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53-504: Opel was Germany's top auto-producer throughout the 1930s. Between 1932 and 1936 this model was the manufacturer's top seller. The Opel 1,2 Liter entered production in July 1931. Conceptually and technically it closely resembled the Opel 1.8 Liter which had been launched six months earlier, with the two models even sharing identical cylinder dimensions. However, the 1.8 engine had two more cylinders than

106-500: A 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in) bore and stroke. 1987 – The Opel/Vauxhall 2.0 L GM Family II engines are square at 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke; example as C20XE C20NE C20LET X20A X20XEV X20XER Z20LET Z20LEH Z20LER A20NHT A20NFT. 1989 – Nissan's SR20DE is a square engine, with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke. 1990–2010 Saab B234/B235

159-400: A steam engine , where the combustion of the fuel takes place outside the working cylinders of the engine. The contemporary convention for describing the stroke ratio of a piston engine ‘s cylinders is its bore/stroke ratio. Stroke/bore ratio is an obsolete expression dating to the early era of reciprocating engine development. The diameter of the cylinder bore is divided by

212-426: A 101.6 mm × 101.6 mm (4.00 in × 4.00 in) bore and stroke. 1973 – Kawasaki Z1 and KZ(Z)900 had a 66.0 mm × 66.0 mm (2.60 in × 2.60 in) bore and stroke. 1982 - Honda Nighthawk 250 and Honda CMX250C Rebel have a 53.0 mm × 53.0 mm (2.09 in × 2.09 in) bore and stroke. 1983 – Mazda FE 2.0L inline four-cylinder engine with

265-494: A bore/stroke ratio of 0.845:1. Some rear-wheel-drive cars that borrow engines from front-wheel-drive cars (such as the Mazda MX-5 ) use an undersquare design. BMW's acclaimed S54B32 M54 engine was undersquare with a bore and stroke of 87 mm × 91 mm (3.4 in × 3.6 in)), offering a world record torque-per-litre figure (114 N⋅m/L, 1.38 lb⋅ft/cu in) for normally-aspirated production engines at

318-406: A claimed maximum output of 22 PS (16.2 kW; 21.7 hp) which in 1933 increased marginally to 23 PS (16.9 kW; 22.7 hp). Published top speed was 85 km/h (53 mph), and in the case of the slightly heavier "Regent"-bodied version 82 km/h (51 mph). Transmission of power to the rear wheels took place via a three-speed manual gearbox without synchromesh. From 1933

371-698: A foldaway roof-cover and there was a two-door four-seater “Limousine” (sedan/saloon) retailing for 2,700 Marks in 1931: by 1935, following a more general upgrade for the model in 1934, the price for two door four seater “Limousine” was down to 1,850 Marks, presumably helped by economies of scale resulting from the car's popularity. Versions of the 1.2 were also assembled in the Netherlands East Indies , in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta ). N.V. General Motors Java's sales territory included Indochina , Malaysia , all of modern-day Indonesia , as well as Thailand . Due to

424-479: A four-speed option became available, although the three-speed transmission continued to be the standard offering on the lower specification cars throughout. The brakes were controlled via a cable linkage and at this stage operated on the drive shaft. For 1933 Opel introduced the Opel 1,0 Liter, which was a simplified version of the 1,2 Liter, powered by a 995 cc engine. Claimed maximum power for this version of

477-402: A little slower than the older car as well as being approximately 300 kg lighter. The car came with a 1790 cc six cylinder side-valve engine fed by a Solex 30FV carburettor. A maximum output of 32 PS (24 kW; 32 hp) at 3,200 rpm was claimed. Advertised top speed was 85 km/h (53 mph). Power was transmitted to the rear wheels using a three speed gearbox controlled with

530-441: A luggage locker. A spare wheel was mounted on the rear panel and access to the fuel filler was through a fuel cap positioned through the hole in the middle of the spare wheel. The first Regent-bodied 1.8 Liter was a two-door saloon, but over the next few months fashionable new Regent-body equivalents were offered of the more conservative original-bodied versions. The only exception was the torpedo -bodied Touring version which retained

583-486: A new naming convention whereby the car was simply named according to the engine size in liters, to one decimal point. Although Opel themselves would not always follow this convention faithfully, it was nevertheless a naming convention which became popular with auto-makers in several European countries in the ensuing decades as Tax horsepower, differently calculated in each country, became ever less relevant and less widely understood. The 1193 cc side-valve engine delivered

