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44-463: Estimates of the proportion of words of Sinitic origin in the Vietnamese lexicon vary from one third to half and even to 70%. The proportion tends towards the lower end in speech and towards the higher end in technical writing. In the famous Từ điển tiếng Việt  [ vi ] dictionary by Vietnamese linguist Hoàng Phê  [ vi ] , about 40% of the vocabulary is of Sinitic origin. As

88-672: A Vietnamese form for almost all Chinese characters, it can be used to derive a Vietnamese form for any Chinese word or name. For example, the name of Chinese leader Xi Jinping consists of the Chinese characters 習近平 . Applying Sino-Vietnamese reading to each character yields the Vietnamese translation of his name, Tập Cận Bình . Some Western names and words, approximated to Chinese languages often through Mandarin or in some cases approximated in Japanese and then borrowed into Chinese languages, were further approximated in Vietnamese. For example, Portugal

132-404: A common feature of many Chinese varieties , and the reading distinctions for these linguistic doublets often typify a dialect group. Literary readings ( 文读 ; 文讀 ; wéndú ) are usually used in loanwords, geographic and personal names, literary works such as poetry, and in formal contexts, while colloquial readings ( 白读 ; 白讀 ; báidú ) are used in everyday vernacular speech. For example,

176-460: A result of a thousand years of Chinese control , a small number of Sinitic words were borrowed into Vietnamese, called Old Sino-Vietnamese layer. Furthermore, a thousand years of use of Literary Chinese after independence, a considerable number of Sinitic words were borrowed, called the Sino-Vietnamese layer. These layers were first systematically studied by linguist Wang Li . The ancestor of

220-672: A status similar to that of Latin -based words in English: they are used more in formal context than in everyday life. Because Chinese languages and Vietnamese use different order for subject and modifier, compound Sino-Vietnamese words or phrases might appear ungrammatical in Vietnamese sentences. For example, the Sino-Vietnamese phrase bạch mã ( 白馬 "white horse") can be expressed in Vietnamese as ngựa trắng ("horse white"). For this reason, compound words containing native Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese words are very rare and are considered improper by some. For example, chung cư ("apartment building")

264-433: A winner emerged, with the final choice sometimes differing between countries. A fairly large amount of Sino-Vietnamese compounds have meanings that differ significantly from their usage in other Sinitic vocabularies. For example: There also a significant amount of Sino-Vietnamese compounds that are used, but the terms differ in different Sinosphere languages. Such as: Some Sino-Vietnamese compounds are entirely invented by

308-648: Is Diêm Vương Tinh ( 閻王星 ) and sao Diêm Vương , named after the Hindu and Buddhist deity Yama . During the Hồ dynasty , Vietnam was officially known as Đại Ngu ( 大虞 "Great Peace"). However, most modern Vietnamese know ngu ( 愚 ) as "stupid"; consequently, some misinterpret it as "Big Idiot". Conversely, the Han River in South Korea is often erroneously translated as sông Hàn ( 韓 ) when it should be sông Hán ( 漢 ) due to

352-461: Is tiệt diện ( 截面 ; "cross-section") being replaced by tiết diện ( 節面 ). One interesting example is the current motto of Vietnam : "Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam / Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc", in which all the words are Sino-Vietnamese ( 獨立 – 自由 – 幸福 ). Writing Sino-Vietnamese words with the Vietnamese alphabet causes some confusion about the origins of some terms, due to

396-688: Is a former Sinitic name of the United States and translates literally as " flower flag ". Except for the oldest and most deeply ingrained Sino-Vietnamese names, modern Vietnamese instead uses direct phonetic transliterations for foreign names, in order to preserve the original spelling and pronunciation. Today, the written form of such transliterated names are almost always left unaltered; with rising levels of proficiency in English spelling and pronunciation in Vietnam, readers generally no longer need to be instructed on

440-533: Is also similar. Traces of the original consonant clusters can be found in materials from the 17th century, but have disappeared from modern Vietnamese. The Old Sino-Vietnamese layer was introduced after the Chinese conquest of the kingdom of Nanyue , including the northern part of Vietnam, in 111 BC. The influence of the Chinese language was particularly felt during the Eastern Han period (25–190 AD), due to increased Chinese immigration and official efforts to sinicize

484-554: Is because they reflect readings from before Beijing was the capital, e.g. from the Ming dynasty. Most instances where there are different literary and colloquial readings occur with characters that have entering tones . Among those are primarily literary readings that have not been adopted into the Beijing dialect before the Yuan dynasty . Colloquial readings of other regions have also been adopted into

