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92-538: The name Orahovica is derived from the word orah , meaning a walnut tree. Orahovica was first officially mentioned in the year 1228, in a historical document issued by king Andrew II . Ružica fortification, not far from Orahovica, was first mentioned in the year 1357 as a royal estate. In the 15th and the first half of the 16th century the town was a thriving community owned by various patricians ( Nikola Kont , Lovro Iločki , Ladislav Iločki , Ladislav More etc.) Suleiman I , in his 1542 campaign, conquered Orahovica. It

184-458: A crusade to the Holy Land . Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary , to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum . Despite the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son, Ladislaus III , in 1204. After the premature death of Ladislaus, Andrew ascended

276-595: A campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew's youngest son despite a previous compromise. Andrew besieged and captured Przemyśl , Terebovl , and other fortresses in Halych. However, his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod, forcing him to withdraw. Despite his victories, Mstislavich ceded Halych to Andrew's son in early 1227. In 1228, Andrew authorized his son, Béla, to revise his previous land grants. Pope Honorius also supported Béla's efforts. Béla confiscated

368-484: A conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of Benedict, son of Korlát . Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209. Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych. Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery", according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . The boyars offered

460-690: A crusade by Emeric, Ban Kulin of Bosnia held a synod of the Church of Bosnia at Bilino Polje on 6 April 1203. The synod acknowledged papal primacy and ordered the reform of the rites. Kulin also acknowledged Emeric's suzerainty. In a letter written in 1203, the Bulgarian tsar Kaloyan informed Pope Innocent that Emeric had occupied five districts in Bulgaria , and Kaloyan demanded the Pope's intervention. Duke Andrew once again rose up in open rebellion against Emeric in

552-452: A crusade. On 10 March 1199, Emeric forced Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác , who was a supporter of Andrew, to give him documents that proved the conspiracy against him. In the summer of that year, Emeric defeated Andrew's army near Lake Balaton , which made Andrew flee to Austria . A papal legate named Gregory arrived in Hungary to mediate a reconciliation between the two brothers. According to

644-454: A hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!" Seeing him, all fell back, and not daring even to mutter, they left a wide passage for him on either side. And then when [King Emeric] reached his brother, he took him, and leading him outside the body of troops, he sent him to a certain castle for custody. Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of Gornji Kneginec , then in Esztergom . Alexander of

736-408: A legitimate son of Andrew. Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and Béla's first wife, Agnes of Antioch . The year of Andrew's birth is not known, but modern historians agree that he was born around 1177, considering that Margaret , who was born in 1175 or 1176, was his elder sister, which, however, is far from certain. Andrew was first mentioned in connection to his father's invasion of

828-459: A new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters. He distributed large portions of the royal domain—royal castles and all estates attached to them—as inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable." His "new institutions" altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords. During

920-515: A new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216. Leszek and Andrew's son, Coloman, invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich, after which Coloman was restored. That same year, Andrew met Stephen Nemanjić , Grand Prince of Serbia , in Ravno (now Ćuprija , Serbia). He persuaded Stephen Nemanjić to negotiate with Henry , Latin Emperor of Constantinople , who

1012-420: A peace treaty in late 1233. Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old Beatrice d'Este on 14 May 1234, even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage. John, Bishop of Bosnia , put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg. Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against

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1104-608: A poisoned drink" is reliable, Andrew's inactivity was because of illness. Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218, even though Raoul of Merencourt , Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , threatened him with excommunication. Andrew first visited Tripoli and participated in the marriage of Bohemond IV of Antioch and Melisende of Lusignan on 10 January. From Tripoli, he travelled to Cilicia , where he and Leo I of Armenia betrothed Andrew's youngest son, Andrew , and Leo's daughter, Isabella . Andrew proceeded through

1196-537: A reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric, who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200. Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203; her father, Berthold, Duke of Merania , owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew's duchy, in what is now Slovenia . When Emeric's son, Ladislaus , was born around 1200, Andrew's hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered. Pope Innocent confirmed

