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43-610: The dynasty was founded by Artuk , son of Eksük, a general originally under Malik-Shah I and then under the Seljuk emir of Damascus , Tutush I . Tutush appointed Artuk governor of Jerusalem in 1086. Artuk died in 1091, and was succeeded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi who were expelled from Jerusalem by the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah in 1098; the Fatimids lost the city to the Crusaders

86-664: A decisive defeat on them at the Battle of Sardrud in which Miran Shah was killed. In 1409 fall, Qara Yusuf entered Tabriz and sent a raiding party to Shirvan , especially Shaki , which was fruitless. In 1410, the Qara Qoyunlu captured Baghdad. The installation of a subsidiary Qara Qoyunlu line there hastened the downfall of the Jalairids they had once served. Despite internal fighting among Qara Yusuf's descendants after his death in 1420, The Qara Qoyunlu state collapsed after Qara Yusif. After

129-748: A policy of persecution against the Armenians in Syunik and colophons to Armenian manuscripts record the sacking of the Tatev monastery by his forces. But he, too, sought a rapprochement with the Armenians, allotting land to feudal lords, rebuilding churches, and approving the relocation of the seat of the Armenian Apostolic Church 's Catholicos to Etchmiadzin Cathedral in 1441. For all this, Jihanshah continued to attack Armenian towns and take Armenian captives as

172-617: A synthesis of Ptolemy 's Almagest and Arabic astronomical traditions, was made in 1131 in Artuqid Mardin . Kara Arslan (1148–1174 CE) commissioned a new Arabic translation of De Materia Medica by an Arab Christian author named Abu Salim al-Malti, probably from Malatya . The Artuqid ruler Nasr al-Din Mahmud (r. 1201–1222) is known to have commissioned an edition of the Al-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal of Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari , devoted to

215-554: The Black Sheep Turkomans , were a culturally Persianate , Muslim Turkoman monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan , Armenia , northwestern Iran , eastern Turkey , and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468. The name Qara Qoyunlu literally means "[those with] black sheep". It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to Rashid al-Din Hamadani ,

258-727: The Zengids , and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured Edessa , the first of the Crusader states to fall (see Siege of Edessa ). The Artuqids became vassals of the Zengids during the reign of Nur al-Din Zengi (r. 1146–1174). Kara Aslan's son Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against Kilij Arslan II , Seljuk sultan of Rûm , whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In

301-457: The 12th century by several Artuqid rulers on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The congregational mosque of Dunaysir (now Kızıltepe ) was commissioned by Yülük Arslan (1184–1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk Arslan (1203–1239). The Artuqids are known for their sponsoring of literary works in Arabic. A copy of al-Sufi 's book on astronomy The Book of Fixed Stars ,

344-653: The Artuqid dynasty were those based in Hasankeyf, Harput, Mardin and Aleppo. This branch was initially based at Hasankeyf (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to Diyarbakır (Amid) in 1183. Following the rule of Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, the territories of the Hasankeyf branch of the Artuqids were taken over by the Ayyubids . The Harput branch was initially part of the Hasankeyf branch until 1185, gaining independence from Kara Arslan. Harput

387-558: The Artuqid ruler Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the Artuqid double-headed eagle on its walls. A large caravanserai in Mardin as well as the civil engineering feat of Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The partially standing Old Bridge, Hasankeyf , was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan. The Great Mosques of Mardin and Silvan were possibly but in any case considerably developed over

430-680: The Crusader state Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis of 1119. After pillaging the County of Edessa , Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121, he went north towards Armenia with his son-in-law Mazyad Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of Ganja . Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated by David IV of Georgia at the Battle of Didgori of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew Belek Ghazi nominally controlled Aleppo,

473-574: The Jalayirid sultan Ahmad Jalayir also came to Damascus. Not wanting to worsen relations with Timur, An-Nasir Faraj agreed to capture Qara Yusuf and Ahmad Jalayir and hand them over to him. Together in prison, the two leaders renewed their friendship, making an agreement that Ahmad Jalayir should keep Baghdad while Qara Yusuf would have Azerbaijan. Ahmad also adopted Qara Yusuf's son Pirbudag . When Timur died in 1405, an-Nasir Faraj released them both. However, according to Faruk Sümer, they were released on

