The Ottoman Empire era of rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (first as a sanjak , then as an eyalet ) and Herzegovina (also as a sanjak , then eyalet ) lasted from 1463/1482 to 1908.
86-526: The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina started in 1384, and subsequently the Ottoman invasion expanded into the so-called Bosansko Krajište . The Kingdom of Bosnia finally fell in 1463. Herzegovina fell to the Turks in 1482. It took another century for the western parts of today's Bosnia to succumb to Ottoman attacks. Bosnia continued legally under the royal House of Berislavić , and fell finally in 1527 with
172-513: A Jewish quarter would develop over several blocks in Baščaršija . Many local Christians converted to Islam at this time. To accommodate the new pilgrims on the road to Mecca , in 1541, Gazi Husrev-beg 's quartermaster Vekil-Harrach built a pilgrim's mosque which it is still known to this day as the Hadžijska Mosque . Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at
258-696: A Ustaše headquarters in a building known as Villa Luburić and used it as a torture and execution place whose 323 victims were identified after the war. The resistance was led by Vladimir Perić Valter , who died while leading the liberation of the city on 6 April 1945. After the war, Sarajevo was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The Republic Government invested heavily in Sarajevo, building many new residential blocks in
344-698: A borderland and developed in relative peace. It was administered by the Ottoman Bosnia Eyalet and Herzegovina Eyalet . However, when the Empire lost the war of 1683–1697 with Austria , and ceded Slavonia and Hungary to Austria at the Treaty of Karlowitz , Bosnia's northern and western borders became the frontier between the Austrian and Ottoman empires. In 1716, Austria occupied northern Bosnia and northern Serbia , but this lasted only until 1739 when they were ceded to
430-467: A city named Vrhbosna existed, the exact settlement in Sarajevo at this time is debated . Various documents note a place called Tornik in the region, most likely in the area of the Marijin Dvor neighborhood. By all indications, Tornik was a very small marketplace surrounded by a proportionally small village and was not considered very important by Ragusan merchants. Other scholars say that Vrhbosna
516-404: A modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned down a large part of the central city area ( čaršija ) left more room for redevelopment. As a result, the city has a unique blend of the remaining Ottoman city market and contemporary Western architecture. Sarajevo also has some examples of Secession- and Pseudo- Moorish styles that date from this period. The Austro-Hungarian period
602-449: A mosque, a closed marketplace, a hamam , a caravansarai , a bridge, and of course the governor's palace ("Saray"), which gave the city its present name in conjunction with “evo”, a derivative of “ova” meaning lowland. The mosque was named "Careva Džamija" (the Emperor's Mosque ) in honor of Sultan Mehmed II . With the improvements, Sarajevo quickly grew into the largest city in the region. By
688-435: A new Serbian national state Republika Srpska (RS) which was carved out from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Army of Republika Srpska encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 18,000 stationed in the surrounding hills, from which they assaulted the city with artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine guns, multiple rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles. From 2 May 1992,
774-511: A rapid rate. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became known for its large marketplace and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100. At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman city in the Balkans after Istanbul . By 1660, the population of Sarajevo
860-517: A total of 1,425 days, from April 1992 to February 1996, during the Bosnian War . With continued post-war reconstruction in the aftermath, Sarajevo is the fastest growing city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The travel guide series Lonely Planet ranked Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world. In December 2009, it recommended Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010. In 2011, Sarajevo
946-614: A year. In the 1530s, the Kingdom of Hungary had remained in control of the forts on the south bank of the Sava and Jajce . Jajce Fortress was finally taken by the Ottomans in 1527. The House of Berislavić controlled the region of Usora in the north until it in turn succumbed in the 1530s. Parts of southwestern Bosnia were sectioned into the Sanjak of Klis , which was formed in 1537 subordinated to
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#17328525834331032-559: Is Šeher , the term Isa-Beg Ishaković used to describe the town he was going to construct—which is Turkish for "city" ( şehir ), in turn coming from the Persian shahr ( شهر , meaning "city"). As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, i.e. " Damascus of the North" and "European Jerusalem"; the latter being the most popular. Sarajevo
1118-428: Is 10 °C (50 °F), with January (−0.5 °C (31.1 °F) on average) being the coldest month of the year and July (19.7 °C (67.5 °F) on average) the warmest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 19 August 1946 and on 23 August 2008 (41.0), while the lowest recorded temperature was −26.2 °C (−15.2 °F) on 25 January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has seven days where
