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76-615: OIN was incorporated on 31 October 2005 and is headquartered in Durham, NC . The founding members, IBM , Novell , Philips , Red Hat , and Sony initiated the organisation on November 10 of the same year. Subsequently, NEC joined the consortium as a member. Notably, in December 2013, Google became a member, while Toyota announced its membership in July 2016. On October 10, 2018, Erich Andersen, representing Microsoft , disclosed their participation as

152-642: A historically black university that is part of the University of North Carolina System . Together, the two universities make Durham one of the vertices of the Research Triangle area; central to this is the Research Triangle Park south of Durham, which encompasses an area of 11 square miles and is devoted to research facilities. On the Duke University campus are the neo-Gothic Duke Chapel and

228-609: A Linux system. Oracle exercised a Limitation Election on March 29, 2012. On August 7, 2007, Google also joined OIN as a licensee. On October 2, 2007, Barracuda Networks joined OIN as a licensee. On March 23, 2009 TomTom joined OIN as a licensee. In May 2011, the European Open Source software manufacturer Univention joined OIN as a licensee. In early September 2009, Open Invention Network acquired 30 patents, from Allied Security Trust , another defensive patent management organization, that had been acquired from Microsoft through

304-428: A better future than "a new-fangled nonsense like a railroad" and refused to sell or lease land for a depot. In 1849, a North Carolina Railroad depot was established on a four-acre tract of land donated by Dr. Bartlett S. Durham ; the station was named after him in recognition of his gift. A U.S. post office was established there on April 26, 1853, now recognized as the city's official birthday. Durham Station, as it

380-623: A bill for the establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly, having been introduced by Caleb B.Green, creating Durham County from the eastern portion of Orange County and the western portion of Wake County . In 1911, parts of Cedar Fork Township of Wake County was transferred to Durham County and became Carr Township . The rapid growth and prosperity of the Bull Durham Tobacco Company, and Washington Duke 's W. Duke & Sons Tobacco Company, resulted in

456-439: A boutique hotel was built in this major renovation effort in downtown Durham. Skanska is responsible for managing this project. In 2014, it was announced that downtown Durham would be the site of a brand new 27 story high building, tentatively named "City Center Tower," but now called " One City Center ". Along with other new buildings in downtown Durham, it was under construction in 2018. Construction has already started, and

532-505: A consultant to and representative of Blizzard Entertainment , Müller was involved in their marketing campaigns. In 1996, he co-founded an online gaming service named Rival Network, which in early 2000 was acquired by the Telefónica group. From 2001 to 2004, Müller advised the CEO of MySQL AB, developer of the namesake open-source database management software product. In 2004, Müller received

608-522: A court filing in the Oracle v. Google case, Oracle stated that it paid Florian Müller as a consultant. Müller said "In April, I proactively announced a broadly-focused consulting relationship with Oracle, six months after announcing a similar working relationship with Microsoft". Müller amplified a Huffington Post article by Edward Naughton, an intellectual property lawyer who has previously represented Microsoft, who suggested that Google likely violated

684-743: A licensee. Canonical and TomTom hold associate membership status within the network. Keith Bergelt serves as the chief executive of the company. Prior to his role at OIN, Bergelt held the position of President and CEO of Paradox Capital, LLC As of November 2021, the membership of OIN comprised approximately 3,500 business licensees. The list of applications considered by OIN, according to Red Hat's Mark Webbink, includes Apache , Eclipse , Evolution , Fedora Directory Server , Firefox , GIMP , GNOME , KDE , Mono , Mozilla , MySQL , Nautilus , OpenLDAP , OpenOffice.org , Open-Xchange , Perl , PostgreSQL , Python , Samba , SELinux , Sendmail , and Thunderbird . There have been 10 updates, produced through

760-545: A major new development, the Durham Innovation District, was announced. The development will span 15 acres and comprise over 1.7 million square feet of office, residential, and retail space. On April 10, 2019, a gas explosion rocked Kaffeinate, a coffee shop in Bright Leaf Historic District . The blast destroyed a city block and killed Kong Lee, the owner, as well as injuring 25 others. Durham