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516-491: The Mongol Hulegu . The Kara Koyunlu captured Mardin and finally put an end to Artuqid rule in 1409. Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments. Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and

559-704: The Qara Qoyunlu and conquered Iraq , Azerbaijan , and western Iran. The argument that there was a clear-cut contrast between the Sunnism of the Āq Qoyunlū and the Shiʿism of the Qara Qoyunlū and the Ṣafawīya rests mainly on later Safavid sources and must be considered doubtful. As to the religious affiliations of the Qara Qoyunlu, although some of the later members of the family had Shi'i-type names and there were occasional Shi'i coin legends, there seems no strong evidence for definite Shi'i sympathies among many Turkmen elements of

602-1055: The Qara Qoyunlu besides Baharlu were the Saadlu in Nakhchevan , the Karamanlu in Ganja and Barda'a region, the Alpaut and the Agacheri in Mar'ash , the Dukharlu in the Erzurum - Bayburt region, the Jagirlu in Ardabil region, the Hajilu . According to Faruk Sümer , the Qara Qoyunlu tribe was undoubtedly a sub-tribe ( oba ) of the Oghuz, and Minorsky 's claim that this subtribe belonged to

645-450: The Qara Qoyunlu levied heavy taxes against the Armenians , the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place. This peaceful period was, however, shattered with the rise of Qara Iskander , who reportedly made Armenia a "desert" and subjected it to "devastation and plunder, to slaughter, and captivity". Iskander's wars with and eventual defeat by

688-593: The Timurids invited further destruction in Armenia, as many Armenians were taken captive and sold into slavery and the land was subjected to outright pillaging, forcing many of them to leave the region. Iskander did attempt to reconcile with the Armenians by appointing an Armenian from a noble family, Rustum, as one of his advisers. When the Timurids launched their final incursion into the region, they convinced Jihanshah, Iskander's brother, to turn on his brother. Jihanshah pursued

731-720: The Turkish TV series, Diriliş: Ertuğrul , he is portrayed as a close companion of Ertuğrul by the Turkish actor, Ayberk Pekcan . This is anachronistic as Ertuğrul died in 1280 and their live spans most likely did not overlapped. He is paid homage in Alparslan BUYUK SELCUKLU This Seljuk biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kara Koyunlu The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu ( Azerbaijani : Qaraqoyunlular , قاراقویونلولار‎ ; Persian : قره قویونلو ), also known as

774-732: The Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads. Another hypothesis is that the name refers to the predominant color of their flocks. The ruling family descended from the Yıwa tribe of the Oghuz Turks , specifically, the Baharlu , who by the fourteenth century possessed territories north of Lake Van and Mosul in Upper Mesopotamia . The tribes that comprised

817-729: The Yiwa is probably true. Duharlu Turkmens, a branch of Qara Qoyunlu first appeared in the Chronicle of Michael Panaretos . It is probable that the Duharlu tribe came to Anatolia from Central Asia during the Mongol invasions , as testified by the legendary tradition of Qara Qoyunlu. The Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans were initially vassals of the Jalayirid Sultanate in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when

860-585: The art of metalworking. The door and door handles of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul, Turkey. They made the most significant additions to Diyarbakır City Walls . Urfa Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden and Yedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by

903-412: The battle of Mus. Qara Qoyunlu was almost destroyed. This time Hasanali Mirza came to power, but was killed by Uzun Hasan and the Qara Qoyunlu state collapsed. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Qara Qoyunlu. The principal Armenian sources available in this period come from the historian Tovma Metsopetsi and several colophons to contemporary manuscripts. According to Tovma, although

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946-614: The battle, he took part in the conquest of Anatolia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire. He captured the Yeşilırmak ( Ancient Greek : Ἶρις ) valley in 1074. In 1075, Artuk captured on behalf of the Byzantine Empire the Norman rebell Roussel de Bailleul and handed him over to the future emperor Alexios Komnenos . He also served the sultan by quashing a rebellion in 1077. His next mission