1204-421: Is 2 km (1.2 mi) south of the town of Pale at the foothills of Mount Jahorina, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo center. The Bosna's source, Vrelo Bosne near Ilidža (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams, such as Koševski Potok , also run through the city and its vicinity. Sarajevo
1290-512: Is 3 times higher than recommended by WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual average PM2.5. There are no recent direct long-term PM2.5 measurements available in Sarajevo and only estimates can be made from PM10, which is less health-relevant than PM2.5. Real-time air quality data in the form of PM10, ozone, NO 2 , CO and SO 2 by the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute Archived 13 September 2018 at
1376-486: Is close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. The Sarajevo city consists of four municipalities: Centar (Center), Novi Grad (New Town), Novo Sarajevo (New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old Town), while the Sarajevo metropolitan area (Greater Sarajevo area) includes these and the neighboring municipalities of Ilidža , Hadžići , Vogošća and Ilijaš . The Metropolitan area
1462-455: Is developed within hilly terrain; some steeply inclined streets and residences perch on the hillsides. The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to the west part of the city, where it eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljacka River is also known as "The Sarajevo River". Its source ( Vrelo Miljacke )
1548-511: Is near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia and Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper . It is situated 518 m (1,699 ft) above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps . The valley was once an expansive, fertile, and green space, but considerable urban expansion and development took place following World War II. Forested hills and five major mountains surround
1634-458: Is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina , with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo Canton , East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia , it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in
1720-531: The 15th century the settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj , around the citadel in 1461. Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain at the end of the 15th century, and the invitation from the Ottoman Empire to resettle their population, Sephardic Jews arrived in Sarajevo, which over time would become a leading center of Sephardic culture and the Ladino language . Though relatively small in size,
1806-540: The Bosnian uprising had taken place around the city. These had been led by Husein Gradaščević . Today, a major city street is named Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellion failed and for several more decades, the Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia. The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative center by 1850. Baščaršija became the central commercial district and cultural center of
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#17328525834331892-701: The Genocide of Serbs organized by the Ustaše, made a distinction between the Bosniaks who participated in such persecutions and the rest of the Bosniak population, presented information about the persecutions of Bosniaks by Serbs, and requested security for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity. During the summer of 1941, Ustaše militia periodically interned and executed groups of Sarajevo Serbs . In August 1941, they arrested about one hundred Serbs suspected of ties to
1978-462: The Janissary Corps (this practice was known as the devşirme system, 'devşirmek' meaning 'to gather' or 'to recruit'). However, this practice was heavily resented by most of the people of the area. This was because of the very high position a Janissary held in Ottoman society. Owing to their education (for they were taught arts, science, maths, poetry, literature and many of the languages spoken in
2064-650: The Lašva Valley , the Ottomans won a major victory, upsetting the balance of power in the region. The first permanent presence of Ottoman armies in Bosnia was established in 1414, after the region near Donji Vakuf (known as Bosnian Skoplje in medieval times) was captured. In period between 1414 and 1418, the Ottoman Empire conquered Foča , Pljevlja , Čajniče and Nevesinje . During the same year Višegrad and Sokol were captured too. In 1415, Sandalj Hranić, who controlled today's eastern Herzegovina, became an Ottoman vassal. Isa-Beg Isaković organized in 1455 one of
2150-568: The Ottoman Empire officially established the Bosansko Krajište (Bosnian Frontier), an interim borderland military administrative unit , an Ottoman frontier, in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1463, the Kingdom fell to the Ottomans, and this territory came under its firm control. Herzegovina gradually fell to the Ottomans by 1482. It took another century for the western parts of today's Bosnia to succumb to Ottoman attacks, ending with
