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43-404: The Osceola flow began either as an avalanche or series of avalanches near the summit of Mount Rainier but had transformed to a lahar within 2 km (1.2 mi) of where it was initiated as it incorporated significant amounts of water from within the volcano's hydrothermal system. The sector collapse formed a 1.8 km (1.1 mi) wide horseshoe-shaped crater, open to the northeast, almost

86-628: A central vent. Russell Cliff , Liberty Cap , Point Success , and Disappointment Cleaver , surround this feature. Using the dipping lava beds upward, it has been estimated the height of Mount Rainier was about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft). This is similar to the depression in Mount St. Helens from the eruption of May 18, 1980. Using information from the Mount St. Helens crater the volume of Mount Rainier collapsed has been calculated to be 2.0 to 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.48 to 0.60 cu mi) An analysis of

129-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.22. The median age in the city was 34.4 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 10.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

172-426: A portion of the volcano to collapse. While eruption is one cause, sector collapse can occur without any eruption. Magmatic intrusions can also lead to sector collapse. Dikes fracture and deform rock, leaving the volcano weaker and more susceptible to collapse. Hydrothermal activity is another internal cause, likely due to reactions of acid - sulfates weakening volcanic rock . Gravity-induced collapse occurs when

215-400: A tsunami that killed 1,500 people. Sector collapse events can also displace thousands and cause homelessness . Prehistoric sector collapses are stored in the geological record in the form of debris avalanche deposits and collapse scars. Debris avalanche deposits can be found up to 20 km from the site of collapse. Studying avalanche deposits informs on the time scale of the collapse and

258-616: Is a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m ) facility built in 2000 and expanded in 2012 having replaced an earlier, nearby location. It is part of the Les Gove Park, a 20 acre community campus south of State Route 164 including the White River Valley Museum, a senior center, and other recreational services. Fourth of July and other celebrations such as Auburn Good Ol' Days are also held in Les Gove annually. The sculpture Crow with Fries

301-651: Is another external cause of sector collapse, with the majority of glacial melt induced collapses occurring during the Pleistocene . Glacial melting increases volcanic slope and decreases pore pressure , leading to sector collapse. Sea level change has also been associated with sector collapse. Because sector collapse events occur suddenly and over small time periods, they are difficult to predict. More often, volcanoes are assessed for risk of sector collapse. Collapse ultimately occurs due to structural instability, which can be determined by volcanic slope angle, composition of

344-566: Is between 5603 and 5491 yr B.P. From these samples the Mudflow is thus dated to about 5600 yr B.P. ]]. Since 1898, geologists recognized that Mount Rainier was historically higher. In 1963, D.R. Crandell inferred that the “missing summit” had collapsed down the northeast side becoming the Osceola Mudflow. A semicircular amphitheater would have opened to the northeast. The depression then filled over time with ice ( Emmons Glacier ) and lava flows from

387-501: Is estimated to have been traveling at 70 km/h (43 mph) up to 50 km (31 mi) downstream from the source region. Many communities in King and Pierce counties , notably Kent , Enumclaw, Orting , Buckley , Sumner , Puyallup and Auburn, are wholly or partly located on top of Osceola Mudflow deposits which reach a depth of up to 100 m (330 ft). The flow may have buried embayments of Puget Sound. The Osceola Mudflow

430-789: Is installed in Les Gove Park. Auburn is designated by the Veterans Day National Committee and the US Department of Veterans Affairs as a Regional Site for celebration of Veterans Day. The City of Auburn has designated the following landmarks: Emerald Downs is a 167-acre (0.68 km ) six-level stadium and thoroughbred racetrack. The racetrack is operated on land purchased by the Muckleshoot in 2002. Auburn has an extensive system of parks, open space and urban trails: 28 developed parks, over 23 mi (37 km) of trails (including Auburn's 4.5 mi (7.2 km) portion of

473-688: Is land and 0.29 square miles (0.75 km ) is water. Two rivers, the White River and, to a greater extent, the Green River flow through Auburn. Historically, the Stuck River ran through the settlement of Stuck, which is now a small pocket of unincorporated King County within southern Auburn. In 1906, the flow of the White River was diverted into the Stuck's channel near today's Game Farm Park. References to