989-481: The characteristic Turkic dress, with long coat and boots, and the sharbush headgear (of a special type seen only in Artuqid manuscripts, with a very tall cap behind the headplate and the limited usage of fur around the rim). An early edition of the Maqamat al-Hariri ( Bibliothèque Nationale de France , Arabe 3929 ) is also considered as probably belonging to the same Artuqid school of painting. The major branches of

1032-483: The city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered by Assassins in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of Zengi , atabeg of Mosul , in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd , bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son Kara Aslan . Kara Aslan allied with Joscelin II of Edessa against

1075-474: The coins of Qara Yusuf, Isqandar and Jahan Shah. In addition to that, there is no record in the contemporary Aq Qoyunlu, Mamluk and Timurid sources that the Qara Qoyunlu rulers were inclined to Shi'ism. The Qara Qoyunlu state organization was based mainly on of its predecessors, Jalayirids , and the Ilkhanids . Qara Qoyunlu rulers used the title sultan since the enthronement of Pirbudag by Qara Yusuf. Sometimes

1118-643: The country saw further devastation in the final years of Jihanshah's failed struggles with the Aq Qoyunlu. Jahan Shah made peace with the Timurid Shahrukh Mirza ; however, this soon fell apart. When Shahrukh Mirza died in 1447, the Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans annexed portions of Iraq and the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula as well as Timurid-controlled western Iran. Though much territory

1161-488: The death of Qara Yusuf in December 1420, Shah Rukh tried to take Azerbaijan from Qara Yusuf's son Iskander , using the fact that none of his sons was accompanying his father. Despite defeating Iskander, twice in 1420–21 and 1429, only in the third expedition of Shahrukh Mirza in 1434–35 did the Timurids succeed, when he entrusted the government to Iskander's own brother, Jahan Shah (1436-1467) as his vassal. In 1436 he obtained

1204-456: The depiction of mechanical devices, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court ( Ahmet III 3472 , Topkapı Sarayı Library ). The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time. Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was employed at the Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus. Many of the figures in the manuscript wear

1247-518: The following year after the siege of Jerusalem of 1099 . Sökmen and Ilghazi established themselves in Diyarbakır , Mardin , and Hasankeyf in al-Jazira where they came into conflict with the Seljuk sultanate . Sökmen, bey of Mardin, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sökmen in Mardin and imposed his control over Aleppo at the request of the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. The next year, Ilghazi defeated

1290-533: The help of Shah Rukh to defeat Iskander and seize the throne for himself. He was also adopted by Gawhar Shad and crowned on 19 April 1438, taking the epithet Muzaffar al-Din . Due to the mistakes of his predecessor, the Timurid Shah Rukh, was the first to convene a party in the palace. They brought the Timurids to the capital. But he went to war with his enemies, the Aq Qoyunlular. Jahanshah Haqiqi died in

1333-588: The leader of their leading tribe ruled Mosul. However, they rebelled against the Jalayirids and secured their independence from the dynasty with the conquest of Tabriz by Qara Yusuf . In 1400, the Timurid Empire under Timur defeated the Qara Qoyunlu, and Qara Yusuf fled to Egypt , seeking refuge with the Mamluk Sultanate . Qara Yusuf was welcomed by Sheikh Mahmud, the nāʾib of Damascus . Not long after,

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1376-625: The orders of rebellious wali of Damascus, Sheykh Mahmud. Qara Yusuf, having returned from exile, forced Timur's governor of Van , Izzaddin Shir, to submit, while capturing Altamış, another viceroy set up by Timur, and sending him to Barquq . He later moved on to the territories of Azerbaijan. He defeated the Timurid Abu Bakr at the Battle of Nakhchivan on 14 October 1406 and reoccupied Tabriz. Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah tried to recapture Azerbaijan, but on 20 April 1408, Qara Yusuf inflicted

