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113-659: The Sharen Althoff US Extemp Award is an award given to the US Extemporaneous Speaker who receives the most firsts in rounds for the duration of the tournament. The OHSSL was founded as the Ohio High School Debating League in fall 1927 by the public speaking division of the English Department of Ohio State University . The original membership was composed of 25 high schools, entered by the first director, Glenn Ross. Youngstown East High School won

226-411: A mellah was surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. In contrast, rural mellahs were separate villages whose sole inhabitants were Jews. In the middle of the 19th century, J. J. Benjamin wrote about the lives of Persian Jews : …they are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with

339-512: A precedent . 2 years later (with NS-styret in the ministries of Norway) Norwegian police arrested citizens at the addresses where radios had previously been confiscated from Jews. In 1938, under pressure from the Nazis, the fascist regime , which was led by Benito Mussolini , passed a series of racial laws which instituted an official segregationist policy in the Italian Empire , this policy

452-516: A yellow ribbon or a star of David , and along with Romas (Gypsies), they were subjected to discrimination by the racial laws. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat Aryan patients and Jewish professors were not permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any form of public transportation, besides the ferry, and they were only allowed to shop in Jewish stores from 3–5 pm. After Kristallnacht ("The Night of Broken Glass"),

565-424: A yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 25.3%. OSU's freshman retention rate is 93.9%, with 88% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 21% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1260–1420. Of the 64% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores, the middle 50 percent Composite score

678-575: A 2007 report released by the National Science Foundation, Ohio State's research expenditures for 2006 were $ 652 million, placing it seventh among public universities and 11th overall, also ranking third among all American universities for private industry-sponsored research. Research expenditures at Ohio State were $ 864 million in 2017. In 2006, Ohio State announced it would designate at least $ 110 million of its research efforts toward what it termed "fundamental concerns" such as research toward

791-462: A 2007 study in the academic journal PS: Political Science & Politics ranked it ninth in the United States. It is a leading producer of Fulbright Scholars . Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the undergraduate business program at Ohio State's Fisher College of Business as the 14th best in the nation in its 2016 rankings. The Ohio State linguistics department was recently ranked among

904-524: A Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If...

1017-681: A Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered. On 16 May 1940 in Norway, the Administrasjonsrådet asked the Rikskommisariatet why radio receivers had been confiscated from Jews in Norway. That Administrasjonsrådet thereafter "quietly" accepted racial segregation between Norwegian citizens, has been claimed by Tor Bomann-Larsen . Furthermore, he claimed that this segregation "created

1130-636: A book storage depository near campus. In all, the Ohio State library system encompasses 55 branches and specialty collections. Some more significant collections include the Byrd Polar Research Center Archival Program, which has the archives of Admiral Richard E. Byrd and other polar research materials; the Hilandar Research Library , which has the world's largest collection of medieval Slavic manuscripts on microform;

1243-525: A cure for cancer, renewable energy sources and sustainable drinking water supplies. In 2021, President Kristina M. Johnson announced the university would invest at least $ 750 million over the next 10 years toward research and researchers. This was announced in conjunction with Ohio State's new Innovation District, which will be an interdisciplinary research facility and act as a hub for healthcare and technology research, serving Ohio State faculty and students as well as public and private partners. Construction of

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1356-572: A feeling of distrust between [the] races. Feelings between Whites and Blacks were so tense, even the jails were segregated." Elected in 1912, President Woodrow Wilson tolerated the extension of segregation throughout the federal government that was already underway. In World War I , Blacks were drafted and served in the United States Army in segregated units . The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in World War II. The air force and

1469-435: A lawsuit against Ohio State for ignoring complaints of "rampant sexual misconduct" by Strauss. U.S. representative Jim Jordan was named in the lawsuit and has since denied the former wrestlers' claims that he knew about the abuse while he was an assistant coach for eight years at the university. In May 2020, the university entered into a settlement and agreed to pay $ 40.9 million to the sexual abuse survivors. The Ohio Union

1582-593: A manufacturing and agriculture university in central Ohio was initially met in the 1870s with hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Ohio University , which was chartered by the Northwest Ordinance and Miami University . Championed by the Republican governor Rutherford B. Hayes , the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under

1695-747: A massive role in the Qing conquest of China. Han Chinese Generals of the Ming Dynasty who defected to the Manchu were often given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage while the ordinary soldiers who defected were given non-royal Manchu women as wives. The Manchu leader Nurhaci married one of his granddaughters to the Ming General Li Yongfang after he surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to

1808-460: A minority, which conquered China for the Qing. It was Han Chinese Bannermen who were responsible for the successful Qing conquest of China, they made up the majority of governors in the early Qing and were the ones who governed and administered China after the conquest, stabilizing Qing rule. Han Bannermen dominated the post of governor-general in the time of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors , and also

