The October Yusin ( Korean : 10월 유신 ; RR : Siwol Yusin ) or October Restoration was an October 1972 South Korean self-coup in which President Park Chung Hee assumed dictatorial powers. Park had come to power as the head of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction after the May 16 coup of 1961, and in 1963 he won elections and assumed office as civilian president.
150-471: On May 4, 1972, the director of Korea Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) , Lee Hu-rak , went to North Korea and met Kim Il Sung . They announced the North-South Joint Declaration with the three principles of the reunification . After the declaration, a direct phone cable was installed between Seoul and Pyongyang . Enthusiasm for reunification was heating up. Park used it as a pretext for
300-470: A cause célèbre as the kidnapping created a firestorm of international criticism that almost brought the West German government to break off diplomatic relations with South Korea. It further served as a harbinger when the much-publicised kidnapping of a dissident, Kim Dae-jung —who would later become the president of Korea and the country’s first Nobel Peace Prize recipient, in 2000—took place in 1973 off
450-489: A national health insurance system, challenged Carter in the 1980 Democratic primaries . Boosted by public support for his policies in late 1979 and early 1980, Carter rallied to defeat Kennedy and win re-nomination. He lost the 1980 presidential election in a landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. Polls of historians and political scientists generally rank Carter as a below-average president, although his post-presidential activities are viewed more favorably. Carter
600-545: A "crisis stage"; both inflation and short-term interest rates reached 18 percent in February and March 1980. In March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell to its lowest level since mid-1976, and the following month unemployment rose to seven percent. The economy entered into another recession , its fourth in little more than a decade, and unemployment quickly rose to 7.8 percent. This " V-shaped recession " and
750-695: A "decent income" to those who were incapable of working. Carter was unable to win support for his welfare reform proposals, and they never received a vote in Congress. In October 1978, Carter helped convince the Senate to pass the Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act , which committed the federal government to the goals of low inflation and low unemployment. To the disappointment of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and organized labor,
900-530: A $ 227 billion windfall profits tax and passed the Energy Security Act . The Energy Security Act established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation , which was charged with developing alternative energy sources. Despite those legislative victories, in 1980 Congress rescinded Carter's imposition of a surcharge on imported oil, and rejected his proposed Energy Mobilization Board, a government body that
1050-558: A $ 50 tax rebate, cut corporate taxes by $ 900 million, and increase spending on public works. The limited spending involved in the package reflected Carter's fiscal conservatism, as he was more concerned with avoiding inflation and balancing the budget than addressing unemployment. Carter's resistance to higher federal spending drew attacks from many members of his own party, who wanted to lower the unemployment rate through federal public works projects. Carter signed several measures designed to address unemployment in 1977, including an extension of
1200-493: A Fair Debt Collection Practices Act was passed with the aim of prohibiting "abusive and unfair techniques of debt collection." The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 was passed with the intention of enabling the coal industry to develop coal resources without damaging other natural resources in the process, while the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 was aimed at safeguarding mineworkers from harm in
1350-466: A bill that combined several of the projects that Carter objected to with economic stimulus measures that Carter favored. Carter chose to sign the bill, but his criticism of the alleged "pork barrel" projects cost him support in Congress. These struggles set a pattern for Carter's presidency, and he would frequently clash with Congress for the remainder of his tenure. On taking office, Carter proposed an economic stimulus package that would give each citizen
1500-1005: A bill that transferred investigation authority of the NIS into North Korean activities in South Korea to the Korean National Police Agency. On 2 February 2024, the South Korean National Intelligence Service (NIS) and the Defense Counterintelligence Command (DCC) are investigating whether Indonesian engineers dispatched to KAI violated the Defense Technology Security Act for allegedly attempting to leak KF-21 jet fighter technical data outside after storing it on an unauthorized USB drive . In 2000, $ 500,000,000 ($ 100,000,000 of government money, and $ 400,000,000 from Hyundai )
1650-500: A bipartisan conservative majority of the Senate Finance Committee to support an employer mandate to provide catastrophic coverage and the addition of catastrophic coverage to Medicare. These efforts were abandoned in 1980 due to budget constraints. Carter sought a comprehensive overhaul of welfare programs in order to provide more cost-effective aid; Congress rejected almost all of his proposals. Proposals contemplated by
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#17328444405051800-472: A campaign promise by issuing a "full complete and unconditional pardon" (amnesty) for Vietnam War-era draft evaders . Though Carter had campaigned against Washington insiders, many of his top appointees had served in previous presidential administrations. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance , Secretary of Defense Harold Brown , and Secretary of the Treasury W. Michael Blumenthal had been high-ranking officials in
1950-484: A campaign promise to teachers' unions to create a cabinet-level Department of Education. Carter argued that the establishment of the department would increase efficiency and equal opportunity, but opponents in both parties criticized it as an additional layer of bureaucracy that would reduce local control and local support of education. In October 1979, Carter signed the Department of Education Organization Act , establishing