1288-400: A royal crown to him, but Emeric imprisoned the papal legate who was delivering the crown to Bulgaria when the legate was passing through Hungary. Having fallen seriously ill, Emeric had his four-year-old son, Ladislaus , crowned king on 26 August 1204. He also released the papal legate. He reconciled with his brother, "entrusting to him the guardianship of his son and the administration of

1380-422: A successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed. So he said to his men, "Stay here a while, and do not follow me." Then he laid down his weapons, and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks. As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude, he cried out in a loud and strong voice, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise

1472-464: Is reliable, Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade, but no other sources mention this event. Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son, Béla, but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Béla and his wife in the autumn of 1223. This angered Andrew, and Béla fled to Austria. He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him. In his Diploma Andreanum of 1224, Andrew confirmed

1564-527: Is that, in England, the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but, in Hungary, the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders. Andrew discharged Palatine Theodore Csanád and restored Julius Kán in the second half of 1222. The following year, Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade. If the report of the Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis

1656-506: The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . Vladimir Igorevich's rebellious brother, Roman Igorevich , soon came to Hungary, seeking Andrew's assistance. Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops. Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns— Split and Omiš —and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the archbishops of Split in 1207. Taking advantage of

1748-598: The Fourth Crusade , who agreed to help the Venetians recapture Zadar , a town in Dalmatia, which had accepted the Hungarian monarchs' suzerainty since 1186. Even though Pope Innocent III forbade the crusaders to besiege Zadar, they seized the town on 24 November and gave it to the Venetians. Although the Pope excommunicated the Venetians and the crusaders upon Emeric's demand, Zadar remained under Venetian rule. In fear of

1840-807: The Holy Crown to Austria . According to the Annals of Admont, "some bishops and nobles" escorted them, breaking through the blockade that Andrew erected along the Austrian border. Andrew prepared for a war against Leopold VI of Austria, but Ladislaus suddenly died in Vienna on 7 May 1205. Andrew sent Bishop Peter of Győr to Austria, who successfully recovered the Holy Crown. John, Archbishop of Kalocsa , crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 29 May 1205. Andrew introduced

1932-500: The Holy Roman Empire when he sarcastically mentioned that " now ... the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary." In 1209, Zadar , which had been lost to the Venetians , was liberated by one of Andrew's Dalmatian vassals, Domald of Sidraga , but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later. Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210. Their united forces vanquished Benedict's army, expelling

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2024-630: The Holy See against the Bosnian Church , which the Catholic Church considered to be heretical . Taking advantage of a civil war, Emeric expanded his suzerainty over Serbia . He failed to prevent the Republic of Venice , which was assisted by crusaders of the Fourth Crusade , from seizing Zadar in 1202. He also could not impede the rise of Bulgaria along the southern frontiers of his kingdom. Emeric

2116-553: The Hont-Pázmány clan freed him in early 1204. It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric's consent. Having fallen ill, King Emeric had his son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August. As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop Ugrin Csák to perform the coronation in April, it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew's release, therefore,

2208-725: The Pejačević family , and the Mihalović family, owned the town. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Orahovica was part of the Virovitica County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . In the 20th century the town was a centre of a large municipality with a well-developed industry, and agriculture. During the Croatian War of Independence Orahovica suffered from a number of shell attacks that caused certain material damage. It received

2300-458: The Pilis Hills on 28 September. When he heard of her murder, Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer, Peter, son of Töre . However, Peter's accomplices, including Palatine Bánk Bár-Kalán , did not receive severe punishments. A group of Hungarian lords, whom Andrew called "perverts" in one of his letters, was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son,

2392-487: The Principality of Halych in 1188. That year, Béla III invaded Halych upon the request of its former prince, Vladimir II Yaroslavich , who had been expelled by his subjects. Béla forced the new prince, Roman Mstislavich , to flee. After conquering Halych, he granted it to Andrew. Béla also captured Vladimir Yaroslavich and imprisoned him in Hungary. After Béla's withdrawal from Halych, Roman Mstislavich returned with