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516-525: Is the site for the Northwest headquarters of United States General Services Administration . According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: The Outlet Collection Seattle , formerly SuperMall of the Great Northwest, is an outlet mall which opened in 1995. The White River Valley Museum's exhibits feature Auburn, from Native American history to

559-623: Is within the Dieringer School District. Auburn has many large roads nearby and within city limits, including State Route 167 (commonly referred as the "Valley Freeway") and State Route 18 . Auburn also has its own transit center, Auburn station in downtown, that serves as a major hub for southern King County. Sound Transit buses connect the Auburn Transit Center directly to Federal Way, Sumner, and Kent, while King County Metro buses connect it to Green River Community College,

602-627: The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians found that this detainment was an unjust act in its report. In 2008, Auburn annexed the West Hill and Lea Hill neighborhoods of unincorporated King County, adding 15,000 residents and expanding its land area by 26 percent. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 29.87 square miles (77.36 km ), of which 29.58 square miles (76.61 km )

645-971: The United States Geological Survey . Sector collapse A sector collapse or lateral collapse is the structural failure and subsequent collapse of part of a volcano . Unlike a flank collapse , a sector collapse involves the central volcanic pipe . Sector collapses are one of the most hazardous volcanic events, often resulting in lateral blasts , landslides , and changes in volcanic eruptive behavior. Sector collapse can be caused by earthquakes , volcanic eruptions, gradual volcanic deformation , and other processes. Sector collapse events can occur on volcanoes at convergent and divergent plate boundaries . Sector collapses are generally very sudden; however, some attempts have been made to predict collapse events. Sector collapse can result from internal volcanic processes. Volcanic eruption can damage originally stable magma chambers , causing

688-528: The avalanche , and it would have added materials from along the route, accounting for the difference. The Osceola debris underlies the Puyallup River valley and the Puyallup and Duwamish embayments of Puget Sound . Osceola Mud has a depth of about 80 metres (260 ft) (two-thirds below sea level) north of Auburn . Near Orting the flow is 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26 ft) deep. Down valley, near Sumner on

731-574: The 1860s, including Levi Ballard, who set up a homestead between the Green and White rivers. Ballard filed for a plat to establish a town in February 1886, naming it Slaughter for an officer slain during the Indian wars in 1855. Slaughter was incorporated on June 13, 1891, but its name was changed two years later to Auburn on February 21, 1893, by an action of the state legislature. Newer residents had disliked

774-536: The 1920s. They focus on the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, pioneer life, immigration from Europe and Japan, truck farming, railroading and the building of towns throughout the area. Visitors can visit a recreation of a pioneer cabin, climb aboard a Northern Pacific Railway caboose, and investigate a recreation of the shops in 1924 downtown Auburn. As part of the King County Library System , there

817-634: The Auburn and Puyallup deltas, of the prehistoric Puget Sound, the mudflow is 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft) deep. Research shows that 1.26 cubic kilometres (0.30 cu mi) of Osceola debris spread underwater and covers 157 square kilometres (61 sq mi) 157 in prehistoric Puget Sound. The Osceola debris increased sedimentation after the Osceola Mudflow filled the Duwamish and Puyallup arms of Puget Sound. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

860-623: The Cemetery with more durable concrete markers. The interwar period saw several Japanese-American baseball teams from the area compete in the courier league with the White River All-Stars enjoying particularly large success winning four of the July 4th tournaments. In 1930 a Japanese bath house was constructed outside of Neely Mansion by the then current tenants. With the Attack on Pearl Harbor during

903-476: The Inter-urban Trail for bikers, walkers, runners and skaters), and almost 247 acres (100 ha) of open space for passive and active recreation. The city of Auburn is a mayor-council form of government meaning the mayor is a full-time, separately elected position. The current mayor is Nancy Backus, who was first elected to the post in 2013 and re-elected in 2017 and 2021. She is the first woman to serve in