1921-582: A permit was made illegal, extending pass laws that had already curtailed black movement. Thirdly, under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act in 1953, amenities in public areas, like hospitals, universities and parks, were labeled separately according to particular races. In addition, the Bantu Education Act in 1953 segregated national education in South Africa as well. Additionally, the government of

2034-468: A person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race. Racial segregation has generally been outlawed worldwide. Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as "the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in conformity with

2147-662: A pivotal essay by Herbert Kier on the recommendations for race legislation which devoted a quarter of its pages to U.S. legislation—from segregation, race-based citizenship, immigration regulations, and anti-miscegenation . This directly inspired the two principal Nuremberg Laws —the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law. The ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation) prohibited sexual relations and marriages between people classified as " Aryan " and "non-Aryan". Such relationships were called Rassenschande (race defilement). At first

2260-630: A political apartheid". Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria. This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the 1954 insurrection and ensuing independence war . The Land Apportionment Act of 1930 passed in Southern Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe )

2373-401: A record at the time for a public university. The "Affirm Thy Friendship Campaign" took place between 1995 and 2000. With an initial goal of raising $ 850 million, the campaign's final tally was $ 1.23 billion, placing Ohio State among the small group of public universities to have successfully conducted a $ 1 billion campaign. At his welcoming ceremony, returning President E. Gordon Gee announced in

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2486-643: A yellow with purple border and letter " P " (for Polen/Polish) cloth identifying tag sewn to their clothing, subjected to a curfew , and banned from public transportation . While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, Polish laborers, as a rule, were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans – in many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations ( Rassenschande or "racial defilement") were punishable by death. Racial segregation

2599-902: Is classified among " R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity ". As of 2024, the university has an endowment of $ 7.9 billion. Its athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I as the Ohio State Buckeyes as a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of fielded sports. It is a member of the Association of American Universities . Past and present alumni and faculty include 6 Nobel Prize laureates, 9 Rhodes Scholars , 7 Churchill Scholars , 1 Fields Medalist , 7 Pulitzer Prize winners, 64 Goldwater scholars , 7 U.S. senators , 15 U.S. representatives , 104 Olympic medalists , and 1 foreign head of state . The proposal of

2712-551: Is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio , United States. A member of the University System of Ohio , it was founded in 1870. It is one of the largest universities by enrollment in the United States, with nearly 50,000 undergraduate students and nearly 15,000 graduate students. The university consists of sixteen colleges and offers over 400 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It

2825-424: Is known as the nadir of American race relations . While the U.S. Supreme Court majority in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case explicitly permitted " separate but equal " facilities (specifically, transportation facilities), Justice John Marshall Harlan , in his dissent , protested that the decision would "stimulate aggressions ... upon the admitted rights of colored citizens", "arouse race hate", and "perpetuate

2938-626: Is of a voluntary nature." Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crime against humanity under the 2002 Rome Declaration of Statute of the International Criminal Court . Wherever multiracial communities have existed, racial segregation has also been practiced. Only areas with extensive interracial marriage , such as Hawaii and Brazil , seem to be exempt from it, despite some social stratification within them. Several laws which enforced racial segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed by

3051-512: Is rated as 91/99 by The Princeton Review (meaning "highly selective") and "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report ; according to the data, it is the most selective for any public university in the state of Ohio. The New York Times classifies Ohio State as a "highly selective public college". For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), Ohio State received 58,180 applications and accepted 33,269 (57.2%). Of those accepted, 8,423 enrolled,

3164-556: Is the Oval, a quad of about 11 acres (4.5 ha). The original campus was laid out in the English country style with University Hall overlooking what would become the Oval. From 1905 to 1913, the Olmsted brothers , who had designed New York City's Central Park , were contracted as architectural consultants. Under their leadership, a more formal landscape plan was created with its center axis through

3277-510: The Catholic Church and taken to Belgium. Following its conquest of Ottoman controlled Algeria in 1830, for well over a century, France maintained colonial rule in the territory which has been described as "quasi- apartheid ". The colonial law of 1865 allowed Arab and Berber Algerians to apply for French citizenship only if they abandoned their Muslim identity; Azzedine Haddour argues that this established "the formal structures of

3390-820: The Han Chinese during the Tang dynasty . In 779, the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uyghurs to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Chinese. In 836, when Lu Chun was appointed as governor of Canton , he was disgusted to find Chinese living with foreigners and intermarriage between Chinese and foreigners. Lu enforced separation, banning interracial marriages, and made it illegal for foreigners to own property. Lu Chun believed his principles were just and upright. The 836 law specifically banned Chinese from forming relationships with "Dark peoples" or "People of colour", which