836-613: A monopoly of the smoking and chewing tobacco business in the United States by 1900. In the early 1910s, the Federal Government forced a breakup of the Duke's business under the antitrust laws. The Dukes retained what became known as American Tobacco , a major corporation in its own right, with manufacturing based in Durham. American Tobacco's ubiquitous advertisements on radio shows beginning in

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912-588: A part of the Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023. A railway depot was established in 1849 on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham , the namesake of the city. Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly, in part due to the tobacco industry . The town

988-472: A private auction. If the patents had been acquired by patent trolls , they might have caused financial obstacles to Linux developers, distributors and users. OIN was able to avert this issue with the patent acquisition. On October 10, 2018, Microsoft joined the Open Invention Network community despite holding more than 60,000 patents. On November 19, 2019, Open Invention Network announced that it

1064-543: A well-established process of carefully maintaining a balance between stability and adding innovative core open source technology, to the list of software components and packages covered by the Open Invention Network cross license. As of March 2022, more than 3,700 packages have been listed. On March 26, 2007, Oracle licensed OIN's portfolio, thus agreeing not to assert patents against the Linux-based environment, including competitors MySQL and PostgreSQL when used as part of

1140-571: Is a list of Durham's largest employers. Florian M%C3%BCller (author) Florian Müller (born 21 January 1970 in Augsburg , Germany ) is an app developer and an intellectual property activist. He consulted for Microsoft and writes the FOSSPatents blog about patent and copyright issues. From 1985 to 1998, he was a computer magazine writer and consultant for companies, helping with collaborations between software companies. In 2004 he founded

1216-465: Is home to several recognized institutions of higher education, most notably Duke University and North Carolina Central University . Durham is also a national leader in health-related activities, which are focused on the Duke University Hospital and many private companies. Duke and its Duke University Health System are the largest employers in the city. North Carolina Central University is

1292-453: Is located in the east–central part of the Piedmont region at 35°59′19″N 78°54′26″W  /  35.98861°N 78.90722°W  / 35.98861; -78.90722 (35.99, -78.9). Like much of the region, its topography is generally flat with some rolling hills. As of 2022 the city had a total area of 116.19 square miles (300.9 km ), of which 115.36 square miles (298.8 km )

1368-546: Is mounting that different components of the Android mobile operating system may indeed violate copyrights of Sun Microsystems, a company Oracle acquired a year ago." and presented what he believed was copyright infringing material, an article which was heavily criticized by two technical bloggers. According to Ed Burnette, a ZDNet blogger, Google published those files on its web site to help developers debug and test their own code. ArsTechnica's Ryan Paul also said that these findings in

1444-679: The Duke East Campus ). Durham's manufacturing fortunes declined during the mid-20th century. Textile mills began to close during the 1930s. Competition from other tobacco companies (as well as a decrease in smoking after the 1960s) reduced revenues from Durham's tobacco industry. In a far-sighted move in the late 1950s, Duke University, along with the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University in Raleigh, persuaded

1520-591: The Nasher Museum of Art . Other notable sites in the city include the Museum of Life and Science , Durham Performing Arts Center , Carolina Theatre , and Duke Homestead and Tobacco Factory . Bennett Place commemorates the location where Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to William T. Sherman in the American Civil War. The city is served, along with Raleigh, by Raleigh–Durham International Airport . The Eno and

1596-618: The North Carolina General Assembly , on April 10, 1869. It was named for the man who provided the land on which the station was built, Dr. Bartlett Durham. At the time of its incorporation by the General Assembly, Durham was located in Orange County. The increase in business activity, land transfers etc., made the day long trip back and forth to the county seat in Hillsborough untenable, so twelve years later, on April 17, 1881,

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1672-569: The Occoneechi , related to the Sioux and the Shakori , lived in the area and may have established a village named Adshusheer (or Ajusher) in the area which became Durham. The Occaneechi Path , a corridor of trading roads and trails, went through the area. Native Americans expanded the region by establishing settlements and commercial transportation routes. In 1701, English explorer John Lawson , documented

