with an unidentified man on a small farm. The man insists she speak to him, but she says she does not have anything to say. In

6780-555: The church. He is blamed and runs away from the town. His next job is painting the roof of a barn some distance from Cheatham, but is found by law enforcement. Again forced to run away, he injures himself in flight. The trio going in wake of Culla finds the three men he assumes framed him for the desecration and kills them. Further on his journey Culla finds an old man who gives him a drink of water and shows off his gun and hunting trophies. He invites Culla to stay and learn snake hunting from him. He refuses. The trio again shows up and kills

6893-406: The company of scientists. He voiced his admiration for scientific advances: "What physicists did in the 20th century was one of the extraordinary flowerings ever in the human enterprise." At MacArthur reunions, McCarthy shunned his fellow writers to fraternize instead with scientists like physicist Murray Gell-Mann and whale biologist Roger Payne . Of all of his interests, McCarthy stated, "Writing

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7006-401: The couple had a son, Cullen, in 1962. When writer James Agee 's childhood home was being demolished in Knoxville that year, McCarthy used the site's bricks to build fireplaces inside his Sevier County shack. Lee moved to Wyoming shortly after, where she filed for divorce from McCarthy. In 1965, Random House published McCarthy's first novel, The Orchard Keeper (1965). He had finished

7119-451: The degree of outright poverty he endured at times during his career as a writer. He also spoke about the experience of fathering a child at an advanced age, and how his son was the inspiration for The Road . In 2012, McCarthy sold his original screenplay The Counselor to Nick Wechsler , Paula Mae Schwartz, and Steve Schwartz, who had previously produced the film adaptation of McCarthy's novel The Road . Directed by Ridley Scott , with

7232-438: The delivery of the placenta results in a sudden drop in progesterone, estrogen, and HPL levels. This abrupt withdrawal of progesterone in the presence of high prolactin levels stimulates the copious milk production of Secretory Activation . When the breast is stimulated, prolactin levels in the blood rise, peak in about 45 minutes, and return to the pre-breastfeeding state about three hours later. The release of prolactin triggers

7345-533: The development of the hatchlings' microbiome and immune system, similar to mammalian young. The presence of milk production in caecilians that lay eggs suggests an evolutionary transition between egg-laying and live birth . Another well known example of nourishing young with secretions of glands is the crop milk of columbiform birds. As in mammals, this also appears to be directed by prolactin. Other birds such as flamingos and penguins utilize similar feeding techniques. The discus fish ( Symphysodon )

7458-653: The discussions between the two were verbatim conversations McCarthy had had with his son. Released in 2006, it won international acclaim and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . McCarthy did not accept the prize in person, instead sending Sonny Mehta in his place. John Hillcoat directed the 2009 film adaptation , written by Joe Penhall , and starring Viggo Mortensen and Kodi Smit-McPhee . Critics' reviews were mostly favorable: Roger Ebert found it "powerful" but lacking "emotional feeling", Peter Bradshaw noted "a guarded change of emphasis", while Dan Jolin found it to be

7571-413: The electrical impulse, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. Through the bloodstream, oxytocin makes its way to myoepithelial cells , which lie between the extracellular matrix and luminal epithelial cells that also make up the alveoli in breast tissue. When oxytocin binds to the myoepithelial cells, the cells contract. The increased intra-alveolar pressure forces milk into the lactiferous sinuses, into

7684-410: The essay entitled " The Kekulé Problem " (2017), McCarthy analyzes a dream of August Kekulé 's as a model of the unconscious mind and the origins of language . He theorizes about the nature of the unconscious mind and its separation from human language. The unconscious, according to McCarthy, "is a machine for operating an animal" and "all animals have an unconscious". McCarthy postulates that language

7797-424: The family expresses interest in her, which she rejects. Travelling to the town with them, she is unable to find the child and sets out again to try and find him. Travelling further she stays briefly with two families, where she finds out she is still lactating and retains hope for the child's well-being. She stays for some time with an old woman living in a forest with a dislike for snakes and dogs. Next she meets