3503-710: The James Cancer Hospital , a cancer research institute and one of the National Cancer Institute 's 41 comprehensive cancer centers , along with the Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital , a research institute for cardiovascular disease. The campus is served by the Campus Area Bus Service . The university also operates regional campuses in five areas: Ohio State is considered a selective public university. Undergraduate admissions selectivity to Ohio State

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3616-595: The Kent State shootings , students picketed buildings, but this initially peaceful protest "started to spiral out of control" after Ohio State Highway Patrol troopers arrived in riot gear. When a man was assaulted by three students, tear gas was deployed, in response to which protesters threw rocks at the National Guard. Seven students were struck with a shotgun blast near the Student Union. There were no casualties, and

3729-627: The Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year. Also in 1878, the Ohio legislature recognized an expanded scope for the university by changing its name to "the Ohio State University." In 1906, Ohio State segregationist president William Oxley Thompson , along with

3842-566: The Ohio State Cartoon Library & Museum , the world's largest repository of original cartoons; the Lawrence and Lee Theatre Research Institute; and the archives of Senator John Glenn . Anchoring the traditional campus gateway at the eastern end of the Oval is the 1989 Wexner Center for the Arts . Designed by architects Peter Eisenman of New York and Richard Trott of Columbus, the center

3955-538: The Population Registration Act in 1950 classified residents in South Africa into four racial groups: "black", "white", " Coloured ", and "Indian" and noted their racial identities on their identifications. Secondly, the Group Areas Act in 1950 assigned different regions according to different races. People were forced to live in their corresponding regions and the action of passing the boundaries without

4068-461: The United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the university a trademark on the word "the" in relation to clothing, such as T-shirts, baseball caps and hats distributed and/or sold through athletic or collegiate channels. Ohio State and its fans, in particular those of its athletics program, frequently emphasize the word "THE" when referring to the school. Michael V. Drake became

4181-688: The Waldorf Astoria New York and instead forced to travel up to the event in a freight elevator . The first black Academy Award recipient, actress Hattie McDaniel , was not permitted to attend the premiere of Gone with the Wind at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta because of Georgia's segregation laws. During the 12th Academy Awards ceremony at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, McDaniel

4294-446: The $ 1 billion mark in 1999. At the end of 2005, Ohio State's endowment stood at $ 1.73 billion, ranking it seventh among public universities and 27th among all American universities. In June 2006, the endowment passed the $ 2 billion mark. In recent decades, and in response to continually shrinking state funding, Ohio State has conducted two significant multi-year fundraising campaigns. The first concluded in 1987 and raised $ 460 million,

4407-732: The 14th and 15th centuries. In the Russian Empire , Jews were restricted to the so-called Pale of Settlement , the Western frontier of the Russian Empire which roughly corresponds to the modern-day countries of Poland, Lithuania , Belarus , Moldova and Ukraine. By the early 20th century, the majority of Europe's Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement. From the beginning of the 15th century, Jewish populations in Morocco were confined to mellahs . In cities,

4520-417: The 15th president of Ohio State in 2014. In 2020, Kristina M. Johnson took office as the 16th president. And in 2023, Walter E. Carter Jr. took office as the 17th president. Throughout 1969, anti-Vietnam War protest tensions grew on Ohio State's campus. What is now Bricker Hall was occupied by students, but after being told they had "five minutes to leave, or they'd be arrested", students departed from

4633-696: The 1910 Immigration Act permitted the government to prohibit the entry of immigrants "belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation or character." Racial segregation practices extended to many areas of employment in Canada. Black men and women in Quebec were historically relegated to the service sector regardless of their educational attainment. White business owners and even provincial and federal government agencies often did not hire black people, with explicit rules preventing their employment. When

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4746-493: The Association of American Universities, and remains the only public university in Ohio among the organization's 60 members. Ohio State is also the only public university in Ohio to be classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity" and have its undergraduate admissions classified as "more selective". Ohio State's political science program is ranked among the top programs globally. Considered to be one of

4859-516: The Columbus Project), Mershon Center for International Security Studies , Museum of Biological Diversity, National Center for the Middle Market, Stone Laboratory on Gibraltar Island , Center for Urban and Regional Analysis and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center . Ohio State was among the first group of four public universities to raise a $ 1 billion endowment when it passed

4972-589: The Group Areas Act. In 1994, Nelson Mandela won in the first multiracial democratic election in South Africa. His success fulfilled the ending of apartheid in South African history. In the United States, racial segregation was mandated by law in some states and enforced along with anti-miscegenation laws (prohibitions against interracial marriage ), until the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren struck down racial segregation. After

