Misplaced Pages

#61938

69-634: In its introduction, it identifies six periods in the history of the state which have contributed to the establishment of local names: The seventh edition contains 6,252 entries, with references to another 2,679 names scattered throughout the text. Entries are listed in alphabetical order, beginning with A B Crossing , a railroad station in Coos County , and ending with Zwagg Island , an island near Brookings, Oregon . The first three editions were edited by Lewis A. McArthur and published by Binford & Mort ; Lewis L. McArthur took over from his father as of

138-537: A U.S. state , may be considered in five eras: geologic history, inhabitation by native peoples , early exploration by Europeans (primarily fur traders ), settlement by pioneers , and modern development. The term "Oregon" may refer to: The history of Oregon, and of the Pacific Northwest , has received little attention from historians, as compared to other regions of the American far west. Volcanic activity in

207-484: A Republican in the U.S. Senate in 1907–1913. He was the first American chosen to the Senate by popular vote, thanks to Oregon's direct primary law, which obligated the legislature to select the candidate with the highest vote in the primary. In 1908, he was a national leader in the group that attempted to persuade Theodore Roosevelt run for a third term as president; Roosevelt declined. In 1911-1912 Bourne served as president of

276-403: A bride price. Especially notable was the cultural norm that allowed wives to leave husbands, as they were "in no sense chattel ... and certainly cannot be disposed of as a possession." The Klamath use Apocynum cannabinum as a fiber and eat the roots of Lomatium canbyi . They use the rootstocks of Sagittaria cuneata as food. They use Carex , weaving the leaves into mats, using the juice of

345-598: A crash in fur prices undermined the company in the early 1840s, it remained an important presence until the Oregon Treaty of 1846. In the 1830s, several parties of Americans traveled to Oregon, further establishing the Oregon Trail. Many of these emigrants were missionaries seeking to convert natives to Christianity . Jason Lee was the first, traveling in Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth 's party in 1833 and establishing

414-472: A mile (about 1 km) when much of the volcano fell into the volcano's partially emptied neck and magma chamber . Mazama's collapsed caldera , in today's southern Oregon , contains Crater Lake , and the entire mountain is located in Crater Lake National Park . The Klamath Native Americans of the area thought that the mountain was inhabited by Llao , their god of the underworld . After

483-656: Is now Oregon. Nehalem Indian tales recount strangers and the discovery of items like chunks of beeswax and a lidded silver vase, likely connected, to the 1707 wreck of the San Francisco Xavier . Juan Pérez explored the coast of the Pacific Northwest north to British Columbia in 1774. He was the first European to see Yaquina Head on the Oregon Coast . In 1775 another Spanish expedition, under Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra and Bruno de Heceta , explored

552-677: The Columbia River Gorge , damming the river and forming the Bridge of the Gods , a land bridge remembered in the oral history of local Native Americans. Celilo Falls , a series of rapids on the Columbia River just upstream of present-day The Dalles, Oregon , was a fishing site for natives for several millennia. Native people traveled to Celilo Village from all over the Pacific Northwest and beyond to trade. The rapids were submerged in 1957 with

621-667: The Goyatöka Band ("Crayfish Eaters"), direct south their Modoc kin ( Mo'dokni maklaks - "Southern People, i.e. Tule Lake People") with whom they shared the Modoc Plateau , in the southwest were living Shasta peoples ( S[h]asti maklaks ) and the Klamath River further downstream the Karuk and Yurok (both: Skatchpalikni - "People along the Scott River "), in the west and northwest were

690-677: The Latgawa ("Upland Takelma") (according to Spier: Walumskni - "Enemy" ) and Takelma/Dagelma ("Lowland/River Takelma") (more likely both were called: Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks - “Rogue River People”). Beyond the Cascade Range ( Yámakisham Yaina - “mountains of the Northerners”) in the Rogue River Valley ( Wálamsh ) lived the "Rogue "River" Athabascan ( Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks - “Rogue River People”) and further south along

759-808: The Oregon Mission in the Willamette Valley ; the Whitmans and Spaldings arrived in 1836, establishing the Whitman Mission east of the Cascades. In 1839 the Peoria Party embarked for Oregon from Illinois . In 1841, wealthy master trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died without a will , and there was no system to probate his estate. A probate government was proposed at a meeting after Young's funeral. Doctor Ira Babcock of Jason Lee 's Methodist Mission