7910-481: The father, and separate from God. The bleak outlook of the future, and the inhuman foreign antagonist Anton Chigurh of No Country for Old Men , is said to reflect the apprehension of the post-9/11 era. Many of his works portray individuals in conflict with society and acting on instinct rather than on emotion or thought. Another theme throughout many of McCarthy's works is the ineptitude or inhumanity of those in authority and particularly in law enforcement. This

8023-723: The first draft in New Orleans , in 1964. He wrote the early draft of the final version in Knoxville, Tennessee , and the middle and final drafts during a stay in Ibiza, Spain . Several different events occurred in McCarthy's private life during the writing of the first draft, the most important of which being the failure of his marriage to Lee Holleman McCarthy and their subsequent divorce in July 1963. During this time, McCarthy submitted The Orchard Keeper for review to Random House Books, subsequently receiving

8136-464: The first two weeks after the birth, colostrum production slowly gives way to mature breast milk. The hormonal endocrine control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days after the birth . When the milk supply is more firmly established, autocrine (or local) control system begins. During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the more the breast will produce milk. Research also suggests that draining

8249-411: The infant, a history of breast surgery , or tissue damage from prior breast trauma . If a mother has trouble breastfeeding, different methods of assisting the milk ejection reflex may help. These include feeding in a familiar and comfortable location, massage of the breast or back, or warming the breast with a cloth or shower. This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to

8362-400: The journal Science , has shed light on the behavior of certain species of caecilians . These studies reveal that some caecilians exhibit a phenomenon wherein they provide their hatchlings with a nutrient-rich substance akin to milk, delivered through a maternal vent. Among the species investigated, the oviparous nonmammalian caecilian amphibian Siphonops annulatus stood out, indicating that

8475-636: The lactiferous ducts (a study found that lactiferous sinuses may not exist. If this is true then milk simply enters the lactiferous ducts), and then out the nipple. A surge of oxytocin also causes the uterus to contract. During breastfeeding, mothers may feel these contractions as afterpains . These may range from period-like cramps to strong labour-like contractions and can be more severe with second and subsequent babies. In humans, induced lactation and relactation have been observed frequently in some cultures, and demonstrated with varying success in adoptive mothers and wet nurses . It appears plausible that

8588-427: The language, in his novels "Spanish and English modulate or permeate each other", as it was "an essential part of McCarthy's expressive discourse". Katherine Sugg observes that McCarthy's writing is "often considered a 'multicultural' and 'bilingual' narrative practice, particularly for its abundant use of untranslated Spanish dialogue". Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera observes, "John Grady Cole is a native speaker of Spanish. This

8701-470: The majority of McCarthy's work after 1993 uses simple, restrained vocabulary. There's no such thing as life without bloodshed. The notion that the species can be improved in some way, that everyone could live in harmony, is a really dangerous idea. Those who are afflicted with this notion are the first ones to give up their souls, their freedom. Your desire that it be that way will enslave you and make your life vacuous. Cormac McCarthy, interviewed in

8814-411: The man. His next stop is Preston Falls, where he finds employment digging graves. Returning to town for payment, he finds it abandoned of all life and quickly runs away from it. Culla tries to cross a river on a ferry with the ferryman and a man who came aboard on horseback. During their night crossing, the river surges too quickly and soon the ferryman, the man and the horse are killed. Near dawn, Culla

8927-448: The mid-2000s and for several years devoted about two hours every day to each project. He was known to conduct exhaustive research on the historical settings and regional environments found in his fiction. He edited his own writing, sometimes revising a book over the course of years or decades before deeming it fit for publication. While his research and revision were meticulous, he did not outline his plots and instead viewed writing as

9040-476: The middle of the night, she steals away from the farm and the “dead and loveless house,” going back to the road. Finally, she comes upon the clearing where her child’s body has been burned, along with the tinker’s cart, and where the tinker’s body hangs in a tree. She lingers in the clearing, and goes to sleep as night falls. Years later, Culla talks to a blind man who tells him of the blessings of being blind, and that he prays for what he needs. Culla later watches

9153-446: The mineralized eggs produced by some sauropsids. This protolacteal fluid became a complex, nutrient-rich milk which then allowed a decline in egg size by reducing the dependence on a large yolk in the egg. The evolution of lactation is also believed to have resulted in the more complex dentition seen in mammals, as lactation would have allowed the prolonged development of the jaw before the eruption of teeth. Oftedal also proposed that