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636-545: A shorter engine that increases room available for the front wheels to steer. Examples of this include many Volkswagen , Nissan , Honda , and Mazda engines. The 1KR-FE -engine used in the Toyota Aygo , Citroën C1 and Peugeot 107 amongst others is an example of a modern long-stroke engine widely used in FF layout cars. This engine has a bore and stroke of 71 mm × 84 mm (2.8 in × 3.3 in) stroke giving it

689-434: A six-light body and a lengthened, 2,445 mm (96.3 in) wheelbase. The car was nevertheless still short for a four-door design and the doors were narrow. 1934 saw a simplification of the range of available body types, which was now reduced to three. These were a Limousine , a Special-Limousine and a Cabrio-Limousine with a roll-back soft top and fixed frames around the doors and side windows. The removal, after just

742-630: A substantially undersquare bore/stroke ratio of 0.709:1. The 4-litre Barra Inline 6 and Intech engines from the Australian Ford Falcon , uses a bore and stroke of 92.21 mm × 99.31 mm (3.63 in × 3.91 in) stroke, which equates to a 0.929:1 bore-stroke ratio. The 292 Chevrolet I6 is also undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 98.4 mm × 104.8 mm (3.875 in × 4.125 in) in (bore/stroke ratio = 0.939:1). Mitsubishi's 4G63T engine found primarily in many generations of Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution

795-518: A transmission stick beside the driver, in the middle of the floor. 1933 saw a small increase in both the compression ratio and the claimed power output. The transmission was replaced with a four speed unit, but still without synchromesh. This was now the transmission that would be fitted in the Opel »6« 2-litre when it appeared the next year. The claimed top speed now increased to 90 km/h (56 mph). When production started in January 1931 with

848-450: A year in production, of the four door Limousine reflected the January 1934 introduction of the slightly larger Opel 1,3 Liter which from the start came with the option of a four-door Limousine body. In September 1935 the Opel P4 replaced the Opel 1,2 Liter. The body was unchanged apart from an updated front grill. Also unchanged were the wheelbase and the transmission. What was new was

901-638: Is a square engine, with a 90.0 mm × 90.0 mm (3.54 in × 3.54 in) bore and stroke. 1991 – Ford's 4.6 V8 OHC engine has a 90.2 mm × 90.0 mm (3.552 in × 3.543 in) bore and stroke. 1995 – The BMW M52 engine with a displacement of 2793 cubic centimeters is an example of a perfect square engine with an 84.0 mm × 84.0 mm (3.31 in × 3.31 in) bore and stroke. 1996 – Jaguar's AJ-V8 engine in 4.0-litre form has an 86.0 mm bore and stroke. 2000 – Mercedes-Benz 4.0-litre (3996 cc; 243.9 cu in) OM628 V8 diesel engine

954-477: Is able to generate a peak torque of 350 lb·ft as low as 2501 rpm. The Willys Jeep L134 and F134 engines were undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 79.4 mm × 111.1 mm (3.13 in × 4.37 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.714:1). The Dodge Power Wagon used a straight-six Chrysler Flathead engine of 230 cu in (3.8 L) with a bore and stroke of 83 mm × 117 mm (3.3 in × 4.6 in), yielding

1007-471: Is an example of a square engine – with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke. An engine is described as oversquare or short-stroke if its cylinders have a greater bore diameter than its stroke length, giving a bore/stroke ratio greater than 1:1. An oversquare engine allows for more and larger valves in the head of the cylinder, higher possible rpm by lowering maximum piston speed, and lower crank stress due to

1060-606: Is an undersquare engine with a bore and stroke of 85 mm × 88 mm (3.3 in × 3.5 in). The Jaguar XK6 engine , used in all 6-cylinder Jaguars from 1949 to 1987 was undersquare. For example, the 4.2 litre engine had a bore and stroke of 92.08 mm × 106 mm (3.63 in × 4.17 in), providing a bore/stroke ratio of 0.869:1. Virtually all piston engines used in military aircraft were long-stroke engines. The PW R-2800, Wright R-3350, Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major , Rolls-Royce Merlin (1650), Allison V-1710, and Hispano-Suiza 12Y-Z are only