2236-575: The Ottomans — it took more than a hundred years for the number of Muslims to become the majority religion. The general view among scholars is that the Islamization of the Bosnian population was not the result of violent methods of conversions but was, for the most part, peaceful and voluntary. The Turks had conquered Slavonia and most of Hungary by 1541. In the next century, most of the Bosnian province wasn't
2322-746: The Siege of Sarajevo between 1992 and 1996. Thousands of Sarajevans lost their lives under the constant bombardment and sniper shooting at civilians by the Serb forces during the siege, the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare. Bosnian Serb forces of the Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996. When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia and achieved United Nations recognition, Serbian leaders declared
2408-464: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , leading to rapid expansion of its population and businesses with investment in infrastructure and economic development. In 1984, Sarajevo hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics , which marked a prosperous era for the city. However, after the start of the Yugoslav Wars , the city suffered the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare , for
2494-546: The Wayback Machine . [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire 1461–1878 de facto , 1908 de jure One of the earliest findings of settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the Neolithic Butmir culture . The discoveries at Butmir were made on the grounds of the modern-day Sarajevo suburb Ilidža in 1893 by Austro-Hungarian authorities during the construction of an agricultural school. The area's richness in flint
2580-576: The Western Balkans as their homeland, had several key settlements in the region, mostly around the river Miljacka and the Sarajevo valley. The Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the Daesitiates , the last Illyrian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist Roman occupation. Their defeat by the Roman emperor Tiberius in 9 AD marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The Romans never built up
2666-469: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a local Young Bosnia activist Gavrilo Princip , a murder that sparked World War I . This resulted in the end of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and the creation of the multicultural Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the Balkan region. Later, after World War II , the area was designated the capital of the communist Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within
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2752-445: The capture of Bihać in 1592. The entire territory that is today known as Bosnia and Herzegovina was not conquered by the Ottoman Empire at once in a single battle, but it took the Ottoman Empire several decades to conquer it. Military units of the Ottoman Empire made many raids into feudal principalities in the western Balkans at the end of the 14th century, some of them into territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, long before
2838-546: The evo ending is more likely to have come from the widespread Slavic suffix evo used to indicate place names, than from the Turkish ending ova . The first mention of the name Sarajevo was in a 1507 letter written by Firuz Bey . The official name during the 400 years of Ottoman rule was Saraybosna ("Palace of Bosnia"), which remains the city's name in Modern Turkish. Sarajevo has had many nicknames. The earliest
2924-479: The Austrians. A French account described the bravery in battle of Bosnian Muslim women who fought in the war. The Ottoman Sultans attempted to implement various economic and military reforms in the early 19th century in order to address the grave issues mostly caused by the border wars. The reforms, however, were usually met with resistance by the military captaincies of Bosnia. The most famous of these insurrections
3010-466: The Balkans". It is one of a few major European cities to have a mosque, Catholic church, Eastern Orthodox church, and synagogue within the same neighborhood. It is also home to the former Yugoslavia's first institution of tertiary education in the form of an Islamic polytechnic, today part of the University of Sarajevo . Although there is evidence of human settlement in the area since prehistoric times,
3096-734: The Bosnian border in Slavonia and the Military Frontier at the invitation of the Austrian Emperor. According to an Ottoman Muslim account of the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39) translated into English by C. Fraser, Bosnian Muslim women fought in battle since they "acquired the courage of heroes" against the Austrian Germans at the siege of Osterwitch-atyk (Östroviç-i âtık) fortress. Bosnian Muslim women and men were among
3182-728: The Bosnian sanjak. In 1480, the Sanjak of Zvornik was formed but subordinated to the Beglerbey of Budim . Even though the Bosnian Kingdom fell, there were several fortresses that resisted much longer – the last fortress in Herzegovina fell in 1481. The House of Kosača maintained the Duchy of Saint Sava as an Ottoman vassal state until 1482. In 1481, after the death of Mehmed II , Matthias Corvinus invaded Bosnia again and reached Vrhbosna ( Sarajevo ), but all of those gains were undone within