9266-408: The modern world beyond the mountain culture, or forays into frontier and absurdist comedy . Instead, McCarthy introduces a Calvinistic conception of sin and retribution , which creates a cruel and bleak world in contrast to a world in the original state of innocence. The state of innocence is here present in the familial isolation, surrounded by nature, which was desecrated by incest . The ugliness of

9379-417: The mother's breast by the act of suckling by the baby. The milk ejection reflex (also called let-down reflex) is not always consistent, especially at first. Once a woman is conditioned to nursing, let-down can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including the sound of any baby. Even thinking about breastfeeding can stimulate this reflex, causing unwanted leakage, or both breasts may give out milk when an infant

9492-402: The mythic and the actual in a perfect work of imagination. Walter Sullivan , one of McCarthy's most demanding critics, noted the power, literary virtuosity, and universality of his characters. He further highlights McCarthy's ability to find devices and characters that grasp us in their strangeness and force us to grapple with the reality surrounding us. In 2009, a fifteen-minute film based on

9605-555: The next five decades. He maintained it by simply "blowing out the dust with a service station hose". Book dealer Glenn Horowitz said the modest typewriter acquired "a sort of talismanic quality" through its connection to McCarthy's monumental fiction, "as if Mount Rushmore was carved with a Swiss Army knife ". His Olivetti was auctioned in December 2009 at Christie's , with the auction house estimating it would fetch between $ 15,000 and $ 20,000. It sold for $ 254,500, with proceeds donated to

9718-430: The nipple. Suckling by the baby innervates slowly adapting and rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that are densely packed around the areolar region. The electrical impulse follows the spinothalamic tract , which begins by innervation of fourth intercostal nerves . The electrical impulse then ascends the posterolateral tract for one or two vertebral levels and synapses with second-order neurons, called tract cells, in

9831-462: The novel 18 months after his marriage to Anne DeLisle. The novel begins with the introduction of the siblings Culla and Rinthy Holme and the result of their sexual relationship, with Rinthy being only a few days from labor. Here, the Tinker is introduced as well, and from his interaction with Culla and Culla's unwillingness to call for help during the birth, his shame over the child becomes clear. The child

9944-498: The novel while working part time at an auto-parts warehouse in Chicago and submitted the manuscript "blindly" to Albert Erskine of Random House. Erskine continued to edit McCarthy's work for the next 20 years. Upon its release, critics noted its similarity to the work of Faulkner and praised McCarthy's striking use of imagery. The Orchard Keeper won a 1966 William Faulkner Foundation Award for notable first novel. While living in

10057-489: The opening and closing scenes of the novel. In the beginning of the novel, the salvation and happiness promised by the prophet in Culla's dream never arrives. Instead, the world remains in cold darkness, unchanged. The last scene of the novel, in which a blind man walks off into the mire of a bog, is a paradigm for a dead-end, paradigmless world. Thomas Lask gave the novel a positive review, complimenting McCarthy's ability to combine

10170-499: The politics that readers themselves bring with them to the act of reading the work". In one of his few interviews, McCarthy revealed that he respected only authors who "deal with issues of life and death", citing Henry James and Marcel Proust as examples of writers who do not. "I don't understand them ... To me, that's not literature. A lot of writers who are considered good I consider strange", he said. Regarding his own literary constraints when writing novels, McCarthy said he

10283-424: The possibility of lactation in women (or females of other species) who are not biological mothers does confer an evolutionary advantage, especially in groups with high maternal mortality and tight social bonds. The phenomenon has been also observed in most primates, in some lemurs, and in dwarf mongooses. Lactation can be induced in humans by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by

10396-422: The posterior dorsal horn. The tract cells then decussate via the anterior white commissure to the anterolateral corner and ascend to the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus , where they synapse with oxytocinergic third-order neurons. The somas of these neurons are located in the hypothalamus, but their axon and axon terminals are located in the infundibulum and pars nervosa of