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946-587: The Second World War, Japanese immigrants and the Japanese-American community as a whole were largely seen with unwarranted distrust by the majority white population, including in Auburn. Executive Order 9066 , issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, led to the city's Japanese-American population being relocated to internment camps. After the war, of about 300 Japanese families living in Auburn only around twenty-five returned. In 1980,

989-414: The Stuck River still appear in some property legal descriptions and place names (e.g., Stuck River Drive) within Auburn, but today it is essentially indistinguishable from the southern White River. As of the 2023 American Community Survey , there are 30,938 estimated households in Auburn with an average of 2.74 persons per household. The city has a median household income of $ 92,824. Approximately 9.6% of

1032-606: The Super Mall, and Auburn Way. Sounder commuter trains travel from Auburn to Downtown Seattle in approximately 30 minutes, and to Lakewood station in less than 35 minutes. Until 1987, Auburn was home to a steam locomotive roundhouse and diesel engine house of the Northern Pacific Railway , the BNSF Railway of today. BNSF maintains a rail yard and small car repair facility, along with maintenance-of-way facilities at

1075-640: The city to grow without the aforementioned hurdle impeding the growth. In 1917 the city, in response to the growing of the Japanese community, donated some of the land in Pioneer Cemetery to the White River Buddhist Church. A little over ten years later, Rev. Giryo Takemura, minister of the church at the time, and his future son-in-law, Chiyokichi Natsuhara, raised money to replace the old wooden sticks and columns that had been in use as gravestones at

1118-575: The city was 36.6 years. As of the 2020 census , there were 87,256 people, 30,806 households, and 20,850 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,950.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,139.0/km ). There were 31,947 housing units at an average density of 1,080.1 inhabitants per square mile (417.0/km ). The racial makeup was 51.60% White , 7.79% African American , 2.29% Native American , 13.11% Asian , 3.17% Pacific Islander , 10.32% from some other races and 11.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 18.59% of

1161-571: The city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. According to the Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2023, there were 663 violent crimes and 4,829 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 8 murders, 55 forcible rapes, 368 robberies and 232 aggravated assaults, while 955 burglaries, 2,214 larceny-thefts, 1,643 motor vehicle thefts and 17 acts of arson defined

1204-557: The city's population lives at or below the poverty line . Auburn has an estimated 63.5% employment rate, with 26.2% of the population holding a bachelor's degree or higher and 88.9% holding a high school diploma. The top nine reported ancestries (people were allowed to report up to two ancestries, thus the figures will generally add to more than 100%) were German (11.6%), English (9.3%), Irish (5.9%), Norwegian (3.2%), French (except Basque) (2.3%), Italian (2.2%), Polish (1.7%), Subsaharan African (1.1%), and Scottish (0.9%). The median age in

1247-462: The clay and altered minerals like smectite , kaolinite , halloysite , mica , cristobalite , opal , and hematite in Osceola deposits with the same minerals in outcrops on Mount Rainier show that the mudflow began as a huge avalanche from this area. The volume of the mudflow is estimated at 3.8 cubic kilometres (0.91 cu mi) from an examination of outcrops and well logs plus an estimation of

1290-413: The denser nature of mafic magma often prevents its rise. Collapse relieves some of the overlying surface mass thus allowing for more mafic magma composition. Sector collapses and landslides caused by them have directly resulted in more than 3,500 fatalities since 1600 and caused extensive property damage. A particularly deadly consequence of sector collapse is tsunami . The Oshima-Oshima collapse led to

1333-469: The name and its connection to the word " slaughter ", especially after the town's hotel was named the Slaughter House. The name Auburn was chosen in honor of Auburn, New York , for the areas' shared reliance on hops farming. The White and Green Rivers have been a major part of the history and culture of Auburn since the area was settled with multiple locations in the city being named after either of

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1376-585: The office since Auburn was incorporated in 1891. Public schools are administered by the Auburn School District . The district is larger than the city itself, serving the neighboring towns of Algona and Pacific , as well as some unincorporated areas around Auburn and Kent . Portions of northern Auburn are served by the Federal Way and Kent school districts and a portion of Auburn in Pierce County