5085-511: The Jews were fined 1,000,000,000  ℛ︁ℳ︁ for the damage which was done by Nazi troops and SS members. Jews , Poles , and Roma were subjected to genocide as "undesirable" racial groups in The Holocaust . The Nazis established ghettos in order to confine Jews and sometimes, they confined Romas in tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe , turning them into de facto concentration camps . The Warsaw Ghetto

5198-690: The Manchu in 1618. Jurchen (Manchu) women married most of the Han Chinese defectors in Liaodong. Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese Generals Sun Sike (Sun Ssu-k'o), Geng Jimao (Keng Chi-mao), Shang Kexi (Shang K'o-hsi), and Wu Sangui (Wu San-kuei). A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and Hongtaiji in 1632 to promote harmony between

5311-464: The Manchus followed the governmental structure of the preceding Ming dynasty , their ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han Chinese civilian officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations , and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials. From 1952, and even more so after

5424-598: The Nazis divided the population into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed housing strips in the cities, public transportation, etc. In an effort to split the Polish people's identity, they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of Kashubians and Gorals ( Goralenvolk ), based on these groups' alleged "Germanic component". During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in Nazi-controlled states were forced to wear something that identified them as Jewish, such as

5537-514: The Ohio High School Speech League, with 145 member schools. The Extempore speech event was also added that year. In 1939, the membership grew to 165 high schools, and director Walter Emery added four new events: Original Oratory, Oratorical Interpretation, Dramatic Interpretation, and Humorous Interpretation. The OHSSL is divided into districts. Ohio State University The Ohio State University ( Ohio State or OSU )

5650-492: The Oval, university spokesperson Ben Johnson stated "the naming review process is thoughtful and thorough and therefore could take several years", but the statue has not been removed. With the onset of the Great Depression , Ohio State would face many of the challenges affecting universities throughout America as budget support was slashed, and students without the means of paying tuition returned home to support families. By

5763-466: The Oval. This axis shifted the university's street grid 12.25 degrees from the City of Columbus' street grid. Construction of the main library in 1915 reinforced this grid shift. Ohio State's research library system has a combined collection of over 5.8 million volumes. Along with 21 libraries on its Columbus campus, the university has eight branches at off-campus research facilities and regional campuses, and

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5876-553: The Philadelphia law firm Cozen O'Connor , the university will be creating a new framework to handle sexual assault cases and reevaluating its Title IX program. On July 20, 2018, BBC News reported that over 100 male students, including athletes from 14 sports, had reported sexual misconduct by a deceased university team physician, Richard Strauss. The reports dated back to 1978, and included claims that he groped and took nude photographs of his patients. Four former wrestlers filed

5989-509: The Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75%. It was this multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only

6102-437: The South Oval. At its eastern end, it is anchored by the Ohio Union. To the west are Hale Hall, the Kuhn Honors House, Browning Amphitheatre (a traditional stone Greek theatre ) and Mirror Lake . Knowlton Hall , dedicated in October 2004, is at the corner of West Woodruff Avenue and Tuttle Park Place, next to Ohio Stadium . Knowlton Hall along with the Fisher College of Business and Hitchcock Hall form an academic nucleus in

6215-462: The Wilce Student Health Center, named for university physician John Wilce , the Mary A. Daniels Student Wellness Center and the Counseling and Consultation Service. The RPAC is the main recreational facility on campus. The Wellness Center within the RPAC offers services such as nutrition counseling, financial coaching, HIV and STI testing, sexual assault services, and alcohol and other drug education. Ohio State's " Buckeye Bullet " electric car broke

6328-494: The black population in Canada was significantly less than the black population in the United States, severe restrictions on black people existed in all forms, particularly in immigration, employment access and mobility. Unlike in the United States, racial segregation in Canada applied to all non-whites and was historically enforced through laws, court decisions and social norms with a closed immigration system that barred virtually all non-whites from immigrating until 1962. Section 38 of

6441-407: The building's exterior. This unique wall cladding was requested by Austin E. Knowlton , the namesake of and main patron to the creation of Knowlton Hall. Knowlton also requested that five white marble columns be erected on the site, each column representing one of the classical orders of architecture . The Ohio State College of Medicine is on the southern edge of the central campus. It is home to

6554-422: The building. In late April 1970, anti-war riots ensued on Ohio State campus, leading to nearly 300 arrests, over 60 injuries, and seven gunshot wounds. Students began "boycotting classes with a student strike, protesting the university's rejection of a list of demands presented the week before. Specific demands included adding black and women's studies to the university's courses." On April 29, 1970, five days before