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528-466: Is often different depending on whether it is read with a colloquial or literary reading. Initials Rimes Tones Examples: 1. Middle Chinese reconstruction according to Zhengzhang Shangfang . Middle Chinese tones in terms of level ( 平 ), rising ( 上 ), departing ( 去 ), and entering ( 入 ) are given. Examples: Literary readings in modern Standard Chinese are usually native pronunciations more conservative than colloquial readings. This

572-402: Is transliterated as 葡萄牙 ( pinyin : Pútáoyá ; Cantonese Yale : Pòuhtòuhngàh ) and becomes Bồ Đào Nha in Vietnamese. England ( 英格蘭 ; Yīnggélán ; Yīnggaaklàahn ) became Anh Cát Lợi ( 英吉利 ), shortened to Anh ( 英 ), while United States became Mỹ Lợi Gia ( 美利加 ), shortened to Mỹ ( 美 ). The formal name for the United States in Vietnamese is Hoa Kỳ ( 花旗 ); this

616-656: The Vietic languages was atonal and sesquisyllabic , featured many consonant clusters, and made use of affixes . The northern Vietic varieties ancestral to Vietnamese and Muong have long been in contact with Tai languages and Chinese as part of a zone of convergence known as the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area . As a result, most languages of this area, including Middle Chinese and Vietnamese, are analytic , with almost all morphemes monosyllabic and lacking inflection . The phonological structure of their syllables

660-516: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Hoàng Phê " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

704-558: The literary readings in various parts of China and Sino-Xenic pronunciations in the other countries. As contact with the West grew, Western works were translated into Literary Chinese and read by the literate. In order to translate words for new concepts (political, religious, scientific, medical and technical terminology) scholars in these countries coined new compounds formed from Chinese morphemes and written with Chinese characters. The local readings of these compounds were readily adopted into

748-434: The phonology of the Chinese variety in which this occurred did not entirely match that of the prestige variety, literary readings tended to evolve toward the prestige variety. Also, neologisms usually use the pronunciation of prestigious varieties. Colloquial readings are usually used in informal settings because their usage in formal settings has been supplanted by the readings of the prestige varieties. Because of this,

792-624: The strata of Sinitic languages, as such differences reflect a history of dialect interchange and the influence of formal education and instruction on various regions in China. Colloquial readings are generally considered to represent a substratum, while their literary counterparts are considered a superstratum. Colloquial readings typically reflect the native phonology of a given Chinese variety , while literary readings typically originate from other Chinese varieties, typically more prestigious varieties. Colloquial readings are usually older, resembling

836-700: The Beijing dialect, a major difference being that literary readings are usually adopted with the colloquial readings. Some of the differences between the Standard Chinese of Taiwan and the mainland are due to the fact that Putonghua tends to adopt colloquial readings for a character while Guoyu tends to adopt a literary reading. Examples of literary readings adopted into the Beijing dialect: 1. Middle Chinese reconstruction according to Zhengzhang Shangfang . Middle Chinese tones in terms of level ( 平 ), rising ( 上 ), departing ( 去 ), and entering ( 入 ) are given. Examples of colloquial readings adopted into

880-412: The Beijing dialect: 1. Middle Chinese reconstruction according to Zhengzhang Shangfang . Middle Chinese tones in terms of level ( 平 ), rising ( 上 ), departing ( 去 ), and entering ( 入 ) are given. 2. 港 's only attested reading is gǎng ; ** jiǎng is purely hypothetical. In Sichuanese Mandarin , colloquial readings tend to resemble Ba-Shu Chinese or southern Proto-Mandarin during

924-549: The Hokkien word bah ('meat') is often written with the character 肉 , which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings he̍k and jio̍k , respectively). In the Fuzhou dialect of Min Dong , literary readings are mainly used in formal phrases and words derived from the written language, while the colloquial ones are used in more colloquial phrases. Phonologically,

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968-631: The Ming, while literary readings tend to resemble modern standard Mandarin. For example, in the Yaoling dialect the colloquial reading of 物 'things' is [væʔ] , which is very similar to its pronunciation of Ba-Shu Chinese in the Song dynasty (960–1279). Meanwhile, its literary reading, [ voʔ ], is relatively similar to the standard Mandarin pronunciation [ u ]. The table below shows some Chinese characters with both literary and colloquial readings in Sichuanese. In

1012-542: The Old Sino-Vietnamese layer. Sino-Vietnamese shows a number of distinctive developments from Middle Chinese: Up until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was the vehicle of administration and scholarship, not only in China, but also in Vietnam, Korea and Japan, similar to Latin in medieval Europe. Though not a spoken language, this shared written language was read aloud in different places according to local traditions derived from Middle Chinese pronunciation:

1056-417: The Vietnamese and are not used in any Chinese languages, such as linh mục 'priest' from 靈 'soul' and 牧 'shepherd', or giả kim thuật ( 假金術 'art of artificial metal'), which has been applied popularly to refer to 'alchemy'. Another example is linh cẩu ( 靈狗 , 'alert dog') meaning 'hyena'. Others are no longer used in modern Chinese languages or have other meanings. Since Sino-Vietnamese provides

1100-512: The borrowed readings are unrelated to the native readings. Furthermore, many kanji in fact have several on'yomi , reflecting borrowings at different periods – these multiple borrowings are generally doublets or triplets, and are sometimes quite distant in time. These readings are generally used in particular contexts, such as readings for Buddhist terms, many of which were earlier go-on borrowings. Cantonese literary and colloquial readings have quite regular relationships. A character's meaning

1144-640: The character 魏 had a [ ŋ ] initial in Middle Chinese , and in literary readings, there is a null initial. In colloquial readings it is pronounced /ŋuɛ/ in Songjiang . About 100 years ago, it was pronounced /ŋuɛ/ in Suzhou and Shanghai, and now it is /uɛ/ . Some pairs of literary and colloquial readings are interchangeable in all cases, such as in the words 吳淞 and 松江 . Some must be read in one particular reading. For example, 人民 must be read using

1188-596: The character for 'white' ( 白 ) is normally read with the colloquial pronunciation bái [pǎɪ] in Standard Chinese , but can also have the literary reading bó [pwǒ] in names or in some formal or historical contexts. This example is particularly well known due to its effect on the modern pronunciations "Bo Juyi" and "Li Bo" for the names of the Tang dynasty (618–907) poets Bai Juyi and Li Bai . The differing pronunciations have led linguists to explore

1232-762: The correct pronunciation for common foreign names. For example, while the Sino-Vietnamese Luân Đôn remains in common usage in Vietnamese, the English equivalent London is also commonplace. Calques have also arisen to replace some Sino-Vietnamese terms. For example, the White House is usually referred to as Nhà Trắng (literally, "white house") in Vietnam, though Tòa Bạch Ốc (based on 白屋 ) retains some currency among overseas Vietnamese. However, China-specific names such as Trung Quốc ( Middle Kingdom , 中國 ), as well as Korean names with Chinese roots , continue to be rendered in Sino-Vietnamese rather than

1276-590: The early 20th century. Around 3,000 words entered Vietnamese over this period. Some of these were re-introductions of words borrowed at the Old Sino-Vietnamese stage, with different pronunciations due to intervening sound changes in Vietnamese and Chinese, and often with a shift in meaning. Wang Li followed Henri Maspero in identifying a problematic group of forms with "softened" initials g- , gi , d- and v- as Sino-Vietnamese loans that had been affected by changes in colloquial Vietnamese. Most scholars now follow André-Georges Haudricourt in assigning these words to

1320-503: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoàng_Phê " Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters Differing literary and colloquial readings for certain Chinese characters are

1364-895: The 💕 Look for Hoàng Phê on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Hoàng Phê in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

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1408-886: The frequency of literary readings in a Chinese variety reflects its history and status. For example, before the promotion of Standard Chinese (based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin), the Central Plains Mandarin of the Central Plain had few literary readings, but they now have literary readings that resemble the phonology of Modern Standard Chinese. On the other hand, the relatively influential Beijing and Guangzhou dialects have fewer literary readings than other varieties. Some Chinese varieties may have many instances of foreign readings replacing native readings, forming multiple sets of literary and colloquial readings. A newer literary reading may replace an older literary reading, and

1452-441: The large number of homophones in Sino-Vietnamese. For example, both 明 (bright) and 冥 (dark) are read as minh , thus the word "minh" has two contradictory meanings: bright and dark (although the "dark" meaning is now esoteric and is used in only a few compound words). Perhaps for this reason, the Vietnamese name for Pluto is not Minh Vương Tinh ( 冥王星 – lit. "underworld king star") as in other East Asian languages, but