2484-663: The Seldjuk Sultanate of Rum before arriving in Nicaea (now İznik , Turkey). His cousins (the sons of his uncle, Géza) attacked him when he was in Nicaea. He arranged the marriage of his oldest son, Béla, to Maria Laskarina , a daughter of Emperor Theodore I Laskaris . When he arrived in Bulgaria, Andrew was detained until he "gave full surety that his daughter would be united in marriage" to Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria , according to Thomas

2576-568: The Szepesség region (now Spiš , Slovakia). Gertrude's youngest brother, Berthold , had been Archbishop of Kalocsa since 1206; he was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209. Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords. According to historian Gyula Kristó, the anonymous author of The Deeds of the Hungarians referred to the Germans from

2668-556: The Templar prior of Vrana . In July 1217, Andrew departed from Zagreb , accompanied by Dukes Leopold VI of Austria and Otto I of Merania . His army was so large—at least 10,000 mounted soldiers and uncountable infantrymen—that most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later. The ships transported them to Acre , where they landed in October. The leaders of

2760-472: The consecration of udvornici , castle folk and other serfs in early 1222. However, a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Béla to separate from his wife, Maria Laskarina. An "immense crowd" approached Andrew around April 1222, demanding "grave and unjust things", according to a letter of Pope Honorius. Actually, the royal servants —who were landowners directly subject to

2852-470: The treasurer , was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards. However, royal revenues had significantly diminished. Upon the advice of the treasurer, Denis, son of Ampud , Andrew imposed new taxes and farmed out royal income from minting, salt trade and custom duties. The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber. However, these measures provoked discontent in Hungary. Andrew signed

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2944-459: The Archdeacon. Andrew returned to Hungary in late 1218. Andrew's "crusade had achieved nothing and brought him no honor", according to historian Thomas Van Cleve. Oliver of Paderborn , James of Vitry and other 13th-century authors blamed Andrew for the failure of the crusade. Stephen Donnachie says that "...from examining Honorius’s registers and the diplomatic communications between Andrew and

3036-914: The Cumans at Vidin . Andrew granted the Barcaság (now Țara Bârsei , Romania) to the Teutonic Knights . The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism. A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211. Andrew and his allies—Leszek I of Poland and at least five Rus' princes—sent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich. Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich's mother in 1212. She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych. He captured Volodislav Kormilchich,

3128-555: The Duke. The Pope threatened Andrew with excommunication if he failed to fulfill his father's vow, but Andrew did not yield. The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199, when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew's partisans to Bishop Boleslaus. That summer, royal troops routed Andrew's army in the valley of Rád near Lake Balaton , and Andrew fled to Austria. During Andrew's exile, Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia. A papal legate mediated

3220-495: The Hungarians from Halych. Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons, Vsevolod Vladimirovich, "bearing gifts to the king in Hungary" to appease Andrew, according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew's cousins, the sons of Andrew's uncle, Géza ; they lived in "Greek land" (the Byzantine Empire ). However, the cousins' envoys were captured in Split in 1210. In

3312-752: The Town of Orahovica but with only 11 representatives being elected in the body in the end. Orahovica became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Virovitica-Podravina County and Slavonia . Its culture, events, beautiful nature, sports and lake attract more and more tourists every year. The Spring of Orahovica , an annual cultural and tourist festival, is held since 1957. Andrew II of Hungary Andrew II ( Hungarian : II. András , Croatian : Andrija II. , Slovak : Ondrej II. , Ukrainian : Андрій II ; c. 1177 – 21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem ,

3404-564: The agreement, Varaždin and Bodrog counties also belonged to his suzerainty. He cooperated with the Frankopans , Babonići , and other local lords. Some of the prominent barons also supported his aspirations, including their uncle comes Andrew and Macarius Monoszló . The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre settled in the province during his rule. Taking advantage of Miroslav of Hum 's death, Andrew invaded Hum and occupied at least

3496-505: The archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials. Under duress, Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull. In the second half of the year, Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son, Andrew, to