6667-471: The college's political science , audiology , sociology , speech–language pathology , finance , accounting , public affairs , nursing , social work , healthcare administration and pharmacy programs as among the top 20 programs in the country. The Academic Ranking of World Universities placed Ohio State 39-51 nationally and 101–150 globally for 2023. In its 2024 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it tied for 99th in

6780-464: The dispersal of the Gaza Solidarity Encampment, suspending a pro-Palestinian student organization, and suppressing the Undergraduate Student Government's attempts at passing legislation for financial divestment from Israel after receiving pressure from officials in Zionist organization Hillel International . Ohio State's 1,764-acre (7.14 km ) main campus is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Columbus' downtown. The historical center of campus

6893-570: The eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend." The apartheid system carried out by Afrikaner minority rule enacted a nationwide social policy "separate development" with the National Party victory in the 1948 general election , following the "colour bar"-discriminatory legislation dating back to the beginning of the Union of South Africa and the Boer republics before which, while repressive to Black South Africans along with other minorities, had not gone nearly so far. Apartheid laws can be generally divided into following acts. Firstly,

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7006-414: The end of British rule in 1962, Indian people living in Uganda existed in segregated ethnic communities with their own schools and healthcare. Indians constituted 1% of the population but earned a fifth of the national income and controlled 90% of the country's businesses. In 1972, the President of Uganda Idi Amin ordered the expulsion of the country's Indian minority with disastrous consequences for

7119-417: The ending of apartheid and suggested fighting against racial segregation by various methods. During the following decades, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred, including those of the Black Consciousness Movement , students' protests, labor strikes, and church group activism etc. In 1991, the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including

7232-471: The facility was completed in 2023, as one of the first buildings in the District. Research facilities include Aeronautical/Astronautical Research Laboratory , Byrd Polar Research Center , Center for Automotive Research, (OSU CAR), Chadwick Arboretum , Biomedical Research Tower, Biological Sciences Building, CDME, Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Heart and Lung Research Institute, Electroscience Laboratory, Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT , originally named

7345-459: The fall of 2007 that Ohio State would launch a $ 2.5 billion fundraising campaign. In 2019, celebrating the university's 150th year, President Michael V. Drake announced the "Time and Change Campaign" with a goal of raising $ 4.5 billion from 1 million individual donors. The Office of Student Life has partnership affiliations with the Schottenstein Center , the Blackwell Inn and the Drake Events Center . Services supporting student wellness include

7458-401: The fascist propaganda director, art critic and journalist Margherita Sarfatti , who was one of Mussolini's mistresses. Rita Levi-Montalcini , who would successively win the Nobel Prize for Medicine , was forbidden to work at the university. Upon the passage of the racial law, Albert Einstein cancelled his honorary membership in the Accademia dei Lincei . After 1943, when Northern Italy

7571-407: The first state tournament , beating Marietta High School . In 1928, the number of member schools in the Debating League grew to 67 schools, with Hicksville High School winning the state tournament over Ravenna High School . In 1935, Donald Riley became the director of the League, 88 schools in number at that time. In 1937, new director James Carrell renamed the Ohio High School Debating League to

7684-465: The greatest severity, and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If

7797-432: The introduction of the 'provvedimenti per la difesa della razza' (norms for the defence of the race), many of the best Italian scientists quit their jobs, and some of them also left Italy. Amongst these scientists were the internationally-known physicists Emilio Segrè , Enrico Fermi (whose wife was Jewish), Bruno Pontecorvo , Bruno Rossi , Tullio Levi-Civita , mathematicians Federigo Enriques and Guido Fubini and even

7910-515: The labour movement took hold in Canada near the end of the 19th century, workers began organizing and forming trade unions with the aim of improving the working conditions and quality of life for employees. However, black workers were systematically denied membership to these unions, and worker's protection was reserved exclusively for whites. In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of Wendish , i.e. Slavic , origin were not allowed to join some guilds . According to Wilhelm Raabe , "down into

8023-426: The largest en masse arrests on campus since the 1969–1970 Vietnam War protests . The protester demands of OSU include " financial divestment, academic boycott, financial disclosure , acknowledging the genocide, and ending targeted policing". Pro-Palestinian groups have been critical of the university's responses to the protests, which have included allowing state troopers to aim long-range rifles at students during

8136-486: The late 1980s. Since the early 2000s, the college has raised standards for admission, and been increasingly cited as one of the best public universities in the United States. The main campus in Columbus has grown into the fifth-largest university campus in the United States. On January 12, 2015, OSU claimed the first-ever College Football Playoff National Championship by defeating Oregon 42–20. On June 22, 2022,