3268-564: The Children of Sarajevo. Sarajevo has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) bordering on a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ). Sarajevo's climate exhibits four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. The proximity of the Adriatic Sea moderates Sarajevo's climate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce this maritime influence. The average yearly temperature
3354-593: The Eyalet of Rumelia. The Eyalet of Bosnia was established in 1580. It took until 1592 and the fall of Bihać to reach the westernmost frontiers of what is modern Bosnia, and the modern western border of Bosnia to be established. After that, the territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina remained under largely undisturbed Ottoman rule until 1689 and the Great Turkish War . Sarajevo Sarajevo ( / ˌ s ær ə ˈ j eɪ v oʊ / SARR -ə- YAY -voh )
3440-464: The Herzegovinian nobility. The rebellion was extinguished by 1850, but the Empire continued to decline. The Ottoman rule lasted for over four hundred years, until 1878, although nominally Bosnia-Herzegovina remained Ottoman territory (without actual effective rule) until 1908 when it officially became part of Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman rule also saw many architectural investments in Bosnia and
3526-706: The Kingdom by aligning themselves with competing branches of the House of Kotromanić . In 1413, a conflict escalated between Hrvoje and Sandalj while the latter was helping Stefan Lazarević fight the Ottomans in Serbia ; subsequently, Hrvoje allied himself with the Ottomans, who invaded Bosnia in May 1414, which prompted a subsequent invasion by the troops of the Kingdom of Hungary . In a major battle in August 1415 that took place either near Doboj or in
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3612-399: The Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, Mahmud Pasha also invaded Herzegovina and besieged Blagaj after which Herceg Stjepan conceded a truce that required ceding all of his lands north of Blagaj to the Ottomans. The Ottoman territory in Bosnia continued to be expanded into newly-established sanjaks: the Sanjak of Herzegovina was formed in the 1470, subordinated to the beglerbey of Rumelia like
3698-545: The Ottoman Rumelia Province ( beylerbeylik ) and was divided between the three sanjaks (second-level administrative units) of Bosnia (Bosna), Herzegovina (Hersek), and Zvornik (İzvornik). In 1580, the Ottomans created the Bosnia Eyalet which was subdivided into the sanjaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina, among others. They also introduced the so-called spahi system (actually the timar holder system ) which changed
3784-525: The Ottoman Empire at the Treaty of Belgrade . The borders set then remained in place for another century and a half, though the border wars continued. The wars between the Ottomans and Austria and Venice impoverished Bosnia, and encouraged further migration and resettlement; Muslim refugees from Hungary and Slavonia resettled in Bosnia, assimilating into the native Bosniak population, whilst many Eastern Orthodox Christians , mostly from Kosovo but also including those from Serbia and Bosnia, resettled across
3870-463: The Ottoman Empire, such as Arabic , Bosnian , Croatian , Serbian , Greek and Turkish ), Janissaries could easily work their way up to a becoming governors or even Grand Viziers . Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a process that started roughly in 1386, when the first Ottoman attacks on the Kingdom of Bosnia took place. In 1451, more than 65 years after its initial attacks,
3956-490: The Ottoman period, Christians were treated as " dhimmis " by the Ottoman authorities but were otherwise subject to the same restrictions as Muslim subjects. Dhimmis were not required to join the army, but they paid a special tax called jizya ( glavarina in Bosnia). During Ottoman rule, many children of Christian parents, regardless of whether Orthodox or Catholic, were separated from their families and raised to be members of
4042-629: The Ottomans established the Skopsko Krajište after the capture of Skopje , the capital of the Serbian Empire between 1346-1371; the term krajište ( крајиште ) had originally served as an administrative unit of the Serbian Empire or Despotate to designate border regions where the emperor or despot had not established solid and firm control due to raids from hostile neighboring provinces. The militarized territories that would later receive
4128-661: The casualties during the Battle of Osterwitchatyk. Bosnian Muslim women fought in the defense of the fortress of Būzin (Büzin). Women and men resisted the Austrians at the Chetin (Çetin) Fortress. The women of the Bosnians were deemed to be militaristic according to non-Ottoman records of the war between the Ottomans and Austrians and they played a role in the Bosnian success in battle against the Austrian attackers. Yeni Pazar, Izvornik, Östroviç-i âtık, Çetin, Būzin, Gradişka, and Banaluka were struck by
4214-708: The city in the 15th century when Isa-Beg Ishaković founded the town. The toponym Baščaršija derives from the Turkish language . Austria-Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina came in 1878 as part of the Treaty of Berlin , and complete annexation followed in 1908, angering the Serbs . Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions such as tramways , which were established in 1885 before they were later installed in Vienna . Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuild Sarajevo as