3588-611: The armed conflicts along the Hungarian-Austrian border. As part of the treaty, Leopold VI paid an indemnification for the damages that his troops had caused in Hungary. Andrew made his oldest son, Béla, Duke of Transylvania . Béla's former duchy was given to Andrew's second son, Coloman, in 1226. Duke Béla started expanding his suzerainty over the Cumans , who inhabited the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains. Andrew launched

3680-403: The assistance of Rurik Rostislavich , Prince of Belgorod Kievsky . They tried to expel Andrew and his Hungarian retinue, but the Hungarians routed the united forces of Mstislavich and Rostislavich. A group of local boyars offered the throne to Rostislav Ivanovich, a distant cousin of the imprisoned Vladimir Yaroslavich. Béla III sent reinforcements to Halych, enabling Andrew's troops to repel

3772-425: The attacks. Andrew's nominal reign remained unpopular in Halych, because the Hungarian soldiers insulted local women and did not respect Orthodox churches. Consequently, the local boyars allied themselves with their former prince, Vladimir Yaroslavich, who had escaped from captivity and returned to Halych. Duke Casimir II of Poland also supported Vladimir Yaroslavich, and they expelled Andrew and his retinue from

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3864-482: The authorization of the Holy See. Andrew died on 21 September, and was buried in Egres Abbey . Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was born around 1185, according to historian Gyula Kristó. Their first child, Mary , was born in 1203 or 1204. She became the wife of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. Andrew's eldest son, Béla , was born in 1206. He later succeeded his father as king. Béla's younger sister, Elisabeth ,

3956-405: The autumn of 1203. Their armies met at Varaždin on the river Drava in October. Emeric walked into his brother's camp unarmed, stating, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!", according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon . Nobody ventured to stop the king; thus, he approached Andrew and seized him without resistance. Duke Andrew

4048-582: The barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216. Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign, which became part of the Fifth Crusade . He renounced his claim to Zadar in favor of the Republic of Venice so that he could secure shipping for his army. He entrusted Hungary to Archbishop John of Esztergom, and entrusted Croatia and Dalmatia to Pontius de Cruce ,

4140-429: The bishop's act at the Holy See. Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych, and Andrew's youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234. However, Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235, forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary. Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by

4232-585: The brothers' treaty, Emeric once again granted Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew in the summer of 1200. From around 1200, Emeric was deeply involved in the affairs of the Balkan Peninsula . On 11 October 1200, Pope Innocent urged him to take measures to liquidate the "heretics" in Bosnia . Upon Emeric's request, the Pope refused to send a royal crown to Grand Prince Stephen of Serbia . Emeric invaded Serbia in 1201 or 1202, and helped Stephen's brother Vukan seize

4324-411: The child's position as heir to the crown, declaring that Andrew's future sons would only inherit Andrew's duchy. Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother, but King Emeric captured him without resistance near Varaždin in October 1203. In contrast, historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother's province with an army initially convened for a crusade. [All]

4416-575: The condition that Andrew should lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew turned against Emeric, demanding a separate duchy for himself in 1197. Leopold VI, Duke of Austria , intervened on behalf of Andrew, and at the end of the year, their combined forces routed Emeric's troops at Mački, Slavonia . In early 1198, Emeric was forced to make Andrew Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage . Andrew continued to conspire against Emeric, although Pope Innocent III continued urging Andrew to launch

4508-437: The coronation was not vitally urgent. Andrew reconciled with his dying brother, who entrusted him with "the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority", according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon . King Emeric died on 30 November 1204. Andrew governed the kingdom as Ladislaus's regent, but subsequently he counted his regnal years from

4600-646: The crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed. Steven Runciman , Tibor Almási and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople, because his wife's uncle, Emperor Henry, had died in June. According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217, envoys from the Latin Empire had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay , as emperor. Nonetheless,

4692-737: The crusade included John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem , Leopold of Austria, the Grand Masters of the Hospitallers , the Templars and the Teutonic Knights . They held a war council in Acre, with Andrew leading the meeting. In early November, the Crusaders launched a campaign for the Jordan River , forcing Al-Adil I , Sultan of Egypt , to withdraw without fighting; the crusaders then pillaged Beisan . After