2100-604: A key aide and adviser. Other appointees from Georgia included Jody Powell as White House Press Secretary , Jack Watson as cabinet secretary, and Stuart E. Eizenstat as head of the Domestic Policy Staff. To oversee the administration's foreign policy, Carter relied on several members of the Trilateral Commission , including Vance and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski . Brzezinski emerged as one of Carter's closest advisers, and Carter made use of both
2250-413: A methodical approach to his transition, and having a larger and more formal operation than past presidential transitions had. In his inaugural address, Carter said, "We have learned that more is not necessarily better, that even our great nation has its recognized limits, and that we can neither answer all questions nor solve all problems." Carter had campaigned on a promise to eliminate the trappings of
2400-640: A mid-1979 cabinet shake-up, Carter named Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board . Volcker pursued a tight monetary policy to bring down inflation, but this policy also had the effect of slowing economic growth even further. Author Ivan Eland points out that this came during a long trend of inflation, saying, "Easy money and cheap credit during the 1970s, had caused rampant inflation, which topped out at 13 percent in 1979." Carter enacted an austerity program by executive order , justifying these measures by observing that inflation had reached
2550-537: A new emphasis on human rights , democratic values , nuclear proliferation , and global poverty. The Carter administration's human rights emphasis was part of a broader, worldwide focus on human rights in the 1970s, as non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch became increasingly prominent. Carter nominated civil rights activist Patricia M. Derian as Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, and in August 1977, had
2700-688: A period of " stagflation ", as the economy experienced both high inflation and low economic growth. The U.S. had recovered from the 1973–75 recession , but the economy, and especially inflation, continued to be a top concern for many Americans in 1977 and 1978. The economy had grown by 5% in 1976, and it continued to grow at a similar pace during 1977 and 1978. Unemployment declined from 7.5% in January 1977 to 5.6% by May 1979, with over 9 million net new jobs created during that interim, and real median household income grew by 5% from 1976 to 1978. In October 1978, responding to worsening inflation, Carter announced
2850-433: A plan to address the energy crisis. In an address to the nation of April 18, 1977, Carter called the energy crisis as, apart from preventing war, "the greatest challenge that our country will face during our lifetime." He called for energy conservation, increased use of U.S. coal reserves, and carefully controlled expansion of nuclear power. His chief goals were to limit the growth of energy demand to an increase of two percent
3000-632: A second round of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which had set upper limits on the number of nuclear weapons possessed by both the United States and the Soviet Union. Carter hoped to extend these talks by reaching an agreement to reduce, rather than merely set upper limits on, the nuclear arsenals of both countries. At the same time, he criticized the Soviet Union's record with regard to human rights, partly because he believed
3150-654: A sounding board, advisor, and surrogate for the president. She traveled abroad to negotiate foreign policy, and some polling found that she was tied with Mother Teresa as the most admired woman in the world. Carter shook up the White House staff in mid-1978, bringing in advertising executive Gerald Rafshoon to serve as the White House Communications Director and Anne Wexler to lead the Office of Public Liaison . Carter implemented broad personnel changes in
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#17328444405053300-625: A strong stance against white minority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa. With Carter's support, the United Nations passed Resolution 418 , which placed an arms embargo on South Africa. Carter won the repeal of the Byrd Amendment , which had undercut international sanctions on the Rhodesian government of Ian Smith . He also pressured Smith to hold elections, leading to the 1979 Rhodesia elections and
3450-513: A system. He delayed consideration of health care through 1977, and ultimately decided that he would not support Kennedy's proposal to establish an NHI system that covered all Americans. Kennedy met repeatedly with Carter and White House staffers in an attempt to forge a compromise health care plan, but negotiations broke down in July 1978. Though Kennedy and Carter had previously been on good terms, differences over health insurance led to an open break between
3600-474: A third term, Park declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation." On October 17, 1972, Park dissolved the National Assembly, suspended the constitution and declared martial law . Universities were also closed. The press, radio and television were subjected to censorship, and speech was significantly restricted. Work was then begun on a new constitution, which
3750-659: A year, cut oil imports in half, and establish a new strategic petroleum reserve containing a six-month supply. Carter won congressional approval for the creation of the Department of Energy , and he named Schlesinger as the first head of that department. Schlesinger presented an energy plan that contained 113 provisions, the most important of which were taxes on domestic oil production and gasoline consumption. The plan also provided for tax credits for energy conservation, taxes on automobiles with low fuel efficiency , and mandates to convert from oil or natural gas to coal power. The House approved much of Carter's plan in August 1977, but
3900-674: Is known to have raised funds through extortion and stock market manipulation , which were in turn used to bribe and cajole companies, individuals and even foreign governments, as happened during the Koreagate scandal in the United States in 1976. Investigations by United States Congressman Donald M. Fraser found the KCIA to have funneled bribes and favors through Korean businessman Tongsun Park in an attempt to gain favor and influence in Washington, D.C. ; some 115 Members of Congress were implicated in
4050-916: Is now called the Yusin Regime (유신체제, 維新體制) or Yusin Dictatorship (유신독재, 維新獨裁). Under the Yusin regime, the Constitution of the Third Republic of Korea was replaced by the Yusin Constitution, the Constitution of the Fourth Republic. In accordance with the Yusin Constitution, an electoral college called the National Council for Unification (통일주체국민회의, Tongil Juche Gungmin Hoeui ) was set up. The conference elected