4300-484: The city was no longer a national capital and saw a decline in global influence. During World War II , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's army was overrun by German and Italian forces. Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on 15 April 1941 by the 16th Motorized Infantry Division . The Axis powers created the Independent State of Croatia and included Sarajevo in its territory. Immediately following
4386-448: The city's contemporary central municipality ( Centar ) was constructed during this period. Architecture in Sarajevo quickly developed into a wide range of styles and buildings. The Sacred Heart Cathedral , for example, was constructed using elements of neo-gothic and Romanesque architecture . The National Museum , Sarajevo brewery , and City Hall were also constructed during this period. Additionally, Austrian officials made Sarajevo
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#17328525834334472-569: The city. The highest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2,088 m (6,850 ft), followed by Bjelašnica mountain at 2,067 m (6,781 ft), Jahorina at 1,913 m (6,276 ft), Trebević at 1,627 m (5,338 ft), and Igman the shortest at 1,502 m (4,928 ft). The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo. When the city hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics , venues were constructed at these mountains for many winter sports events. The city
4558-448: The conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom. The first Ottoman raids led by Timurtash-Pasha happened in the eastern parts of Bosnia in 1384. The Battle of Bileća in 1388 was the first battle of the Ottoman army on the territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina . It soon won important victories against the regional feudal lords in the Battle of Marica (1371) and Battle of Kosovo (1389). In 1392,
4644-460: The creation and development of many new cities including Sarajevo and Mostar . This is mostly because of the high esteem the Bosniaks held in the eyes of the Sultans and the Turks. The Empire also promoted close relations between Turks and Bosniaks, and many Turks during Ottoman times felt a trust for and a kinship with the Bosniaks. The area of the current Bosnia and Herzegovina was initially part of
4730-585: The death of King Stjepan Tomašević . The Siege of Jajce ensued shortly thereafter in which the Kingdom of Hungary retook the Jajce Fortress . The victory was hailed at Matthias Corvinus 's court as a restoration of the Kingdom of Bosnia, then under Hungarian sovereignty. The Hungarians formed the Banate of Jajce after that. Isa-beg became the first sanjakbey of the Bosnian Sanjak in 1464. After taking
4816-469: The development of a Sephardic Jewish community in Bosnia, chiefly in Sarajevo. The Sephardic Jews were persecuted in and expelled from Catholic Spain at the end of the 15th century, and many resettled in the Ottoman Empire because of its tolerance towards other religions (especially towards People of the Book ), mainly in and around Istanbul . The first synagogue was built in Sarajevo in 1581. During
4902-475: The exact ratios or whether or how much of it was voluntary or not. Since earliest Turkish defters clearly distinguish Bosnian Christians from Catholics or Orthodox, it is now general consensus that the number of Christians adherents in the times during Ottoman rule did not exceed a few hundred people, due to mainly Islamic converts. Ottoman rule also changed the ethnic and religious makeup of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many Catholic Bosnians retreated to Croatia, which
4988-449: The fall of its capital Jajce. The first occupation administration was established that same year. A significant number of Bosnians converted to Islam after the conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 15th century, giving it a unique character within the Balkan region. This conversion appears to have been not sudden but a gradual process based on various rules imposed by
5074-423: The first Ottoman censuses in the western Balkans. By the end of this period, in the 1460s, the territory of the Kingdom of Bosnia was significantly reduced, with the Ottoman Empire controlling the entirety of today's eastern Bosnia, as far north as Šamac , and Herceg Stjepan under control of all of today's Herzegovina as far north as Glamoč . The Ottoman conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia ended in 1463 with
5160-543: The first city in this part of Europe to have a tramway . Although the Bosnia Vilayet de jure remained part of the Ottoman Empire, it was de facto governed as an integral part of Austria-Hungary with the Ottomans having no say in its day-to-day governance. This lasted until 1908 when the territory was formally annexed and turned into a condominium , jointly controlled by both Austrian Cisleithania and Hungarian Transleithania . The event that triggered World War I
5246-402: The ground . After his men had looted thoroughly, they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful of neighborhoods, some mosques, and an Orthodox church were left standing. Numerous other fires weakened the city, which was later rebuilt but never fully recovered from the destruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents. In the 1830s, several battles of