8249-547: The laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were later extended to " Gypsies , Negroes ". Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a Nazi concentration camp , while non-Aryans could face the death penalty. To preserve the so-called purity of the German blood, after the war began, the Nazis extended the race defilement law to include all foreigners (non-Germans). Under the General Government of occupied Poland in 1940,

8362-460: The leading departments in the United States, it has played a particularly significant role in the construction and development of the constructivist and realist schools of international relations . In 2004, it was ranked as first among public institutions and fourth overall in the world by British political scientist Simon Hix at the London School of Economics and Political Science , while

8475-529: The local economy. The government confiscated some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates, along with cars, homes and other household goods. Jews in Europe were generally forced, by decree or by informal pressure, to live in highly segregated ghettos and shtetls . In 1204, the papacy required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and it also required them to wear distinctive clothing. Forced segregation of Jews spread throughout Europe during

8588-552: The marines had no Blacks enlisted in their ranks. There were Blacks in the Navy Seabees . The army had only five African-American officers. In addition, no African-American would receive the Medal of Honor during the war, and their tasks in the war were largely reserved to noncombat units. Black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains to the Nazi prisoners of war . A club which

8701-625: The mid-1930s, however, enrollment had stabilized due in large part to the role of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later the National Youth Administration . By the end of the decade, enrollment had still managed to grow to over 17,500. In 1934, the Ohio State Research Foundation was founded to bring in outside funding for faculty research projects. In 1938, a development office

8814-496: The most important buildings of its generation. Its design has also been criticized as proving less than ideal for many of the art installations it has attempted to display. The centerpiece of the Wexner Center's permanent collection is Picasso 's Nude on a Black Armchair , which was purchased by Wexner at auction for $ 45 million. To the south of the Oval is another, somewhat smaller expanse of green space commonly referred to as

8927-557: The northwestern corner of North campus. Knowlton Hall was designed by Atlanta-based Mack Scogin Merrill Elam along with WSA Studio from Columbus. The Hall is home to the KSA Café, the disciplines of architecture, landscape architecture, city and regional planning, and about 550 undergraduate and graduate students. Knowlton Hall stands out from the general reddish-brown brick of Ohio State's campus with distinctive white marble tiles that cover

9040-630: The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing Slavery in the United States , Jim Crow laws were introduced to codify racial discrimination . The laws mandated strict segregation of the races. Though many of these laws were passed shortly after the Civil War ended, they only became formalized after the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877. The period that followed the Reconstruction era

9153-536: The post of governors, largely excluding ordinary Han civilians from the posts. To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Manchu Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it

9266-483: The proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation". According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, "The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation if the assignment to such classes and schools

9379-415: The role of Ohio State, and that Miami University and Ohio University would not offer instruction beyond the master's degree level – an agreement that would remain in place until the 1950s. In 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities . In 1911, president Thompson wrote in a letter, "the race problem is growing in intensity every year, and I am disposed to doubt

9492-730: The shooter was not identified. The Ohio State University abuse scandal centered on allegations of sexual abuse that occurred between 1978 and 1998, while Richard Strauss was employed as a physician by Ohio State University (OSU) in the Athletics Department and in the Student Health Center. An independent investigation into the allegations was announced in April 2018 and was conducted by the law firm Perkins Coie . In July 2018, several former wrestlers accused former head coach Russ Hellickson and U.S. representative Jim Jordan , who

9605-561: The time enforced the pass laws , which deprived Black South Africans of their right to travel freely within their own country. Under this system Black South Africans were severely restricted from urban areas, requiring authorisation from a white employer to enter. Uprisings and protests against apartheid appeared immediately when apartheid arose. As early as 1949, the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC) advocated

9718-455: The top 10 programs nationally, and top 20 internationally by QS World University Rankings . The college is the only school in North America that offers an ABET -accredited welding engineering undergraduate degree. The National Science Foundation ranked Ohio State University 12th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2021 with $ 1.23 billion. In

9831-512: The triumphant visit of King Baudouin to the colony in 1955, Governor-General Léon Pétillon (1952–1958) worked to create a "Belgian-Congolese community", in which Black and White people were to be treated as equals. Regardless, anti-miscegenation laws remained in place, and between 1959 and 1962 thousands of mixed-race Congolese children were forcibly deported from the Congo by the Belgian government and

9944-537: The two ethnic groups. Geng Zhongming , a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons Geng Jingzhong and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under Shunzhi and marry Aisin Gioro women, with Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince Abatai's (Hong Taiji) granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong. The Qing differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were made out of Han Chinese who defected to