10509-623: The practice of lactation may be more widespread among these creatures than previously thought. As detailed in a 2024 study, researchers collected 16 mothers of the Siphonops annulatus species from cacao plantations in Brazil's Atlantic Forest and filmed them with their altricial hatchlings in the lab. The mothers remained with their offspring, which suckled on a white, viscous liquid from their cloaca , experiencing rapid growth in their first week. This milk-like substance, rich in fats and carbohydrates ,

10622-567: The principal character's name." In 1981, McCarthy was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship worth $ 236,000. Saul Bellow , Shelby Foote , and others had recommended him to the organization. The grant enabled him to travel the American Southwest to research his next novel, Blood Meridian, or the Evening Redness in the West (1985). The book is violent, with The New York Times declaring it

10735-416: The production finished in 2012, the film was released on October 25, 2013, to polarized critical reception. Mark Kermode of The Guardian found it "datedly naff", and Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described it as "a droning meditation on capitalism". However, Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found it "terrifying" and "seductive". McCarthy was a trustee for the Santa Fe Institute (SFI),

10848-563: The protolacteal fluid was initially secreted through pilosebaceous glands on mammary patches, analogous to the areola, and that hairs on this patch transported the fluid to the hatchlings as is seen in monotremes . This would have occurred in the mammal lineages that diverged after monotremes, metatheria and eutheria . In this scenario, some genes and signaling pathways involved in lactation evolved from ancient precursors which facilitated secretions from spiny structures, which themselves evolved from odontodes . Recent research, as documented in

10961-671: The publication of All the Pretty Horses (1992), when it won the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award. It became a New York Times bestseller , selling 190,000 hardcover copies within six months. It was followed by The Crossing (1994) and Cities of the Plain (1998), completing the Border Trilogy . In the midst of this trilogy came The Stonemason (first performed in 1995), his second dramatic work. McCarthy originally conceived his next work, No Country for Old Men (2005), as

11074-546: The same mechanism has been postulated for early synapsids . As all mammals lactate, lactation must have evolved before the last common ancestor of all mammals, which places it at a minimum in the Middle or Late Triassic when monotremes diverged from therians. O. T. Oftedal has argued that therapsids evolved a proto-lacteal fluid in order to keep eggs moist, an adaptation necessitated due to synapsids’ parchment shelled eggs which are more vulnerable to evaporation and dehydration than

11187-650: The same names, and Outer Dark was turned into a 15-minute short. McCarthy had a play adapted into a 2011 film, The Sunset Limited . McCarthy worked with the Santa Fe Institute , a multidisciplinary research center, where he published the essay " The Kekulé Problem " (2017), which explores the human unconscious and the origin of language . He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2012. His final novels, The Passenger and Stella Maris , were published on October 25, 2022, and December 6, 2022, respectively. Charles Joseph McCarthy Jr.

11300-507: The ship, he met Englishwoman Anne DeLisle, who was working on the ship as a dancer and singer. In 1966, they were married in England. Also in 1966, he received a Rockefeller Foundation grant, which he used to travel around Southern Europe before landing in Ibiza , where he wrote his second novel, Outer Dark (1968). Afterward, he returned to the United States with his wife, where Outer Dark

11413-413: The sin is underscored by the ugliness of the child found at the end of the novel, while the sexual nature of the siblings' sin is underscored by the tinker who found the child, as he is a lecherous and deformed seller of supplies and pornography. Culla further commits a double sin of attempted infanticide . The forces of retribution are present in the trio of murderous men, McCarthy's grotesque equivalent of

11526-505: The student literary magazine, The Phoenix , writing under the name C. J. McCarthy, Jr. For these, he won the Ingram-Merrill Award for creative writing in 1959 and 1960. In 1959, McCarthy dropped out of college and left for Chicago. For the purpose of his writing career, McCarthy changed his first name from Charles to Cormac to avoid confusion, and comparison, with ventriloquist Edgar Bergen 's dummy Charlie McCarthy . "Cormac"

11639-516: The tsetse develops into a larva inside the uterus where it is fed by a milky substance secreted by a milk gland inside the uterus. The cockroach species Diploptera punctata is also known to feed their offspring by milky secretions. Toxeus magnus , an ant-mimicking jumping spider species of Southeast Asia, also lactates. It nurses its offspring for about 38 days, although they are able to forage on their own after 21 days. Blocking nursing immediately after birth resulted in complete mortality of