SECTION 10

#1732852199062

828-728: The Plateau Indians —the peoples who originally lived on the Columbia River Plateau . They were most closely linked with the Modoc people. The Klamath spoke one dialect of the Klamath–Modoc language - the northern or "fi-ukshikni" dialect, the other - the "southern" dialect being spoken by the Modoc people , who lived south of the Klamath. Once thought to be a language isolate, Klamath–Modoc

897-730: The War of 1812 , Fort Astoria and all other Pacific Fur Company assets in the Oregon Country were sold to the Montreal -based North West Company in October 1813. The North West Company had already been expanding into the Pacific Northwest and dominated the region unchallenged from the 1813 acquisition of the Pacific Fur Company until 1821, when it was absorbed into the Hudson's Bay Company . During this time

966-411: The 1880s, writer Frances Fuller Victor published both fiction and histories that drew on her extensive research of the history of the region, informed by personal interviews with a number of Oregon pioneers. Her most noted non-fiction, which covered many western states, was written while under contract with Hubert Howe Bancroft 's History Company, and at the time was published under his name. Her writing

1035-464: The 21st century. By 8000 B.C. there were settlements across the state, with the majority concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries. By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Bannock , Chasta , Chinook , Kalapuya , Klamath , Molalla , Nez Perce , Takelma , and Umpqua . The Natives generally welcomed

1104-519: The Klamath people, and he was trading with them by 1829. The United States frontiersman Kit Carson admired their arrows, which were reported to be able to shoot through a house. The Klamaths, Modocs , and the Yahooskin (Yahuskin) Band of Northern Paiute (in Paiute known as: Goyatöka - "Crayfish eaters"), which was erroneously called Upper Sprague River Snakes believed to be a Band of Snake Indians ,

1173-400: The Klamath to begin only with the acquisition of the horse. These natives made southern Oregon their home for long enough to witness the eruption of Mount Mazama . It was a legendary volcanic mountain who is the creator of Crater Lake ( giˑw ), now considered to be a beautiful natural formation. In 1826, Peter Skene Ogden , an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company , first encountered

1242-638: The Modoc and Yahooskin, have formed the federally recognized Klamath Tribes confederation. Their tribal government is based in Chiloquin, Oregon . Some Klamath live on the Quartz Valley Indian Community in Siskiyou County, California . Traditionally there were several cultural subdivisions among the Klamath, based on the location of their residency within the Klamath Basin. Despite this,

1311-754: The National Republican Progressive League. He organized the Republican Publicity Association in 1912. Bourne was not renominated to his Senate seat in 1912 by the Republican Party. He responded by running under the "Popular Government" third party banner, coming in third. Democrats who promoted progressive policies included George Earle Chamberlain (governor 1903 to 1909 and U.S. senator 1909 to 1921); Oswald West (governor 1911 to 1915); and Harry Lane (senator 1913–1917). Industrial expansion began in earnest following

1380-527: The Nonpartisan Direct Legislation League of Oregon from 1898. U'Ren never sought high office, but was an indefatigable organizer who drew the Oregon's progressives together for many causes. They included especially the initiative and also the referendum, recall, corrupt practices act, the presidential primary, and direct election of U.S. senators. Other leaders included Jonathan Bourne Jr.

1449-667: The North West Company put the Astorian scheme into practice, sending supplies by sea to the Columbia River and exporting furs directly to China. The Hudson's Bay Company expanded the system and during the 1820s and 1830s dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver (built in 1825 by the District's Chief Factor John McLoughlin across the Columbia from present-day Portland). Although fur depletion and

SECTION 20

#1732852199062

1518-537: The Oregon Territory's electorate, consisting of white men above the age of 21, voted 7,195 (69.25%) for and 3,195 (30.75%) against adopting the Constitution of Oregon . At the same election, the voters voted 7,727 (74.50%) against and 2,645 (25.50%) for slavery; and 8,640 (88.88%) against and 1,081 (11.12%) for allowing blacks to reside in Oregon. In the 1880s, the proliferation of railroads assisted in marketing of