1419-433: The peace settlement with Kilij Arslan II, Saladin gained control of the Artuqid territory, even though the Artuqids were still technically vassals of Mosul , which Saladin did not control. The Seljuk Empire completely disintegrated soon after that in 1194. The Artuqid dynasty remained in nominal command of al-Jazira, but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198 and its center

1462-476: The provincial organization, the provinces were governed by şehzade and beys , who had smaller divans in each of the provinces. The governance by military governors (beys) generally passed on from father to son. In the cities there were officials called darugha , that looked after financial and administrative affairs, and also had political powers. The şehzades and beys had their own soldiers which were called nökers , who were trained and salaried. Under Timur,

1505-629: The time. During the Qara period, Shi'ism became widespread. Successful activities of Shaykh Junayd-i Safavi in Azerbaijan and Anatolia, and the Musha'sha'iyyah in Khuzestan are the most important pieces of evidence that Shi'ism was spread by the sword. It can be said, like Yar Ali (brother of Qara Yusuf) in the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty, there is a conscious love for Ali (caliph). However, the names of four caliphs are seen on

1548-561: The title bahadur appeared on the coinage. They also used the titles khan , khagan and padishah . Keeping with a Persianate culture, the Qara Qoyunlu used the Persian language for diplomacy, poetry, and as a court language. Diplomatic letters to the Timurids and Ottomans were written in Persian, while the correspondence with the Mamluk sultans were in Arabic. Official internal documents (farmān, suyūrghāl) were also written in Persian. As for

1591-567: Was Eksük. He was the Seljuk governor of Jerusalem between 1085–1091. Although the Artuqid dynasty was named after him, actually the dynasty was founded by his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi after his death. He was also father to Alp-Yaruq, Bahram, Abd al-Jabar, and three other sons. Artuk Bey was one of the commanders of the Great Seljuk Empire army during the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. After

1634-449: Was Malik Shah's discordant younger brother in Syria in 1084. In 1086 he was instrumental in defeating Suleiman ibn Qutulmish , the sultan of Seljuks of Rûm in the battle of Ain Salm between Süleyman and Tutush. Tutush granted him al-Quds (Jerusalem) as an iqta and Artuk was governor there until his death in 1091. His grave is in a tomb next to his khanqah near the Gate of al-Dawadariya , known as Gate of King Faisal today. In

1677-406: Was a campaign in 1086 to capture Diyarbakır (Amid) from the Marwanids . In this campaign he quarreled with the commander-in-chief Fakhr al-Dawla ibn Jahir who tended to make peace with Marwanids. In a surprise attack he defeated reinforcements to Marwanids. However, when the sultan Malik Shah I heard about the event he accused Artuk. Artuk left the battle field and attended to Tutush I who

1720-537: Was conquered by Kayqubad I , Seljuk sultan of Rûm, in 1234, as part of his conquering of Anatolia. The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in Mardin and Mayyafariqin from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq. Mardin was conquered by the Kara Koyunlu , a Turkoman tribe, in 1409. The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See also Rulers of Aleppo . Aleppo

1763-479: Was gained during his rule, Jahān Shāh's reign was troubled by his rebellious sons and the almost autonomous rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in 1464. In 1466, Jahan Shah attempted to take Diyarbakır from the Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans"), however, this was a catastrophic failure resulting in Jahān Shāh's death and the collapse of the Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans' control in the Middle East. By 1468, at their height under Uzun Hasan (1452–1478), Aq Qoyunlu defeated

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1806-425: Was moved here, but was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 when it attempted to form an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was destroyed by the Sultanate of Rum due to following a slippery policy between the Ayyubids and Seljuqs. The Mardin branch survived for longer, but as a vassal of the Ayyubids , Sultanate of Rûm , Il-Khanate and the Timurids . Qara Arslan (r.1260-1292), ruler of Mardin, submitted to

1849-438: Was taken by Zengi in 1128 and ruled by the Zengid dynasty until 1183. Artuqids coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations". Artuk Bey Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg, known as Artuk Bey, was a Turkoman commander of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, chief of the Oghuz tribe of Döğer , and eponymous founder of the Artuqid dynasty . His father's name

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