11752-585: The two packs of cigarettes and the binoculars and the pistol and slung the .270 over his shoulder and shut the truck door and came back in. —Cormac McCarthy's polysyndetic use of "and" in No Country for Old Men McCarthy used punctuation sparsely, even replacing most commas with "and" to create polysyndetons ; it has been called "the most important word in McCarthy's lexicon". He told Oprah Winfrey that he preferred "simple declarative sentences" and that he used capital letters, periods, an occasional comma, or

11865-459: The window late one night and imagined what the city might look like in fifty or one hundred years and saw: "fires up on the hill and everything being laid to waste". He wrote two pages covering the idea; four years later in Ireland he expanded the idea into his tenth novel, The Road . It follows a lone father and his young son traveling through a post-apocalyptic America, hunted by cannibals. Many of

11978-592: Was "not a fan of some of the Latin American writers, magical realism . You know, it's hard enough to get people to believe what you're telling them without making it impossible. It has to be vaguely plausible." He cited Moby-Dick (1851) as his favorite novel. Along with Moby-Dick , McCarthy regarded The Brothers Karamazov (1880), Ulysses (1922), and The Sound and the Fury (1929) as "great" novels. Socially, McCarthy had an aversion to other writers, preferring

12091-661: Was 16. The article claims that he took her to Mexico with a forged birth certificate and began having sex with her when she was still 17. Britt has confirmed this account but denied that the relationship was predatory or abusive. McCarthy did not publicly reveal his political opinions. A resident of Santa Fe with a traditionalist disposition, he once expressed disapproval of the city and the people there: "If you don't agree with them politically, you can't just agree to disagree—they think you're crazy." Academic David Holloway writes that "McCarthy's writing can be read as either liberal or conservative, or as both simultaneously, depending on

12204-573: Was able to travel to southern Europe, where he wrote his second novel, Outer Dark (1968). Suttree (1979), like his other early novels, received generally positive reviews, but was not a commercial success. A MacArthur Fellowship enabled him to travel to the American Southwest, where he researched and wrote his fifth novel, Blood Meridian (1985). Although it initially garnered a lukewarm critical and commercial reception, it has since been regarded as his magnum opus , with some labeling it

12317-487: Was born in Providence, Rhode Island , on July 20, 1933, one of six children of Gladys Christina McGrail and Charles Joseph McCarthy. His family was Irish Catholic . In 1937, the family relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee , where his father worked as a lawyer for the Tennessee Valley Authority . The family first lived on Noelton Drive in the upscale Sequoyah Hills subdivision, but by 1941, had settled in

12430-492: Was labeled the "best unknown novelist in America". After working with McCarthy for twenty years, Albert Erskine retired from Random House in 1992. McCarthy turned to Alfred A. Knopf , where he fell under the editorial advisement of Gary Fisketjon . As a final favor to Erskine, McCarthy agreed to his first interview ever, with Richard B. Woodward of The New York Times . McCarthy finally received widespread recognition following

12543-485: Was nominated for two Primetime Emmy awards in 1977 . In 1976, when McCarthy was 42, he met then-16-year-old Finnish-American Augusta Britt at a motel in Arizona. Despite their age difference, the two hit it off immediately, and he drew upon their experiences for Suttree , his work-in-progress at the time. By the following year, in 1977, when he was 43, but she was still 17, on a shared trip to Mexico, they had progressed to

12656-426: Was published to generally favorable reviews. In 1969, the couple moved to Louisville, Tennessee , and purchased a dairy barn, which McCarthy renovated, doing the stonework himself. According to DeLisle, the couple lived in "total poverty", bathing in a lake. DeLisle claimed, "Someone would call up and offer him $ 2,000 to come speak at a university about his books. And he would tell them that everything he had to say

12769-421: Was there on the page. So we would eat beans for another week." While living in the barn, he wrote his next book, Child of God (1973). Like Outer Dark before it, Child of God was set in southern Appalachia . In 1976, McCarthy separated from Anne DeLisle and moved to El Paso, Texas . In 1974, Richard Pearce of PBS contacted McCarthy and asked him to write the screenplay for an episode of Visions ,

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