1587-680: The Pacific Northwest ). Soon the coast of Oregon became a valuable trading route to Asia. Spanish explorers found a way to explore the Pacific coast as early as 1565, sending vessels northeast from the Philippines , riding the Kuroshio Current in a sweeping circular route across the northern part of the Pacific. These ships – 250 in as many years – would typically not land before reaching Cape Mendocino in California , but some landed or wrecked in what

1656-756: The Pit River ( Moatuashamkshini/Móatni Kóke - "River of the Southern Dwellers") lived the Achomawi and Atsugewi (both called: Móatuash maklaks - "Southern Dweller", or "Southern People"). The Klamath were known to raid neighboring tribes, such as the Achomawi on the Pit River , and occasionally to take prisoners as slaves. They traded with the Wasco-Wishram at The Dalles . However, scholars such as Alfred L. Kroeber and Leslie Spier consider these slaving raids by

1725-645: The Treaty of 1818 that gave the British free rein over the Columbia River, and reported that the Indians favored the British over the Americans. British fur interests tried to block Americans by creating a "fur desert" along the eastern and southern borders by trapping all the animals and leaving nothing for the Americans. The balance of power shifted in the 1830s as thousands of Anglo American settlers arrived, completely dominating

1794-462: The U.S., ranchers vs. farmers, wealthy growing cities vs. established but poor rural areas, loggers vs. environmentalists , white supremacists vs. anti-racists, social progressivism vs. small government conservatism , supporters of social spending vs. anti-tax activists , and native Oregonians vs. Californians (or outsiders in general ). Oregonians also have a long history of secessionist ideas, with people in various regions and on all sides of

1863-464: The United Kingdom's David Thompson , who extensively explored the Columbia River from 1807 to 1811, publicized the abundance of fur-bearing animals in the area. Great Britain and the U.S. both claimed ownership of Oregon, ignoring any claims by indigenous peoples to their territories. The dispute, friendly at first, escalated into the threat of war before it was resolved amicably in 1846 by splitting

1932-580: The arrival of Europeans in the 19th century, for the increased trading opportunities; however, the introduction of foreign diseases would prove devastating to local populations. Later, American initiatives to capture the natural resources of the west, especially along the Columbia River, would collide with the interests of natives; many tribes accepted multimillion-dollar settlements from the U.S. government in exchange for giving up traditional fishing sites, moving to reservations . The perception of Oregon by early European explorers and settlers varied according to

2001-525: The bloody 1864 - 1868 Snake War . The 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed in 1864 and its last company was mustered out of service in July 1867. Both units were used to guard travel routes and Native American reservations, escort immigrant wagon trains, and protect settlers from Native American raiders. Several infantry detachments also accompanied survey parties and built roads in central and southern Oregon. Oregon Senator Col. Edward Dickinson Baker

2070-466: The boundaries of present-day Oregon came from archaeologist Luther Cressman 's 1938 discovery of sage bark sandals near Fort Rock Cave that places human habitation in Oregon as early as 13,200 years ago. Cressman found more evidence of early human activity at Paisley Caves , north of Paisley, Oregon , caves where researchers affiliated with the University of Oregon have conducted new excavations during

2139-589: The coast. While returning south Heceta found the mouth of the Columbia River, but was unable to enter. British explorer James Cook explored the Oregon Coast in 1778 in search of the Northwest Passage . Beginning in the late 1780s many ships from Britain, America, and other countries sailed to the Pacific Northwest to engage in the region's emerging Maritime Fur Trade business. American sea captain Robert Gray entered Tillamook Bay in 1788 and later explored

Oregon Geographic Names - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-636: The collective name given to the Northern Paiute, Bannock, and Shoshone Native American tribes, signed a treaty with the United States in 1864, establishing the Klamath Reservation to the northeast of Upper Klamath Lake. This area was largely part of the traditional territory controlled by the ă′ukuckni Klamath band. The treaty required the tribes to cede the land in the Klamath Basin , bounded on

2277-576: The combined flow of all the rivers of the world, as many as forty times over a thousand-year period. Water levels during the Missoula Floods have been estimated at 1,250 feet (380 m) at the Wallula Gap (in present-day Washington ), 830 feet (250 m) at Bonneville Dam , and 400 feet (120 m) over current day Portland , Oregon. The floods' periodic inundation of the lower Columbia River Plateau deposited rich lake sediments, establishing