10057-638: The unit due to concerns about mismanagement and a lack of support for survivors of sexual assault. This occurred after the unit was suspended in February 2018 and following an external review. The Columbus Dispatch and the school newspaper, The Lantern , reported that "[SCE] failed to properly report students' sexual-assault complaints" and that some victims were told that they were " 'lying', 'delusional', 'suffering from mental illness', 'have an active imagination', that they 'didn't understand their own experience', and also 'fabricated their story ' ". With help from

10170-547: The university's "Center for Automotive Research-Intelligent Transportation" (CAR-IT) designed, built and managed the vehicle. In 2007, Buckeye Bullet 2 was launched. This follow-up effort was a collaboration between Ohio State engineering students and engineers from the Ford Motor Company and will seek to break the land speed record for hydrogen cell powered vehicles. In June 2018, Ohio State dissolved its Sexual Civility and Empowerment unit and eliminated four positions in

10283-589: The university's supporters in the state legislature, put forth the Lybarger Bill with the aim of shifting virtually all higher education support to the continued development of Ohio State while funding only the " normal school " functions of the state's other public universities. Although the Lybarger Bill failed narrowly to gain passage, in its place the Eagleson Bill was passed as a compromise, which determined that all doctoral education and research functions would be

10396-402: The wisdom on the part of the colored people of taking any move that practically forces the doctrine of social equality." At the same time, Ohio State "practiced racial segregation " that was widespread across the country at the time against Black students, and "there is no known evidence [Thompson] saw benefits in addressing it". In 2024, after attempts were made to remove Thompson's statue from

10509-519: The world record for the fastest speed by an electric vehicle on October 3, 2004, with a maximum speed of 271.737 mph (437.318 km/h) at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah . The vehicle also holds the U.S. record for fastest electric vehicle with a speed of 314.958 mph (506.876 km/h), and peak timed mile speed of 321.834 mph (517.942 km/h). A team of engineering students from

10622-450: The world. In 2024, QS World University Rankings ranked the university 151st in the world. The Washington Monthly college rankings, which seek to evaluate colleges' contributions to American society based on factors of social mobility, research and service to the country by their graduates, placed Ohio State 61st among national universities in 2023. In 1916, Ohio State became the first university in Ohio to be extended membership into

10735-676: Was occupied by the Nazis , Italian Jews were rounded up and became victims of the Holocaust . German praise for America's system of institutional racism , which was expressed in Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf , was continuous throughout the early 1930s. The U.S. was the global leader of codified racism, and its race laws fascinated the Germans. The National Socialist Handbook for Law and Legislation of 1934–35, edited by Hitler's lawyer Hans Frank , contains

10848-465: Was a segregationist measure that governed land allocation and acquisition in rural areas, making distinctions between Blacks and Whites. One highly publicised legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a new theatre that was to be open to all races; the proposed unsegregated public toilets at the newly built Reps Theatre in 1959 caused an argument called "The Battle of the Toilets" . After

10961-567: Was an administrative division and not related to the Mongol Bannermen in the Eight Banners). These restrictions did not apply to Han Bannermen , who were settled in Manchuria by the Qing. Han bannermen were differentiated from Han civilians by the Qing and treated differently. The Qing Dynasty started colonizing Manchuria with Han Chinese later on in the dynasty's rule, but the Manchu area

11074-505: Was an assistant coach at OSU between 1987 and 1994, of knowing about Strauss's alleged abuse but failing to take action to stop it. Jordan has denied that he had any student-athlete report sexual abuse to him. The report, released in May 2019, concluded that Strauss abused at least 177 male student-patients and that OSU was aware of the abuse as early as 1979, but the abuse was not widely known outside of athletics or student health until 1996, when he

11187-456: Was between 26 and 32. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 26 freshman students were National Merit Scholars . The Public Ivies : America's Flagship Public Universities (2000) by Howard and Matthew Greene listed Ohio State as one of a select number of public universities offering the highest educational quality. In its 2023 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio State as tied for 43rd among all national universities. They ranked

11300-564: Was central to the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s, the Cotton Club in Harlem , New York City was a whites-only establishment, where Blacks (such as Duke Ellington ) were allowed to perform, but they were only allowed to perform in front of a white audience. In the reception to honor his success at the 1936 Summer Olympics , Jesse Owens was not permitted to enter through the main doors of

11413-876: Was demolished in February 2007 to make way for the new Ohio Union, which was finished in 2010. During this time, student activities were relocated to Ohio Stadium and other academic buildings. Segregationist Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Specifically, it may be applied to activities such as eating in restaurants, drinking from water fountains, using public toilets, attending schools, going to films, riding buses, renting or purchasing homes or renting hotel rooms. In addition, segregation often allows close contact between members of different racial or ethnic groups in hierarchical situations, such as allowing