1748-522: The first sit-in of the civil rights movement in North Carolina , on June 23, 1957, Moore and six others assembled at the church to plan the protest. The young African Americans moved over to the segregated Royal Ice Cream Parlor and took up whites-only booths. When they refused to budge, the manager called the police who charged them with trespassing. Unlike the Greensboro Four , three years later,

1824-543: The " CNET Networks UK Technology Award" in the "Outstanding Contribution to Software Development" category. After more than 20 years in the IT industry, Müller became involved with football (soccer) politics in 2007. He advised the Spanish football club Real Madrid with respect to a European Union policy -making initiative concerning professional sports . In January 2011 Müller published an article suggesting that "evidence

1900-454: The 1930s and television shows up to 1970 was the nation's image of Durham until Duke University supplanted it in the late 20th century. Prevented from further investment in the tobacco industry, the Dukes turned to the then new industry of electric power generation, which they had been investing in since the early 1890s. Duke Power (now Duke Energy) brought in electricity from hydroelectric dams in

1976-663: The 1970s and 1980s, with the construction of multiple housing developments in the southern part of the city, nearest Research Triangle Park , and the beginnings of downtown revitalization. In 1975, the St. Joseph's Historical Foundation at the Hayti Heritage Center was incorporated to "preserve the heritage of the old Hayti community, and to promote the understanding of and appreciation for the African American experience and African Americans' contributions to world culture." In 1987,

2052-518: The 2019 U.S. census data estimate, had grown to 278,993, making it the 50th-fastest-growing city in the US, and the 2nd-fastest-growing city in North Carolina, behind Cary but ahead of Charlotte, Raleigh and Greensboro. As of the 2020 census , there were 283,506 people, 114,726 households, and 64,982 families residing in the city. As of the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, there were 291,844 people and 124,536 households. The population density

2128-590: The American Tobacco Campus, home to successful small software firms including Red Hat , was selected by Google to host its launch of the Google Glass Road show in October 2013. The district is also slated for expansion featuring 158,000 square feet of offices, retail, residential or hotel space The Durham County Justice Center , a major addition to downtown Durham, was completed in early 2013. Many of

2204-536: The American Tobacco Factory in Durham closed, leading to an economic downturn and a decline in the city's reputation. A new downtown baseball stadium was constructed for the Durham Bulls in 1994. The Durham Performing Arts Center now ranks in the top ten in theater ticket sales in the US according to Pollstar magazine. Many famous people have performed there including B.B. King and Willie Nelson . After

2280-689: The Atlantic near Wilmington . A small portion of the city is in Wake County . Durham is located 10 miles northeast of Chapel Hill , 21 miles northwest of Raleigh , 50 miles east of Greensboro , 121 miles northeast of Charlotte and 134 miles southwest of Richmond, Virginia . The climate of Durham is humid subtropical ( Cfa according to the Köppen classification system), with hot and humid summers, cool winters, and warm to mild spring and autumn. Durham receives abundant precipitation, with thunderstorms common in

2356-633: The Chinese vice premier Wu Yi – among the "top 50 most influential people in intellectual property" (renominated in 2006 ). IT-focused website Silicon.com listed him among the Silicon Agenda Setters. A jury of EU-focused weekly newspaper "European Voice" elected Müller as one of the "EV50 Europeans of the Year 2005", and handed him the "EU Campaigner of the Year 2005" award. Jointly with the FFII , Müller received

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2432-456: The City of Durham. Much of the early city architecture , both commercial and residential, dates from the period of 1890–1930. Durham recorded its worst fire in history on March 23, 1914. The multimillion-dollar blaze destroyed a large portion of the downtown business district. The fire department's water source failed during the blaze, prompting voters to establish a city-owned water system in place of

2508-640: The Hayti district for the construction of the Durham Freeway during the late 1960s. The freeway construction resulted in losses to other historic neighborhoods, including Morehead Hill, West End, and West Durham. Combined with large-scale demolition using Urban Renewal funds, Durham suffered significant losses to its historic architectural base. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 38.8% black and 60.8% white. Durham's growth began to rekindle during