2346-427: The construction of The Dalles Dam . In 1980, Mount St. Helens in nearby Washington erupted violently, temporarily reducing the Columbia River's depth to as little as 13 feet, and disrupting Portland's economy. The eruption deposited ash as far into Oregon as Bend . Although there is considerable evidence that Paleo-Indians lived in the Pacific Northwest 15,000 years ago, the first record of human activity within

2415-574: The construction of the Bonneville Dam in 1933–1937 on the Columbia River . The power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the nation's building industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple occasions. The state has a long history of polarizing conflicts: Native Americans vs. British fur trappers, British vs. settlers from

2484-450: The east. The Spanish exploration team led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543. In 1592, Juan de Fuca undertook detailed mapping and studies of ocean currents. Stops along these trips included Oregon as well as the strait now bearing his name. Exploration was retaken routinely in 1774, starting by the expedition of frigate Santiago by Juan José Pérez Hernández (see Spanish expeditions to

2553-494: The fertility that supports extensive agriculture in the modern era. They also formed many unusual geological features, such as the channeled scablands of eastern Washington. Mount Mazama , once the tallest mountain in the region at 11,000 feet, had a massive volcanic eruption approximately 5677 B.C. The eruption, estimated to have been 42 times more powerful than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , reduced Mazama's approximate 11,000-foot (3,400 m) height by around half

2622-587: The final leg of the Oregon Trail after its construction in 1846, and the Santiam Wagon Road would cut through the central part of the mountains, succeeding where Meek had failed. Settlement increased because of the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, in conjunction with the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations . The state was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859. At

2691-606: The five recognized "tribelets" (the Klamath Tribes count six) mutually considered each other the same ethnic group, about 1,200 people in total. Like many Indigenous cultures of the Pacific Northwest, the Klamath lived a semi-sedentary life. Winter settlements were in permanent locations that were reoccupied annually. Construction of the earth-lodges would begin in Autumn, with materials salvaged from abandoned, dilapidated buildings made in previous years. Leslie Spier has detailed some of

2760-454: The following account for their usage: The septum of the nose is pierced and the ear lobes, the latter twice or even more frequently. Both sexes insert dentalium shells horizontally through the septum ... Ear pendants are a group of four dentalia hung in a bunch by their tips. The use of dentalium in septum piercings, in addition to other means of ornamentation, was common among the Wasco-Wishram as well. The Klamath people are grouped with

2829-696: The fourth (1974) edition, which was the first to be published by the Oregon Historical Society Press. The seventh edition also includes a CD-ROM with a complete biographic and geographic index as well as various maps of Oregon locations. Lewis L. McArthur died in 2018. His daughter, Mary McArthur, reportedly took over editorship for the book's upcoming 8th edition. McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003). Oregon Geographic Names (Seventh ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN   978-0-87595-277-2 . History of Oregon The history of Oregon ,

Oregon Geographic Names - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-527: The law, head of Oregon's legislative assembly Peter Burnett said this: At the same time, Oregon was a free state . At the time, most Oregonians held white supremacist and racial exclusionary views and were indifferent if not hostile towards abolitionism, but wanted to prevent the land in Oregon from being taken over by large plantations as in the Southern United States so that they would not have to compete with bonded labor. On November 9, 1857,

2967-658: The mountain destroyed itself the Klamaths recounted the events as a great battle between Llao and his rival Skell, their sky god. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake resulted from a rupture at the Cascadia subduction zone along the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The earthquake caused a tsunami that was destructive in Japan; it may also be linked to the Bonneville Slide , in which a large part of Washington 's Table Mountain collapsed into

3036-501: The mouth of the Columbia in 1792 . Gray was soon followed by a ship under the command of George Vancouver , a British captain, who also explored Puget Sound and claimed it for Britain. The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through the region during their expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase . They built their winter fort at Fort Clatsop , near the mouth of the Columbia. Exploration by Lewis and Clark (1805–1806) and

3105-489: The north by the 44th parallel , to the United States. In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $ 35,000, and annual payments totalling $ 80,000 over 15 years, as well as providing infrastructure and staff for the reservation. The treaty provided that, if the Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments could be withheld; the United States could also locate additional tribes on

3174-477: The outbreak of the American Civil War , regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent east. Volunteer cavalry and infantry were recruited in California and sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. Oregon also raised the 1st Oregon Cavalry that was activated in 1862 and served until June 1865. During the Civil War, immigrants continued to clash with the Paiute , Shoshone and Bannock tribes in Oregon, Idaho and Nevada until relations degenerated into