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#17328525834335332-430: The hands of the Nazis and the Ustaše during the Holocaust in the region . The Sarajevo Haggadah was the most important artifact which survived this period, smuggled out of Sarajevo and saved from the Nazis and Ustaše by the chief librarian of the National Museum, Derviš Korkut . On 12 October 1941, a group of 108 notable Bosniak citizens of Sarajevo signed the Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims by which they condemned
5418-424: The heart of the Balkans , a region of Southeastern Europe . Sarajevo is the political, financial, social, and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a prominent center of culture in the Balkans. It exerts region-wide influence in entertainment, media, fashion, and the arts. Due to its long history of religious and cultural diversity, Sarajevo is sometimes called the " Jerusalem of Europe" or "Jerusalem of
5504-472: The local administration and the agriculture , but was generally an arrangement similar to European feudal fiefs . Later as part of the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms, the region became the Bosnia Vilayet which encompassed entire present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina along with the Sandžak region (then the Sanjak of Novi Pazar ), parts of Serbia and Montenegro. All of the Bosnian Church adherents eventually converted to Islam . There are conflicting claims on
5590-400: The modern city arose in the 15th century as an Ottoman stronghold when the Ottoman empire extended into Europe. Sarajevo has gained international renown several times throughout its history. In 1885, it was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram network running through the city, following San Francisco . In 1914, Sarajevo was the site of
5676-435: The municipalities of Novi Grad and Novo Sarajevo , while simultaneously developing the city's industry and transforming Sarajevo into a modern city. Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. Between the end of the war and the end of Yugoslavia, the city grew from a population of 115,000 to more than 600,000 people. The Vraca Memorial Park , a monument for victims of World War II,
5762-408: The municipality of Sokolac (which was not traditionally part of the Sarajevo area and was not partitioned). The city has an urban area of 1,041.5 km (402.1 sq mi). Veliki Park (Great Park) is the largest green area in the center of Sarajevo. It is nestled between Titova , Koševo , Džidžikovac , Tina Ujevića and Trampina Streets and in the lower part there is a monument dedicated to
5848-470: The name Bosansko Krajište (lit. Bosnian Frontierland ) were thus governed by the same Ottoman administration, based in Skopje. After the death of King Tvrtko I in 1391, the Bosnian Kingdom went into decline. In the 1410s, local noblemen Hrvoje Vukčić of the House of Hrvatinić , Sandalj Hranić of the House of Kosača and Pavle Radenović of the House of Pavlović controlled large swaths of territory once controlled by Tvrtko, and effectively controlled
5934-443: The occupation, the main Sephardi Jewish synagogue, Il Kal Grande , was looted, burned, and destroyed by the Nazis . Within a matter of months, the centuries-old Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Sarajevo, comprising the vast majority of Bosnian Jewry , would be rounded up in the Old Synagogue (Stari hram) and deported to their deaths in Croatian concentration camps . Roughly 85% of Bosnia's Jewish population would perish at
6020-404: The region of modern-day Bosnia, but the Roman colony of Aquae Sulphurae was near the top of present-day Ilidža, and was the most important settlement of the time. After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the 7th century. During the Middle Ages , Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of Vrhbosna near the traditional center of the Kingdom of Bosnia . Though
6106-423: The region, as exemplified by the 1984 Winter Olympics that were held in Sarajevo. Average winds are 28–48 km/h (17–30 mph) and the city has 1,769 hours of sunshine. Air pollution is a major issue in Sarajevo. According to the 2016 World Health Organization 's Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2010 was estimated to be 30 μg/m based on PM10 measurement, which
6192-450: The resistance armies, mostly church officials and members of the intelligentsia, and executed them or deported them to concentration camps. By mid-summer 1942, around 20,000 Serbs found refuge in Sarajevo from Ustaše terror. The city was bombed by the Allies from 1943 to 1944. The Yugoslav Partisan movement was represented in the city. In the period February–May 1945, Maks Luburić set up
6278-556: The same meaning). Scholars disagree on the origin of the evo attached to the end. In Slavic languages, the addition of " evo " may indicate a possessive noun, thereby making the name of Sarajevo 'city of the palace'. One theory is that the name may have been derived from the Ottoman Turkish term saray ovası , first recorded in 1455, meaning "the plains around the palace" or simply "palace plains". However, in his Dictionary of Turkish Loanwords , Abdulah Škaljić maintains that
6364-507: The temperature exceeds 32 °C (89.6 °F) and four days where the temperature drops below −15 °C (5 °F) per year. The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 45%. The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover), while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed winter sports to flourish in