2584-606: The NoSoftwarePatents campaign and in 2007 he provided some consultancy in relation to football policy. In 1985, Müller started writing articles for German computer magazines. A year later, at age 16, he became Germany's youngest computer book author. From 1987 to 1998, he specialized on publishing and distribution cooperations between US and European software companies. He initiated and managed such alliances in various market segments, including productivity software, utility software, educational software, and computer games. As

2660-517: The North Carolina Legislature to purchase a large tract of sparsely settled land in southern Durham County and create the nation's first "science park" for industry. Cheap land and a steady supply of trained workers from the local universities made the Research Triangle Park an enormous success which, along with the expansion resulting from the clinical and scientific advances of Duke Medical Center and Duke University, more than made up for

2736-485: The Open Invention Network community. OIN encourages practices that eliminate low-quality patents—the foodstuff of aggressive strategics and patent trolls. Specifically, OIN encourages the Linux and open source communities to become active in: Durham, NC Durham ( / ˈ d ɜːr ə m / DURR -əm ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Durham County . Small portions of

2812-467: The Revolutionary War. Durham's location is a result of the needs of the 19th century railroad industry. The wood-burning steam locomotives of the time had to stop frequently for wood and water and the new North Carolina Railroad needed a depot between the settled towns of Raleigh and Hillsborough. The residents of what is now downtown Durham thought their businesses catering to livestock drivers had

2888-584: The Royal Seven were arrested and ultimately found guilty of trespassing. The six-month-long sit-in at a Woolworth 's counter in Greensboro, North Carolina , captured the nation's attention. Within a week, students from North Carolina College at Durham and Duke University staged a sit-in in Durham. About a week later, Martin Luther King Jr. met Moore in Durham, where King coined his famous rallying cry "Fill up

2964-485: The antebellum period. By 1860, Stagville Plantation lay at the center of one of the largest plantation holdings in the South. African slaves were brought to labor on these farms and plantations, and slave quarters became the hearth of distinctively Southern cultural traditions involving crafts, social relations, life rituals, music, and dance. There were free African-Americans in the area as well, including several who fought in

3040-497: The area and would later call it "the flower of the Carolinas". Lawson claimed that Ajusher was situated 14 miles (23 km) from Occaneechi Town. In the mid-1700s, Scots, Irish, and English colonists settled on land granted to George Carteret by King Charles I , a grant that had by then been inherited by his great-grandson John . Early settlers built settlements as well as farms and mills, like West Point Mill . Frontiersmen in

3116-658: The area, prior to the American Revolutionary War , participated in the Regulator Movement . Loyalist militia used Cornwallis Road to cut through the area in 1771 to quell the rebellion. William Johnston, a local a farmer and shopkeeper, made munitions for the Continental Army , served in the Provincial Congress in 1775, and financially supported Daniel Boone on his westward explorations. Prior to

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3192-523: The arrival of the railroad, the area now known as Durham was the eastern part of present-day Orange County and was almost entirely agricultural, with a few businesses catering to travelers (particularly livestock drivers) along the Hillsborough Road. This road, eventually followed by US Route 70, was the major east–west route in North Carolina from colonial times until the construction of interstate highways. Steady population growth and an intersection with

3268-503: The building will be at the corner of Main St. and Corcoran St. It will be directly across from Durham's current tallest building, but once completed, will be the new tallest building in downtown Durham and the 4th largest building in the Triangle. Originally scheduled for a 2016 opening, the building was then expected to open in May 2018. This is an ambitious, $ 80 million project. In October 2014,

3344-566: The city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . With a population of 283,506 in the 2020 census , Durham is the fourth-most populous city in North Carolina and the 70th-most populous city in the United States. The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham–Chapel Hill metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 608,879 in 2023. The Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as