3243-616: The pith as a beverage, eating the fresh stems for food and using the tuberous base of the stem for food. Dentalium shells were common among the Klamath prior to colonization. Compared to other native cultures, dentalium didn't hold as much financial use among the Klamath. However, longer shells were generally held to be more valuable. Nonetheless these shells were esteemed primarily for as jewelry and personal adornment. Septum piercings were commonly given to younger members of Klamath families to allow inserting dentalium. Some individuals wouldn't however use any shells in their septum. Spier gives

3312-470: The political spectrum attempting to form other states and even other countries. (See State of Jefferson , Cascadia , and Ecotopia .) Oregon still has the initiative, but by the late 1930s it was used to promote conservative causes and undo liberal reforms. In the 21st century state ballots often include right-wing proposals such as anti-gay and pro-religious measures side by side with politically liberal issues like drug decriminalization which demonstrates

3381-514: The purpose and method of exploration. Official explorers came, at first, primarily by sea, in many cases seeking the Northwest Passage , and later over land, but missed many areas of the state now known as Oregon. Fur traders and trappers, initially from the Hudson's Bay Company , explored the land more thoroughly, documenting encounters with most of the local Indian tribes. Christian missionaries, and later immigrants planning to settle permanently in Oregon, sent glowing reports back to their families in

3450-404: The region 50-50. Following the Anglo American Treaty of 1818 , the region was "jointly occupied" by the U.S. and Britain. The Americans referred to the region as Oregon Country , while the British knew it as the Hudson's Bay Company 's Columbia District , which was administered from Fort Vancouver near present-day Vancouver, Washington . During the 1820s and early 1830s the American West

3519-518: The region has been traced to 40 million years ago, in the Eocene era, forming much of the region's landscape. In the Pleistocene era (the last ice age, two million to 700,000 years ago), the Columbia River broke through Cascade Range , forming the Columbia River Gorge . The Columbia River and its drainage basin experienced some of the world's greatest known floods toward the end of the last ice age . The periodic rupturing of ice dams at Glacial Lake Missoula resulted in discharge rates ten times

SECTION 50

#1732852199062

3588-407: The region, starting in 1842–1843, after the United States agreed to jointly settle the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom. For some time, it seemed the United States and the United Kingdom would go to war for a third time in 75 years (see Oregon boundary dispute ), but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty . The border between the United States and British North America

3657-480: The reservation in the future. The tribes requested Lindsay Applegate as the agent to represent the United States to them. The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when the treaty was signed. Since termination of recognition of their tribal sovereignty in 1954 (with federal payments not disbursed until 1961), the Klamath and neighboring tribes have reorganized their government and revived tribal identity. The Klamath, along with

3726-422: The same time. When we consider that these earth-lodges may have housed several families, there is strong suggestion of a considerable population. Marriage was a unique practice for the Klamath, compared to neighboring cultures found in the borderlands of modern Oregon , California , Nevada and Idaho . For example, unlike the Hupa , Karok , and Yurok , the Klamath didn't hold formal talks between families for

3795-447: The southern half of the disputed region. Joint occupation ended with the signing of the Oregon Treaty in 1846, when Britain and the U.S. split the disputed region equally, along present borders, with the U.S. generally receiving lands south of the 49th parallel . The Astor Expedition of 1810–1812, financed by American businessman John Jacob Astor , brought fur traders to the future site of Astoria by both land and sea. Fort Astoria

3864-427: The state of graft get all her tools for democracy? In 1902, Oregon approved of a system of direct legislation by the state's citizens by way of initiative and referendum , known as the Oregon System, and in 1908 also empowered its citizens to recall public officials by ballot initiative. The most influential figure was William U'Ren , a highly energetic activist and leader of the Direct Legislation League and

3933-451: The state's lumber and wheat , as well as the more rapid growth of its cities. This included the connection of the state to the Eastern United States via links to the transcontinental railroads that allowed for faster movement of goods and people. Immigration to Oregon increased after the connection to the east. Additional transportation improvements included the construction of several locks and canals to ease river navigation. Also in