11526-434: Was especially directed against Italian Jews . This policy enforced various segregationist norms, like the laws which banned Jews from teaching or studying in ordinary schools and universities, banned Jews from owning industries that were reputed to be very important to the nation, banned Jews from working as journalists, banned Jews from joining the military, and banned Jews from marrying non-Jews. As an immediate consequence of

11639-409: Was funded in large part by Ohio State alumnus Les Wexner's gift of $ 25 million in the 1980s. The center was founded to encompass all aspects of visual and performing arts with a focus on new commissions and artist residencies. Part of its design was to pay tribute to the armory that formerly had the same location. Its groundbreaking deconstructivist architecture has resulted in it being lauded as one of

11752-881: Was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. The Qing implemented a policy of segregation between the Bannermen of the Eight Banners (Manchu Bannermen, Mongol Bannermen, Han Bannermen) and Han Chinese civilians . This ethnic segregation had cultural and economic reasons: intermarriage was forbidden to keep up the Manchu heritage and minimize sinicization . Han Chinese civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from settling in Manchuria. Han civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from crossing into each other's lands. Ordinary Mongol civilians in Inner Mongolia were banned from even crossing into other Mongol Banners (a banner in Inner Mongolia

11865-574: Was opened to begin raising funds privately to offset reductions in state support. In 1952, Ohio State founded the interdisciplinary Mershon Center for International Security Studies , which it still houses. The work of this program led to the United States Department of Homeland Security basing the National Academic Consortium for Homeland Security at the university in 2003. Ohio State had an open admissions policy until

11978-641: Was required to sit at a segregated table at the far wall of the room; the hotel had a no-blacks policy, but allowed McDaniel in as a favor. Her final wish to be buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery was denied because the graveyard was restricted to Whites only. On 11 September 1964, John Lennon announced the Beatles would not play to a segregated audience in Jacksonville , Florida . City officials relented following this announcement. A contract for

12091-482: Was shot and killed by the first responding OSU police officer, and 13 people were hospitalized for injuries. A series of protests at Ohio State University by pro-Palestinian demonstrators occurred on-campus in response to the Israel-Palestine conflict beginning on October 7, 2023. A solidarity encampment was constructed on OSU's South Oval on April 25, 2024, during which there were at least 36 arrests, making for

12204-576: Was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the Outer Willow Palisade , which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate. The policy of segregation applied directly to the banner garrisons, most of which occupied a separate walled zone within the cities in which they were stationed. Manchu Bannermen, Han Bannermen, and Mongol Bannermen were separated from the Han civilian population. While

12317-458: Was suspended from his duties. Strauss continued to abuse OSU students at an off-campus clinic until his retirement from the university in 1998. OSU was faulted in the report for failing to report Strauss's conduct to law enforcement. On November 28, 2016, a terrorist vehicle-ramming and stabbing attack occurred at 9:52   a.m. EST at Ohio State University's Watts Hall in Columbus, Ohio . The attacker, Somali refugee Abdul Razak Ali Artan,

12430-775: Was the first student union built by an American public university. It is dedicated to the enrichment of the student experience, on and off the university campus. The first Ohio Union, on the south edge of the South Oval, was constructed in 1909 and was later renamed Enarson Hall. The second Ohio Union was completed in 1950 and was prominently along High Street, southeast of the Oval. It was a center of student life for more than 50 years, providing facilities for student activities, organizations and events, and serving as an important meeting place for campus and community interaction. The union also housed many student services and programs, along with dining and recreational facilities. The second Ohio Union

12543-607: Was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people. The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour (in all, about 12 million forced laborers were employed in the German war economy inside Nazi Germany ). Although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles , along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior, were subject to deeper discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear

12656-491: Was used to describe foreigners, such as " Iranians , Sogdians , Arabs , Indians , Malays , Sumatrans ", among others. The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who form the majority of the Chinese population, but by Manchus , who are today an ethnic minority of China. The Manchus were keenly aware of their minority status, however, it was only later in the dynasty that they banned intermarriage. Han defectors played

12769-932: Was widespread and deeply imbedded into the fabric of Canadian society prior to the Canadian constitution of 1982. Multiple court decisions, including one from the Supreme Court of Canada in 1939, upheld racial segregation as valid. The last black specifically segregated school closed in Ontario in 1965, while the last black specifically segregated school closed in Nova Scotia in 1983. The last racially segregated Indigenous school closed in 1996 in Saskatchewan. Canada has had multiple white only neighbourhoods and cities, white only public spaces, stores, universities, hospitals, employment, restaurants, theatres, sports arenas and universities. Though

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