3420-918: The decline of Durham's tobacco and textile industries. As a result of its substantial African-American community, including many activists, a prominent civil rights movement developed in Durham. Multiple sit-ins were held, and Martin Luther King Jr. , visited the city during the struggle for equal rights. The Durham Committee on Negro Affairs, organized in 1935 by C.C. Spaulding, Louis Austin, Conrad Pearson, and James E. Shepard , has been cited nationally for its role in fighting for black voting rights. The committee also has used its voting strength to pursue social and economic rights for African-Americans and other ethnic groups. In 1957, Douglas E. Moore , minister of Durham's Asbury Temple Methodist Church, along with other religious and community leaders, pioneered sit-ins throughout North Carolina to protest discrimination at lunch counters that served only whites. Widely credited as

3496-515: The departure of the tobacco industry, large-scale renovations of the historic factories into offices, condominiums, and restaurants began to reshape downtown. While these efforts continue, the large majority of Durham's residential and retail growth since 1990 has been along the I-40 corridor in southern Durham County. Major employers in Durham are Duke University and Duke Medical Center (39,000 employees, 14,000 students), about 2 miles (3.2 km) west of

3572-458: The historic tobacco buildings elsewhere in the city have been converted into loft-style apartment complexes. The downtown corridor along West Main St. has seen significant redevelopment including bars, entertainment venues, art studios, and co-working spaces, in addition to shopping and dining in nearby Brightleaf Square , another former tobacco warehouse in the Bright Leaf Historic District . Other current and future projects include expansion of

3648-417: The jails," during a speech at White Rock Baptist Church. Advocating non-violent confrontation with segregation laws for the first time, King said, "Let us not fear going to jail. If the officials threaten to arrest us for standing up for our rights, we must answer by saying that we are willing and prepared to fill up the jails of the South." This community was not enough to prevent the demolition of portions of

3724-419: The late 19th and early 20th century encouraged the then-growing textile industry to locate just outside Durham. The early electrification of Durham was also a large incentive. Drawing a labor force from the economic demise of single-family farms in the region at the time, these textile mills doubled the population of Durham. These areas were known as East Durham and West Durham until they were eventually annexed by

3800-435: The list of software packages that it defines at its Linux System definition. In June 2024, Open Invention Network announced the 11th expansion of the definition, addressing more than 4,500 software packages and components. As of June 2024, OIN has grown its community to more than 3,800 business participants, a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of more than 50%. On June 22, 2010, OIN announced an Associate Member program and

3876-473: The mild flavor of the area's Brightleaf tobacco , which was considered more pleasant to smoke or chew than was available back home after the war. Some began sending letters to Durham to get more. The community of Durham Station grew slowly before the Civil War, but expanded rapidly following the war. Much of this growth attributed to the establishment of a thriving tobacco industry. Veterans returned home after

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3952-405: The nation's first publicly supported liberal arts college for African-Americans. In 1924, James Buchanan Duke established a philanthropic foundation in honor of his father Washington Duke to support Trinity College in Durham. The college changed its name to Duke University and built a large campus and hospital a mile west of Trinity College (the original site of Trinity College is now known as

4028-562: The online codebase are also not evidence that copyright infringing code is distributed on Android handsets. Two days after his original assertions Müller claimed to have found the files in the official source availability packages of device makers Motorola, LG and Samsung. The lawsuit ended with both parties agreeing to zero dollars in statutory damages for a small amount of copied code, so that Oracle could appeal. In April 2012, Müller said he had been hired by Oracle to consult on competition-related topics including FRAND licensing terms. In

4104-592: The open-space surrounding the American Tobacco Trail , new hotels and apartment complexes, a $ 6.35-million facelift of Durham City Hall, and ongoing redevelopment of the Duke University Central Campus. In 2013, 21c Museum Hotels announced plans to fully renovate the Hill Building . The renovations added a contemporary art museum and upscale restaurant to the historic building. Additionally,

4180-481: The original downtown area, and companies in the Research Triangle Park (49,000 employees), about 10 miles (16 km) southeast. These centers are connected by the Durham Freeway ( NC 147 ). In recent years the city of Durham has stepped up revitalization of its downtown and undergone an economic and cultural renaissance of sorts. Partnering with developers from around the world, the city continues to promote