4002-399: The territory. The law was repealed in 1854. An exclusion clause was incorporated into the Oregon constitution in 1857, and stood multiple repeal attempts until finally being repealed by a narrow margin in 1916. A law adopted by the state in 1862 required all ethnic minorities to pay a $ 5 annual tax, and interracial marriage was prohibited by law between (approximately) 1861 and 1951. Oregon

4071-577: The wide spectrum of political values in the state. Klamath people The Klamath people are a Native American tribe of the Plateau culture area in Southern Oregon and Northern California . Today Klamath people are enrolled in the federally recognized tribes : The Klamath people lived in the area around the Upper Klamath Lake (E-ukshi - “Lake”) and the Klamath , Williamson (Kóke - “River”), Wood River (E-ukalksini Kóke), and Sprague (Plaikni Kóke - “River Uphill”) rivers. They subsisted primarily on fish and gathered roots and seeds. While there

4140-432: The winter settlement patterns for Klamath as follows: The towns are not isolated, compact groups of houses, but stretch along the banks for half a mile or more. In fact, the settlements on Williamson river below the Sprague river junction form a practically continuous string of houses for five or six miles, the house pits being, in many spots, crowded close together. Informants insisted that many of these were occupied at

4209-491: Was a remote state, little known east of the Rockies. In the 1900 U.S. presidential election , only 83,000 men voted, and Republican William McKinley won by a landslide. New York City Muckraker Lincoln Steffens was surprised when he visited in 1908 to discover that: Oregon has more fundamental legislation than any other state in the Union excepting only Oklahoma....Yet it has enacted laws which enable its people to govern themselves when they want to. How did this happen? How did

SECTION 60

#1732852199062

4278-412: Was elected Supreme Judge. Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg (halfway between Lee's mission and Oregon City ) to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill , Alanson Beers , and Joseph Gale . This government

4347-488: Was explored by private trappers who formed fur trading companies originating from St. Louis . One of these privateer trappers and explorers was Jedediah Smith who led expeditions into the American West. On October 29, 1830, Smith sent Jackson's Secretary of War John H. Eaton a letter and map containing information that he had gathered from 1824 to 1830 of his explorations into the Rockies, the South Pass, and Pacific Northwest. Smith recommended that President Jackson terminate

4416-465: Was killed leading Union troops at the Battle of Ball's Bluff on October 21, 1861. Both the Oregon Territory and the State of Oregon have had multiple laws and policies discriminating against racial minorities. An 1844 territorial statute outlawed slavery (slave owners were allowed to keep their slaves for three years upon which they would be freed) but also forced freed slaves to leave the territory under threat of lashing (later hard labor). Explaining

4485-496: Was knowledge of their immediate neighbors, apparently the Klamath were unaware of the existence of the Pacific Ocean . Gatschet has described this position as leaving the Klamath living in a "protracted isolation" from outside cultures. North of their tribal territory lived the Molala ( Kuikni maklaks ), in the northeast and east in the desert-like plains were various Northern Paiute bands ( Shá'ttumi , collective term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Northern Shoshone) - among them

4554-482: Was said to accurately capture the notion of Manifest Destiny in this period of American expansion. The object is to keep clear of that most troublesome class of population. We are in a new world, under the most favorable circumstances and we wish to avoid most of those evils that have so much afflicted the United States and other countries. The law was repealed the following year before it could take effect. Another law, passed in 1849, prohibited black immigration into

4623-401: Was set at the 49th parallel . The Oregon Territory was officially organized in 1848. Numerous efforts to find easier overland passage to the Willamette Valley were undertaken beginning in the 1840s. The Barlow Road , Meek Cutoff , and Applegate Trail represented efforts to cross the Cascades in the northern, central, and southern parts of Oregon, respectively. The Barlow Road would become

4692-427: Was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before American annexation . The infamous " Lash Law ," requiring that blacks in Oregon – be they free or slave – be whipped twice a year "until he or she shall quit the territory," is passed in June 1844. It is soon deemed too harsh and its provisions for punishment are reduced to forced labor in December 1844. The Oregon Trail brought many new settlers to

4761-405: Was the first permanent white settlement in the region. Although the fort would remain under American control for only a short time, it would become a component of the United States' later claim on the region. A party returning east discovered the South Pass through the Rocky Mountains , which would become an important feature of the Oregon Trail . At risk of being captured by the British during

#61938