1419-434: The population. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18, 6.5% were under 5 years of age, and 12.4% were 65 and older. As of the 2010 census , there were 70,180 people, 26,058 households, and 17,114 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,369.3 inhabitants per square mile (914.8/km ). There were 27,834 housing units at an average density of 939.7 inhabitants per square mile (362.8/km ). The racial makeup

1462-462: The property offenses. As of August 31, 2024, 69.2% of the population is in the labor force with a 5.2% unemployment rate. The Auburn Boeing Plant, opened in 1966, is the largest airplane parts plant in the world, with 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m ) and 1.265 million parts being manufactured each year. With over 5,000 employees, the Boeing plant is the third major employer in Auburn. Auburn

1505-497: The same size as the crater produced by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Most of the Osceola crater has been filled in by subsequent lava eruptions, most recently about 2,200 years ago. With a volume of 3.8 km (0.91 cu mi) and an areal extent of about 550 km (210 sq mi) , the Osceola Mudflow buried a large portion of the Puget Sound lowland with hydrothermally altered volcanic material that

1548-567: The two rivers. Frequent flooding from the rivers caused numerous problems for the people living in the community with one outcome being the creation of Mountain View Cemetery over on one of the hills overlooking the valley. It was not until the completion of the Mud Mountain Dam and the Howard A. Hanson Dam, along the White River and Green River respectively, that the flooding would cease and allow

1591-489: The volcanic slope approaches the critical angle of repose . The slope angle is a major factor in collapse events. Sector collapse sometimes occurs because of external processes. Seismic activity is a prominent cause of collapse events. Earthquakes can weaken the structural stability of volcanoes, leading to sudden collapse or contributing to a later collapse. Intense weather and heavy rainfall can cause damaging erosion, increasing likelihood of collapse. Glacial melting

1634-605: The volcano from which it originated. Collapse scars are also an indicator of sector collapse and are often described as " amphitheatre " or " horseshoe " shaped. One such collapse scar is the Sciara del Fuoco formed on the Stromboli volcano due to a sector collapse. Auburn, Washington Auburn is a city in King County , Washington , United States (with a small portion crossing into neighboring Pierce County ). The population

1677-522: The volcano, deformation, and other factors. Some volcanoes experience no changes in volcanic behavior while others experience altered rates of eruption and magma composition. Collapse is typically followed by phreatic eruption due to a reduction in magma chamber pressure after sector collapse. Damage caused by collapse can create a new and different volcanic plumbing system , which could impact eruption rates. Sector collapse often results in eruption of more mafic magma. Large overlying surface mass and

1720-469: The volume parcels from across the identified flow. The mudflow centers about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Rainier. The Osceola volume of 3.8 cubic kilometres (0.91 cu mi) plus the Paradise lahar of 0.05 to 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.012 to 0.024 cu mi) is more than the 2 to 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.48 to 0.60 cu mi) of the “missing summit.” The material would have expanded during

1763-453: Was 70.46% White , 4.94% African American , 2.29% Native American , 8.91% Asian , 1.64% Pacific Islander , 6.31% from some other races and 5.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 12.87% of the population. There were 26,058 households, of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had

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1806-636: Was 87,256 at the 2020 Census . Auburn is a suburb in the Seattle metropolitan area , and is currently ranked as the 15th most populous city in the state of Washington. The Muckleshoot Indian Reservation lies to the south and southeast. Before the first European arrived in the Green River Valley in the 1850s, the area was home to the Muckleshoot people, who were temporarily driven out by Indian wars later that decade. Several settler families arrived in

1849-462: Was Mount Rainier's signature event during the Holocene epoch . It was named after the unincorporated community of Osceola . The age of the mudflow has been determined by the radiocarbon dating of the wood found within the debris. Eight samples range in age from 4425 ± 310 to 5040 ± 150 yr B.P. The average of the eight ages is 4832 ± 43 yr B.P.. Corrected for changes in atmospheric Carbon 14 (14C),

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