1113-400: Is described as undersquare or long-stroke if its cylinders have a smaller bore (width, diameter) than its stroke (length of piston travel) - giving a ratio value of less than 1:1. At a given engine speed, a longer stroke increases engine friction and increases stress on the crankshaft due to the higher peak piston acceleration. The smaller bore also reduces the area available for valves in

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1166-407: Is extremely oversquare with a bore/stroke ratio of 1.84:1. It was given the name "SuperQuadro" by Ducati , roughly translated as "super-square" from Italian. The side-valve Belgian D-Motor LF26 aero-engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.4:1. Early Mercedes-Benz M116 engines had a 92 millimetres (3.62 in) bore and a 65.6 millimetres (2.58 in) stroke for a 3.5 litre V8. An engine

1219-481: Is undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 86 mm × 105 mm (3.4 in × 4.1 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.819:1). The Ford 5.4L Modular Engine features a bore and stroke of 90.1 mm × 105.8 mm (3.55 in × 4.17 in), which makes a bore/stroke ratio of 0.852:1. Since the stroke is significantly longer than the bore, the SOHC 16V (2-valve per cylinder) version of this engine

1272-546: The GMC 478 V6 has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.33. The 1.6 litre version of the BMW N45 gasoline engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.167. Horizontally opposed, also known as "Boxer" or "flat", engines typically feature oversquare designs since any increase in stroke length would result in twice the increase in overall engine width. This is particularly so in Subaru ’s front-engine layout, where

1325-508: The equivalent section in the German Misplaced Pages. Stroke ratio#undersquare Stroke ratio , today universally defined as bore/stroke ratio , is a term to describe the ratio between cylinder bore diameter and piston stroke length in a reciprocating piston engine . This can be used for either an internal combustion engine , where the fuel is burned within the cylinders of the engine, or external combustion engine , such as

1378-504: The 1.2. Control over Opel had been purchased by General Motors in 1928 and the 1,2 Liter model was developed in America, with the need for efficient inexpensive production built into the development process. The wheelbase would be considered a little short for this class of car, but there would be no arguing with the aggressive pricing strategy that Opel were able to pursue with the 1,2 Liter. Opel's naming conventions had hitherto followed

1431-510: The 1932 model year. This was little changed from the Series 18B, though the range of bodies was further broadened. On the outside the two piece bumper was replaced by a simpler single piece bumper, although cars lower down the range still came without any bumper. The manufacturer's prices for the Series 18C cars were for most bodied versions several a few hundred marks lower than for their 1931 equivalents, reflecting several years of price deflation in

1484-540: The German auto-market started a sustained rebound, with 82,048 cars sold, nearly twice the level of the previous year, but most of the market growth was achieved by newly available smaller less expensive cars such as Opel’s 1.2 Liter and the DKW F2 . With 9,406 cars manufactured in 1933, its third and final production year, the Opel 1.8 Liter achieved impressive volumes for a six-cylinder car. This entry includes information from

1537-406: The German automobile market was badly depressed as the economy suffered from the aftershocks of the 1929 stock market crashes . Opel was already Germany’s leading auto producer, but the number of customers that the 1.8 Liter found is particularly impressive given the total German passenger car sales figure of just 56,039 in 1931. Towards the end of 1931 Opel introduced the 1.8 litre Series 18C, for

1590-453: The German economy during the early 1930s. July 1932 saw the introduction of a new Regent all-steel bodied "Limousine." The Regent-bodied cars had nothing in common with the ill fated Opel Regent of 1929 apart from the name. In place of the conventional vertical rear end of the earlier 1.8 Liter, the Regent body came with a sloping rear that followed the fashion for streamlining and incorporated

1643-494: The Opel P4 offered will have been a cause for concern to supporters of the government sponsored Volkswagen programme, which was already well advanced and which was a pet project of Adolf Hitler . Production of the little Opel was in any case much reduced during 1937, the P4's last year of production, reflecting the popularity of the larger and much more modern Kadett : for the Kadett 1937 was

Opel 1,2 Liter - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-419: The car from the more modern Opel 1,3 Liter introduced in 1934, and from the manufacturer's important new Olympia and Kadett models which entered production in 1935 and late 1936 respectively. Commercially the car was a success. Possibly on account of the aggressive price reduction accompanying its introduction, the P4 sold even better that the 1,2 Liter model, with 40,405 cars produced in 1936 which