6450-642: The war, Bosnia was annexed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , and Sarajevo became the capital of the Drina Province . After World War I and pressure from the Royal Serbian Army , alongside rebelling Slavic nations in Austria-Hungary , Sarajevo became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Though it held some political significance as the center of first the Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina,
6536-409: Was a major town in the wider area of modern-day Sarajevo. Papal documents say that in 1238, a cathedral dedicated to Saint Paul was built in the area. Disciples of the notable saints Cyril and Methodius stopped in the region, founding a church near Vrelo Bosne . Whether or not the town was somewhere in the area of modern-day Sarajevo, the documents attest to its and the region's importance. There
6622-499: Was also a citadel Hodidjed north-east to the Old City , dating from around 1263 until it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1429. Sarajevo was founded by the Ottoman Empire in the 1450s upon its conquest of the region, with 1461 used as the city's founding date. The first Ottoman governor of Bosnia , Isa-Beg Ishaković , transformed the cluster of villages into a city and state capital by building several key structures, including
6708-569: Was attractive to Neolithic humans, and the settlement flourished. The settlement developed unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize the Butmir people as a unique culture, as described at the International Congress of Archaeologists and Anthropologists meeting in Sarajevo in 1894. The next prominent culture in Sarajevo was the Illyrians . The ancient people, who considered most of
6794-513: Was controlled by Habsburg Austria after the Ottoman conquest of most of the Kingdom of Hungary , and to Dalmatia , which was controlled by the Republic of Venice after the fall of Hungary. Conversely, during the couple of centuries Croatia was under Austro-Hungarian rule and Bosnia under Ottoman rule, Muslims from the north and west migrated into Bosnia, forming a heavily-Muslim pocket in its northwest corner around Bihać . The Ottoman period also saw
6880-709: Was dedicated on 25 November, the " Statehood Day of Bosnia and Herzegovina " when the ZAVNOBIH held their first meeting in 1943. A crowning moment of Sarajevo's time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the 1984 Winter Olympics . Sarajevo beat out Sapporo , Japan, and Falun / Gothenburg , Sweden, to host the Olympic Games . The games were followed by a tourism boom, making the 1980s one of the city's most prosperous decades. The Bosnian War for independence resulted in large-scale destruction and dramatic population shifts during
6966-456: Was estimated to be over 80,000. By contrast, Belgrade in 1683 had 100,000, and Zagreb as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed, Sarajevo became the site of warfare. In 1697, during the Great Turkish War , a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to
7052-600: Was nominated as the 2014 European Capital of Culture . It was selected to host the European Youth Olympic Festival . In addition, in October 2019, Sarajevo was designated as a UNESCO Creative City for having placed culture at the center of its development strategies. It is also ranked as one of the world's eighteen Cities of Film . The name Sarajevo derives from the Turkish noun saray , meaning "palace" or "mansion" (from Persian sarāy , سرای , of
7138-614: Was one of great development for the city, as the Western power brought its new acquisition up to the standards of the Victorian age . Various factories and other buildings were built at this time, and a large number of institutions were both Westernized and modernized. For the first time in history, Sarajevo's population began writing in Latin script . For the first time in centuries, the city significantly expanded outside its traditional borders. Much of
7224-638: Was reduced in the 1990s after the war and the Dayton-imposed administrative division of the country, with several municipalities partitioned along the border of the newly recognized Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), creating several new municipalities which together form the city of Istočno Sarajevo in the Republika Srpska: Istočna Ilidža , Istočno Novo Sarajevo , Istočni Stari Grad , Lukavica , Pale (RS-section) , and Trnovo (RS-section) , along with
7310-554: Was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , along with his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb and self-declared Yugoslav, and member of Young Bosnia . This was followed by the Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , which resulted in two deaths and destruction of property. In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction. Following
7396-542: Was the 1831–1832 one, headed by Captain Husein Gradaščević ( Zmaj od Bosne , the Bosnian Dragon ), who raised a full-scale rebellion in the province, joined by thousands of native Bosnian soldiers. Despite winning several notable victories, the rebels were eventually defeated in a battle near Sarajevo in 1832. Internal discord contributed to the failure of the rebellion, because Gradaščević was not supported by much of
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