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4784-547: The crusaders returned to Acre, Andrew did not participate in any other military actions. Instead, he collected relics , including a water jug allegedly used at the marriage at Cana , the heads of Saint Stephen and Margaret the Virgin , the right hands of the Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew and a part of Aaron's rod . If Thomas the Archdeacon's report of certain "evil and audacious men" in Acre who "treacherously passed him

4876-467: The domains of two noblemen, Simon Kacsics and Bánk Bár-Kalán, who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude. In 1229, upon Béla's proposal, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Béla. Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom , made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See, because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims. Pope Gregory IX authorized

4968-457: The duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia. Andrew employed Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s. Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians. Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen, including their exemption from taxes and their right to be exclusively judged by church courts , but also prohibited

5060-412: The early 1210s, Andrew sent "an army of Saxons , Vlachs , Székelys and Pechenegs " commanded by Joachim , Count of Hermannstadt , (now Sibiu , Romania) to assist Boril of Bulgaria 's fight against three rebellious Cuman chieftains. Around the same time, Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and Barancs (now Braničevo, Serbia), which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric. Andrew's army defeated

5152-639: The eight-year-old Béla , but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Béla's coronation in 1214. Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son, Coloman , to marry Leszek of Poland's daughter, Salomea . Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214, and Coloman was made prince. He agreed to cede Przemyśl to Leszek of Poland. The following year, Andrew returned to Halych and captured Przemyśl . Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich; they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary. A new officer of state,

5244-424: The eight-year-old Emeric king on 16 May 1182, which confirmed Emeric's right to succeed his father. Emeric was betrothed to a daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I , but she died in 1184. Béla III appointed Emeric to administer Croatia and Dalmatia around 1195. Emeric succeeded his father, who died on 23 April 1196. Béla III had bequeathed estates and money to Emeric's younger brother, Andrew , under

5336-565: The entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority", according to Thomas the Archdeacon. Emeric died on 30 November, according to the Illuminated Chronicle . Emeric was buried in the cathedral of Eger . Emeric's wife, Constance , was the daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon . Their marriage took place between 1196 and 1200. Their only known child, Ladislaus, was born around 1200 and died on 7 May 1205. Queen Constance, who outlived both her husband and their son,

5428-520: The following settlements: In 2011, 87% of the population were Croats . Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 15 members minority councils of

5520-402: The funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords. It is plausible he demanded from his brother to install him as Duke of Slavonia , which became increasingly the title of heir to the throne by the second half of the 12th century. Andrew also formed an alliance with Duke Leopold VI of Austria , and they plotted against Emeric. Their united troops routed

5612-551: The land between the Cetina and Neretva rivers sometime before May 1198. He styled himself, "By the grace of God, Duke of Zadar and of all Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum" in his charters. Pope Innocent III urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John, Abbot of Pannonhalma, Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác , and many other prelates and lords. For instance, incumbent Palatine Mog also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to

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5704-424: The loss of royal revenues. He was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of "King of Halych and Lodomeria ". He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus' principalities , but was repelled by the local boyars and neighboring princes. He participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218, but the crusade was a failure. When the servientes regis , or "royal servants", rose up, Andrew

5796-543: The magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted [King Emeric] and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew. Very few men indeed remained with the king, and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success, but rather advised him to flee. Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for battle. ... [After] much wise thought, with inspiration from heaven [King Emeric] found

5888-526: The monarch's power and obliged to fight in the royal army—assembled, forcing Andrew to dismiss Julius Kán and his other officials. Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter, the Golden Bull of 1222 . The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants, including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ispáns . The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized "the bishops as well as

5980-456: The most influential boyar, and took him to Hungary. After Andrew withdrew from Halych, the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality. Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213. During his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in

6072-508: The other barons and nobles of the realm, singularly and in common" to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter. The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king's other subjects, which led to the rise of the Hungarian nobility . The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England's Magna Carta – a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215. A significant difference between them