1749-466: The car was 18 PS (13.2 kW; 17.8 hp) and top speed was down to 78 km/h (48 mph). Production commenced in November 1932, but only one car was sold before the end of the year. However, by the time production ended after just one year in November 1933, 5600 of the reduced specification cars had been produced. Ending production of the 1,0 Liter after just one year has been attributed to

1802-517: The casual observer might mistake for a folding roof, and which curiously adumbrated the vinyl roof coverings which became fashionable among several mainstream auto-makers and their customers in Europe in the 1970s. The Sonnen-Coupé was in fact a style already familiar in France where cars with this type of body were called Faux-Cabriolets ("False cabriolets"). An added twist with the Opel 1.8 Liter Sonnen-Coupé

1855-400: The change to the P4 model, and the further reduction to 1,450 Marks in 1937, it seems likely that the new power unit was cheaper to produce than the earlier powerplant. This was also the point at which four-wheel brakes replaced the earlier braking system which had operated on the drive shaft. Despite the unchanged performance, in the marketplace the reduced engine size would have distanced

1908-568: The combustion chamber at ignition can cause increased inhomogeneity in the air/fuel mixture during combustion, resulting in higher emissions. The reduced stroke length allows for a shorter cylinder and sometimes a shorter connecting rod, generally making oversquare engines less tall but wider than undersquare engines of similar engine displacement . Oversquare engines (a.k.a. "short stroke engines") are very common, as they allow higher rpm (and thus more power), without excessive piston speed. Examples include both Chevrolet and Ford small-block V8s;

1961-534: The cylinder head, requiring them to be smaller or fewer in number. Undersquare engines often exhibit peak torque at lower rpm than an oversquare engine due to their smaller valves and high piston speed limiting their potential to rev higher. Undersquare engines have become more common lately, as manufacturers push for more and more efficient engines and higher fuel economy. Many inline engines, particularly those mounted transversely in front-wheel-drive cars, utilize an undersquare design. The smaller bore allows for

2014-577: The economic downturn following the Depression, GM Java switched its production from Chevrolets to an Opel 1.2-powered 7-seater taxibus in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933. In 1932, the 1,2 Liter "Regent" took the range upmarket. This took the two-door Limousine (saloon) body of the larger Opel 1.8 and persuaded it onto a slightly extended version of the smaller platform of the 1,2 Liter. Four-door Limousine (saloon) bodies became available in 1933 for both 1,2 Liter models, featuring

2067-401: The economic recovery which was finally setting in, with the total size of the German car market increasing from 41,118 cars in 1932 to 130,938 in 1934. Also relevant will have been Germany's abolition of the annual car tax for new cars purchased after 1933. This tax, which would return only in 1945, was based on engine size, and a reduced taxation level thanks to its smaller engine had been one of

2120-451: The engine, which was less undersquare than before, though its essential architecture as a straight-four cylinder side-valve unit was familiar enough. The claimed maximum power output and top speed were unchanged at 23 PS (17 kW; 23 hp) and 85 km/h (53 mph) respectively. What did change was the engine size, which was now reduced to 1073 cc. In view of the price reduction from 1,850 to 1,650 Marks which accompanied

2173-483: The first full year of production. Total production between 1931 and 1937 of the 1,2 Liter, 1,0 Liter, and P4 models combined was 173,027. This entry includes information from the equivalent entry in the German Misplaced Pages Opel 1.8 Liter The Opel 1.8 Liter is a family car manufactured by Opel . Production commenced in January 1931, and continued till November 1933. The Opel 1.8 Liter

Opel 1,2 Liter - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-405: The key selling features of the Opel 1,0 Liter. The car was launched with the usual range of bodies. The entry-level car was the open-topped two-seater which was priced in 1931 at 2,000 Marks . With price deflation a feature of the economy at this time, it was possible in 1932 to reduce the manufacturer's listed price to 1,890 Marks. There were two and four-seater cabriolets which came with

2279-593: The length of the piston stroke to give the ratio. The following terms describe the naming conventions for the configurations of the various bore/stroke ratio: A square engine has equal bore and stroke dimensions, giving a bore/stroke value of exactly 1:1. 1953 – Ferrari 250 Europa had Lampredi V12 with 68.0 mm × 68.0 mm (2.7 in × 2.7 in) bore and stroke. 1967 – FIAT 125, 124Sport engine 125A000, 125B000, 125BC000, 1608 ccm, DOHC, 80.0 mm × 80.0 mm (3.15 in × 3.15 in) bore and stroke. 1970 – Ford 400 had