4256-415: The other towns of central and western North Carolina, making even more money than they ever made from tobacco. Duke Power also had a significant business in local franchises for public transit (buses and trolleys) before local government took over this responsibility in the mid- to late 20th century. Duke Power ran Durham's public bus system (now GoDurham ) until 1991. The success of the tobacco industry in

4332-403: The population. Of the 124,536 households, 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.2% had seniors 65 years or older living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% were couples cohabitating, 20.2% had a male householder with no partner present, and 35.1% had a female householder with no partner present. The median household size

4408-637: The private systems that had served the city since 1887. Durham quickly developed a black community, the center of which was an area known as Hayti , (pronounced HAY-tie), just south of the center of town, where some of the most prominent and successful black-owned businesses in the country during the early 20th century were established. These businesses — the best known of which are North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company and Mechanics & Farmers Bank — were centered on Parrish St., which would come to be known as "Black Wall Street". In 1910, Dr. James E. Shepard founded North Carolina Central University ,

4484-540: The rapid growth of the city of Durham. Throughout the Gilded Age and into the early twentieth century, Durham industrialists, including George Washington Watts , John Sprunt Hill , and Julian S. Carr , built large mansions such as Somerset Villa , Harwood Hall , the John Sprunt Hill House , and Greystone Manor . Washington Duke was a good businessman, but his sons were brilliant and established what amounted to

4560-550: The recruitment of Canonical (previously an OIN licensee) as its first associate member. The announcement drew criticism from anti-software-patent activist and a European lobbyist Florian Müller , who had previously criticized the OIN for a lack of transparency and for defining arbitrarily the scope of the patent protection it offers. Florian Mueller's credibility in attacking OIN has been called into question due to his paid relationship with corporate sponsors. On August 30, 2021, Xiaomi joined

4636-713: The redevelopment of many of its former tobacco districts, projects supplemented by the earlier construction of the Durham Performing Arts Center and new Durham Bulls Athletic Park . The American Tobacco Historic District , adjacent to both the athletic park and performing arts center, is one such project, having successfully lured a number of restaurants, entertainment venues, and office space geared toward hi-tech entrepreneurs, investors, and startups. Many other companies have purchased and renovated historic buildings, such as Measurement Incorporated and Capitol Broadcasting Company . The American Underground section of

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4712-471: The region. The number of days of inland flooding within the Piedmont is also expected to increase, which puts Durham at higher risk of future flooding. High-intensity short-duration storms are predicted to grow in frequency to upwards of 9 days a year by 2100. Inland flooding is anticipated to have a greater impact on the elderly and other at-risk groups. Durham's population, as of July 1, 2019 and according to

4788-401: The road connecting Roxboro and Fayetteville made the area near this site suitable for a US Post Office. Roxboro, Fayetteville and Hillsborough Roads remain major thoroughfares in Durham, although they no longer exactly follow their early 19th century rights-of-way. Large plantations, Hardscrabble , Fairntosh , Lipscomb , Walnut Hall , Patterson , and Leigh among them, were established in

4864-436: The summer and high temperatures from 80 to 100 degrees F. The region sees an average of 7 inches (180 mm) of snow per year, with any snowfall usually melting within a few days. The Durham area consistently ranks in the top 10 most challenging places to live with seasonal allergies. Climate change is expected to increase the number of days of extreme precipitation in Durham as well as moderately increase temperature within

4940-718: The support of corporate sponsors 1&1 , Red Hat and MySQL for launching NoSoftwarePatents.com, which opposed the European Commission 's proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions . Following several years of intensive lobbying by many parties, this proposed directive was rejected by the European Parliament on 6 July 2005, with 648 out of 680 votes cast. For his political activities, Müller received several awards in 2005. A leading publication for intellectual property lawyers, "Managing Intellectual Property", counted Müller – along with