6164-426: The papal curia, Andrew’s genuine commitment to the crusade should not be doubted nor his extensive preparations for the campaign dismissed, even if he did ultimately bungle his opportunity." When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues." A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary. Andrew

6256-555: The pope's special authorization. Although Andrew departed for Halych to support his youngest son in a fight against Daniel Romanivich, he continued his negotiations with the papal legate. On 20 August 1233, in the forests of Bereg , he vowed that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues, and would pay 10,000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues. Andrew repeated his oath in Esztergom in September. Andrew and Frederick II, Duke of Austria , signed

6348-416: The previous two centuries, a lord's status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch; after the introduction of the "new institutions", their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues. This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ispáns , or heads, of the counties —who were appointed by the monarchs—had been based. During his reign, Andrew

6440-603: The principality in August 1189 or 1190. Andrew returned to Hungary after his defeat. He did not receive a separate duchy from his father, who only gave him some fortresses, estates and money. According to historian Attila Zsoldos, these landholdings laid in Slavonia . On his deathbed, Béla III, who had pledged to lead a crusade to the Holy Land , ordered Andrew to fulfill his vow. Andrew's father died on 23 April 1196, and Andrew's older brother, Emeric , succeeded him. Andrew used

6532-459: The privileges of the " Saxons " who inhabited the region of Hermannstadt in southern Transylvania (now Sibiu , Romania). The following year, he launched a campaign against the Teutonic Knights, who had attempted to eliminate his suzerainty. The Knights were forced to leave Barcaság and the neighboring lands. Andrew's envoys and Leopold VI of Austria signed a treaty on 6 June, which ended

6624-583: The privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise. Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania , was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords. The veneration of their daughter, Elizabeth of Hungary , was confirmed by the Holy See during Andrew's lifetime. After Andrew's death, his sons, Béla and Coloman , accused his third wife, Beatrice d'Este , of adultery and never considered her son, Stephen , to be

6716-568: The relationship between Andrew and Constance after Emeric's death. Instead, Andrew seized the money that Emeric had deposited for Ladislaus in Pilis Abbey . He also confiscated a significant portion of private wealth from Constance, who deposited it in the Stephanites ' convent in Esztergom prior to that, in addition to the denial of her dower . Queen Constance fled from Hungary, taking her son and

6808-620: The royal army at Mački , Slavonia, in December 1197. Under duress, King Emeric gave Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew as an appanage , as most historians believe. In contrast, historian György Szabados claims that Emeric never acknowledged Andrew's dominion in Croatia and Dalmatia and that Andrew used the title of duke without his brother's approval. In practice, Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch. He minted coins, granted land and confirmed privileges. In accordance with

6900-420: The status of a town ( grad ) in 1997. Orahovica has a developed industry of tile production, panel-parquet, wine production, fruit and vegetables processing, and metal processing. Agriculture plays an important role for the town economy (crop and livestock farming, fresh water fish, fruit and vineyards). In the 2011 census, the total population of the administrative area of Orahovica was 5,304, distributed in

6992-443: The throne in 1205. According to historian László Kontler, "[i]t was amidst the socio-political turmoil during [Andrew's] reign that the relations, arrangements, institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I , started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society" in Hungary. Andrew introduced a new grants policy, the so-called "new institutions", giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite

7084-440: The throne to Mstislav Mstislavich , Prince of Novgorod , if he could overthrow Benedict. Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict. Queen Gertrude's two brothers, Ekbert of Bamberg , Bishop of Bamberg , and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of Philip , King of the Germans . Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in

7176-581: The throne. Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an interdict on 25 February 1232, because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231. Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property, Andrew restored properties to the archbishop, who soon suspended the interdict. Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory sent Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without

7268-450: The throne. As a token of his suzerainty over Serbia, Emeric became the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of King of Serbia in 1202. He was also the first king to use a royal seal depicting the so-called " Árpád stripes ", which eventually became part of the coat of arms of Hungary . In the summer of 1202, the Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo signed a treaty with the leaders of