2332-472: The lower peak piston acceleration for the same engine (rotational) speed. Because these characteristics favor higher engine speeds, oversquare engines are often tuned to develop peak torque at a relatively high speed. Due to the increased piston and head surface area, the heat loss increases as the bore/stroke ratio is increased. Thus an excessively high ratio can lead to a decreased thermal efficiency compared to other engine geometries. The large size/width of

2385-459: The more perpendicular profile of the original Opel 1.8 Liters. In addition to the Regent bodies, 1933 also saw the introduction of a four-door Series 18N six-light limousine. Between January 1931 and November 1933 Opel produced 32,285 1.8 Liter models. The Opel 1.8 Liter was the number one seller of Germany’s largest auto producer in 1931. By 1932 it had lost the position to the manufacturer’s smaller recently introduced 1.2 Liter . In 1933

2438-421: The normal German practice of giving each model a two number name, in which the first number represented the car's tax horsepower and the second number represented its actual (metric) horse power. The car's predecessor had thus been sold as the Opel 4/20 because its tax horsepower would have been 4 and its actual, brake horsepower 20 PS (14.7 kW; 19.7 hp). The Opel 1,2 Liter was an early example of

2491-406: The so-called Opel 1.8 Liter Series 18B, there were essentially three different body options. The entry-level model was a two-seater cabriolet with fixed side windows and a fold-out Dickey-seat at the back, aggressively priced at 3,175 Marks. There was a four-door Limousine (sedan/saloon), and there was also a two-door "Sonnen-Coupé". The Sonnen-Coupé had a black imitation leather roof covering, which

2544-1008: The steering angle of the front wheels is constrained by the width of the engine. The Subaru EJ181 engine develops peak torque at speeds as low as 3200 rpm. Nissan's RB, VQ, VK, VH and VR38DETT engines are all oversquare. Additionally, SR16VE engine found in Nissan Pulsar VZ-R and VZ-R N1 is an oversquare engine with 86 millimetres (3.39 in) bore and 68.7 millimetres (2.70 in) stroke, giving it 175–200 horsepower (130–150 kW) but relatively small torque of 119–134 pound-feet (161–182 N⋅m; 16.5–18.5 kg⋅m) Extreme oversquare engines are found in Formula One racing cars, where strict rules limit displacement, thereby necessitating that power be achieved through high engine speeds. Stroke ratios approaching 2.5:1 are allowed, enabling engine speeds of 18,000 rpm while remaining reliable for multiple races. The Ducati Panigale motorcycle engine

2597-456: The time; this record stood until Ferrari unveiled the 458 Italia . Many British automobile companies used undersquare designs until the 1950s, largely because of a motor tax system that taxed cars by their cylinder bore . This includes the BMC A-Series engine , and many Nissan derivatives. The Trojan Car used an undersquare, split piston , two stroke , two-cylinder inline engine; this

2650-400: Was an opening steel panel sun roof, denoted by the reference in the car’s name to the sun. Other body types that soon became available were a Torpedo style two door "Touring" body, a "Roadster" and a two-door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon). During its first year the 1.8 Liter Series 18B enjoyed fantastic success in the market place, with 15,739 cars produced in a single year. In 1931 and 1932

2703-494: Was partly for this tax advantage and partly because its proportions allowed flexing V-shaped connecting rods for the two pistons of each U-shaped cylinder, which was cheaper and simpler than two connecting rods joined with an additional bearing. Their French and German competitors at the time also used undersquare designs even in absence of the tax reasoning, e. g. Renault Billancourt engine and Opel straight-6 engine . The 225 cu in (3.7  litre ) Chrysler Slant-6 engine

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2756-513: Was the first new Opel to be launched following the purchase of an 80% share in Opel by General Motors (GM) , and the first Opel to have been designed and developed by GM in North America. The 1.8-litre has been seen as a replacement for the Opel 4/40 which had gone out of the production in September 1930, although in terms of advertised performance the new model was less powerful and, as launched,

2809-449: Was the models best year, and the year in which its production volume equated 19 percent of the German passenger car market. In view of the relatively national focus of the major individual European automobile markets at this time, the overwhelming majority of Opel 1,2 Liter/P4 models will have been sold in Germany. In 1936 the Opel P4 was Germany's most popular car. The value for money that

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