5016-544: The war with an interest in acquiring more of the tobacco they had sampled in North Carolina. Numerous orders were mailed to John Ruffin Green's tobacco company requesting more of the Durham tobacco. W.T. Blackwell partnered with Green and renamed the company as the " Bull Durham Tobacco Factory ". The name "Bull Durham" is said to have been taken from the bull on the British Colman's Mustard, which Mr. Blackwell mistakenly believed

5092-521: The west. After the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865, Gen. Johnston sought surrender terms, which were negotiated on April 17, 18 and 26 at Bennett Place , the small farm of James and Nancy Bennett, located halfway between the army's lines about 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Durham Station. As both armies passed through Durham, Hillsborough, and surrounding Piedmont communities, they enjoyed

5168-415: The western mountains of North Carolina through the newly invented technology of high voltage power lines. At this time (1910–1920), the few towns and cities in North Carolina that had electricity depended on local "powerhouses". These were large, noisy, and smoky coal-fired plants located next to the railroad tracks. Duke Power quickly took over the electricity franchises in these towns and then electrified all

5244-783: Was $ 46,082. Out of the 282,061 people with a determined poverty status, 11.2% were below the poverty line . Further, 17.7% of minors and 7.3% of seniors were below the poverty line. In the survey, residents self-identified with various ethnic ancestries. People of English descent made up 9.3% of the population of the town, followed by German at 7.7%, Irish at 6.8%, Italian at 3.0%, American at 3.0%, Sub-Saharan African at 2.6%, Polish at 2.0%, Scottish at 1.9%, French at 1.4%, Scotch-Irish at 1.3%, Caribbean (excluding Hispanics) at 0.9%, Dutch at 0.8%, Norwegian at 0.8%, Swedish at 0.8%, Russian at 0.7%, and Welsh at 0.6%. Duke University and Duke University Health System are Durham's largest employers. Below

5320-427: Was 2,499.6 inhabitants per square mile (965.1/km ). There were 134,423 housing units at an average density of 1,151.3 per square mile (444.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 41.1% White, 34.7% Black or African American, 9.9% some other race, 6.7% Asian, and 0.6% Native American or Alaskan Native, with 7.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 14.1% of

5396-452: Was 2.26 and the median family size was 3.00. The age distribution was 19.7% under 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. The median income for a household was $ 78,105, with family households having a median income of $ 90,521 and non-family households $ 60,203. The per capita income

5472-615: Was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , in April 1869. The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later, in 1881. It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role. While these industries have declined, Durham underwent revitalization and population growth to become an educational, medical, and research center. Durham

5548-471: Was known for its first 20 years, was a depot for the occasional passenger or express package until early April 1865, when the Federal Army commanded by Major General William T. Sherman occupied the nearby state capital of Raleigh during the American Civil War. The last formidable Confederate Army in the South, commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston , was headquartered in Greensboro 50 miles (80 km) to

5624-608: Was land and 0.82 square miles (2.1 km ) (0.71%) was water. The soil is predominantly clay, making it poor for agriculture. The Eno River , a tributary of the Neuse River , passes through the northern part of Durham, along with several other small creeks. The center of Durham is on a ridge that forms the divide between the Neuse River watershed, flowing east to Pamlico Sound , and the Cape Fear River watershed, flowing south to

5700-417: Was manufactured in Durham , England. Mustard known as Durham Mustard was originally produced in Durham , England, by Mrs Clements and later by Ainsley during the eighteenth century. However, production of the original Durham Mustard has now been passed into the hands of Colman's of Norwich , England. As Durham Station's population rapidly increased, the station became a town and was incorporated by act of

5776-602: Was teaming with IBM, Microsoft and the Linux Foundation to further protect Linux and open source from Patent Assertion Entities (PAE), commonly called Patent Trolls. Together, the organizations are funding a multi-million dollar, multi-year initiative with Unified Patents' Open Source Zone. This expands OIN’s and its partners’ patent non-aggression activities by deterring PAEs from targeting Linux and adjacent OSS technologies relied on by developers, distributors and users. Every 18 months to two years, Open Invention Network updates

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