7360-438: The time of his brother's death, showing that he already regarded himself as the lawful monarch during Ladislaus III's reign. Pope Innocent told Andrew that he should remain loyal to Ladislaus, also instructing him to fulfill his vow to lead a crusade, to secure the incomes of Emeric's widow and Ladislaus III's mother, Constance of Aragon , and to keep royal property intact. The pope's letters suggest that serious tensions burdened

7452-513: The title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria", demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities. After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin, Vladimir Igorevich , seized both Halych and Lodomeria, expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother. They fled to Leszek I of Poland , who suggested that they visit Andrew. However, Vladimir Igorevich "sent many gifts" to both Andrew and Leszek, dissuading "them from attacking him" on behalf of Romanovich, according to

7544-449: Was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1196 and 1204. In 1184, his father, Béla III of Hungary , ordered that he be crowned king, and appointed him as ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia around 1195. Emeric ascended the throne after the death of his father. During the first four years of his reign, he fought his rebellious brother, Andrew , who forced Emeric to make him ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia as appanage . Emeric cooperated with

7636-448: Was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. He was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary , who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188. Andrew's rule was unpopular, and the boyars (or noblemen) expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead

7728-627: Was born around 1219 and married James I of Aragon . Andrew's third wife, Beatrice d'Este, was about twenty-three when they married in 1234. She gave birth to a son, Stephen , after Andrew's death. However, Andrew's two older sons, Béla and Coloman, accused her of adultery and considered her child to be a bastard. Her grandson, Andrew , became the last monarch of the House of Árpád . Emeric of Hungary Emeric , also known as Henry or Imre ( Hungarian : Imre , Croatian : Emerik , Slovak : Imrich ; 1174 – 30 November 1204),

7820-492: Was born in 1207. She married Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia . She died in 1231 and was canonized during Andrew's life. Andrew's second son, Coloman, was born in 1208. His third son, Andrew, was born around 1210. Coloman and Andrew each ruled the Principality of Halych for a short period. Two years after his first wife was murdered, Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay, who was born around 1198. Their only child, Yolanda ,

7912-467: Was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 , confirming their privileges. This led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary . His Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community. The employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates . Andrew pledged to respect

8004-465: Was held in captivity for months, but his supporters released him in early 1204. Taking advantage of the civil war in Hungary, Kaloyan invaded and captured Belgrade , Barancs (now Braničevo in Serbia), and other fortresses. Emeric made preparations for a campaign against Bulgaria, but he disbanded his army upon Pope Innocent's demand. The Pope, who had been negotiating a church union with Kaloyan, sent

8096-422: Was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage. In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman. Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter. In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla,

8188-420: Was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych. He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206. Upon the boyars' request, he intervened against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich , Prince of Chernigov , and his allies on behalf of Daniel Romanovich , the child-prince of Halych, and Lodomeria . Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw. Andrew adopted

8280-611: Was renamed as "Rahoviçe" and initially was kaza centre in Sanjak of Pojega , which initially part of Budin Eyalet (1542-1580), later in Bosna Eyalet (1580-1600) and finally in Kanije Eyalet . It became a notable sanjak centre in Kanije Eyalet in 1601. The Turkish rule lasted till the year 1687. After the liberation, and up until the end of the 19th century many prominent noble families, like

8372-406: Was the first Hungarian monarch to use the " Árpád stripes " as his personal coat of arms and to adopt the title of King of Serbia . Before his death, Emeric had his four-year-old son, Ladislaus III , crowned king. Emeric was the eldest child of Béla III of Hungary and Béla's first wife, Agnes of Antioch . His tutor was an Italian priest, Bernard . Nicholas, Archbishop of Esztergom , crowned

8464-462: Was the uncle of Andrew's second wife, Yolanda de Courtenay . Stephen Nemanjić was crowned king of Serbia in 1217. Andrew planned to invade Serbia, but Stephen Nemanjić's brother, Sava , dissuaded him, according to both versions of the Life of Sava . In July 1216, the newly elected Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade. Andrew, who had postponed

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