1496-1179: The literary reading, /zəɲmiɲ/ , and 人命 must be read using the colloquial reading, /ɲiɲmiɲ/ . Some differences in reading for the same characters have different meanings, such as 巴結 , using the colloquial reading /pʊtɕɪʔ/ means 'make great effort', and using the literary reading /pɑtɕɪʔ/ means 'get a desired outcome'. Some readings are almost never used, such as colloquial / ŋ̍ / for 吳 and literary /tɕiɑ̃/ for 江 . Examples: Min languages , which include Taiwanese Hokkien , separate reading pronunciations ( 讀音 ) from spoken pronunciations ( 語音 ) and explications ( 解說 ). Hokkien dictionaries in Taiwan often differentiate between such character readings with prefixes for literary readings and colloquial readings 文 and 白 , respectively. The following examples in Pe̍h-oē-jī show differences in character readings in Taiwanese Hokkien: In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example,

1540-539: The meaning of the compound word is preserved even if individually each has multiple meanings. Today Sino-Vietnamese texts are learnt and used mostly only by Buddhist monks since important texts such as the scriptures to pacify spirits (recited during the ritual for the Seventh Lunar month - Trai đàn Chẩn tế; 齋壇振濟 ) are still recited in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Such as the chant, Nam mô A Di Đà Phật coming from 南無阿彌陀佛. Ho%C3%A0ng Ph%C3%AA From Misplaced Pages,

1584-403: The name's similarity with the country name. However, the homograph/homophone problem is not as serious as it appears, because although many Sino-Vietnamese words have multiple meanings when written with the Vietnamese alphabet, usually only one has widespread usage, while the others are relegated to obscurity. Furthermore, Sino-Vietnamese words are usually not used alone, but in compound words, thus

1628-591: The northern Wu -speaking region, the main sources of literary readings are the Beijing and Nanjing dialects during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and modern Standard Chinese. In the southern Wu-speaking region, literary readings tend to be adopted from the Hangzhou dialect . Colloquial readings tend to reflect an older sound system. Not all Wu dialects behave the same way. Some have more instances of discrepancies between literary and colloquial readings than others. For example,

1672-564: The older literary reading may become disused or become a new colloquial reading. Sometimes literary and colloquial readings of the same character have different meanings. An analogous phenomenon exists to a much more significant degree in Japanese , where individual kanji generally have two common readings—the newer borrowed, more formal Sino-Japanese on'yomi , and the older native, more colloquial kun'yomi . Unlike in Chinese varieties, where readings are usually genetically related, in Japanese

1716-421: The respective local vernaculars of Japan, Korea and Vietnam. For example, the Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan created hundreds of translations of mathematical terms, including 代數學 ('replace-number-study') for 'algebra', yielding modern Mandarin dàishùxué , Vietnamese đại số học , Japanese daisūgaku and Korean daesuhak . Often, multiple compounds for the same concept were in circulation for some time before

1760-444: The romanization systems used in other languages. Examples include Triều Tiên ( Joseon , 朝鮮 ) for both Korea as a whole and North Korea in particular, Hàn Quốc ( Hanguk , 韓國 ) for South Korea , Bình Nhưỡng ( Pyongyang , 平壤 ), and Bàn Môn Điếm ( Panmunjom , 板門店 ). Seoul , unlike most Korean place names, has no corresponding hanja ; it is therefore phonetically transliterated as Xê-un . Sino-Vietnamese words have

1804-564: The sound systems described by old rime dictionaries like the Guangyun , whereas literary readings are often closer to the phonology of newer sound systems. In certain Mandarin and Wu dialects, many literary readings are the result of influence from Nanjing Mandarin or Beijing Mandarin during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Formal education and discourse usually use past prestigious varieties, so formal words usually use literary readings. Although

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1848-478: The territory. This layer consists of roughly 400 words, which have been fully assimilated and are treated by Vietnamese speakers as native words. It has also been theorised that some Old-Sino-Vietnamese words came from a language shift from a population of Annamese Middle Chinese speakers that lived in the Red River Delta , in northern Vietnam, to proto-Viet-Muong. The much more extensive Sino-Vietnamese proper

1892-519: Was introduced with Chinese rhyme dictionaries such as the Qieyun in the late Tang dynasty (618–907). Vietnamese scholars used a systematic rendering of Middle Chinese within the phonology of Vietnamese to derive consistent pronunciations for the entire Chinese lexicon. After driving out the Chinese in 880, the Vietnamese sought to build a state on the Chinese model, using Literary Chinese for all formal writing, including administration and scholarship, until

1936-415: Was originally derived from chúng cư 眾居 ("multiple dwelling"), but with the syllable chúng "multiple" replaced with chung , a "pure" Vietnamese word meaning "shared" or "together". Similarly, the literal translation of "United States", Hợp chúng quốc ( 合眾國 ) is commonly mistakenly rendered as Hợp chủng quốc , with chúng ( 眾 - many) replaced by chủng ( 種 - ethnicity, race). Another example

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