4200-491: Is the chief intelligence agency of South Korea . The agency was officially established in 1961 as the Korean Central Intelligence Agency ( KCIA ; Korean : 중앙정보부 ; Hanja : 中央情報部 ; RR : Jungangjeongbobu ; MR : Chungangjŏngbobu ), during the rule of general Park Chung Hee ’s military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction , which displaced
4350-471: Is the oldest living, longest-lived and longest-married president, and has the longest post-presidency. He is also the fourth-oldest living former state leader . Carter took office during a period of " stagflation ", as the economy experienced a combination of high inflation and slow economic growth. His budgetary policies centered on taming inflation by reducing deficits and government spending. Responding to energy concerns that had persisted through much of
4500-462: The 1988 Summer Olympics . During its existence, the ANSP engaged in numerous cases of human rights abuse such as torture, as well as election tampering. In 1999, the agency assumed its current name. The more democratic and current Sixth Republic of Korea has seen a significant reduction in the role of the NIS in response to public criticisms about past abuses. The agency’s origins can be traced back to
4650-451: The 39th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1977, and ended on January 20, 1981. Carter, a Democrat from Georgia , took office following his narrow victory over Republican incumbent president Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election . His presidency ended following his landslide defeat in the 1980 presidential election to Republican Ronald Reagan , after one term in office. At age 100, he
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4800-606: The Agency for National Security Planning in 1981, with its powers redefined in presidential orders and legislation. The ANSP, like its predecessor, was a cabinet -level agency directly accountable to the president , and the director of the ANSP continued to have direct presidential access. In March 1981, the ANSP was redesignated as the principal agency for collecting and processing all intelligence. The requirement for all other agencies with intelligence-gathering and analysis functions in their charters to coordinate their activities with
4950-690: The Cold War , a sustained period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . During the late 1960s and early 1970s, relations between the two superpowers had improved through a policy known as detente . In a reflection of the waning importance of the Cold War, some of Carter's contemporaries labeled him as the first post-Cold War president, but relations with the Soviet Union would continue to be an important factor in American foreign policy in
5100-672: The Community Reinvestment Act , which sought to prevent banks from denying credit and loans to poor communities. The Child Nutrition Amendments of 1978 introduced a national income standard for program eligibility based on income standards prescribed for reduced-price school lunches. The Act also strengthened the nutrition education component of the WIC program by requiring the provision of nutritional education to all program participants. Urban development Action grants supplied nearly $ 5 million for some 3,300 projects in declining cities, and
5250-523: The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act , but he continued to focus primarily on reducing deficits and inflation. In November 1978, Carter signed the Revenue Act of 1978 , a $ 19 billion tax cut. Federal budget deficits throughout Carter's term remained at around the $ 70 billion level reached in 1976, but as a percentage of GDP the deficits fell from 4% when he took office to 2.5% in
5400-540: The Executive Office of the President . He initially offered the position of White House Chief of Staff to two of his advisers, Hamilton Jordan and Charles Kirbo , but both declined. Carter decided not to have a chief of staff, instead implementing a system in which cabinet members would have more direct access to the president. Bert Lance was selected to lead the Office of Management and Budget , while Jordan became
5550-515: The Gallup poll found only 14 percent of the public believed that America was in an actual energy shortage. The other 77 percent believed that this was brought on by oil companies just to make a profit. Carter paired the deregulation proposal with a windfall profits tax , which would return about half of the new profits of the oil companies to the federal government. Carter used a provision of EPCA to phase in oil controls, but Congress balked at implementing
5700-530: The House and Senate . Preliminary planning for Carter's presidential transition had already been underway for months before his election. Carter was the first presidential candidate to allot significant funds and a significant number of personnel to a pre-election transition planning effort, which subsequently would become standard practice. Carter made an innovation with his presidential transition that would influence all subsequent presidential transitions, taking
5850-896: The Motor Carrier Act (1980), which gradually withdrew the government from controlling access, rates, and routes in the trucking industry; the Staggers Rail Act (1980), which loosened railroad regulations by allowing railroad executives to negotiate mergers with barge and truck lines; and the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980), which removed ceilings on interest rates and permitted savings and commercial banks to write home mortgages , extend business loans , and underwrite securities issues. The Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 set up Urban Development Action Grants, extended handicapped and elderly provisions, and established
6000-501: The National Security Council and Vance's State Department in developing and implementing foreign policy. The hawkish Brzezinski clashed frequently with Vance, who pushed for detente with the Soviet Union . Vice President Mondale served as a key adviser on both foreign and domestic issues. First Lady Rosalynn Carter emerged as an important part of the administration, sitting in on several Cabinet meetings and serving as
6150-515: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), based in the Middle East, had reduced output to raise world prices and to hurt Israel and its allies, including the United States. This sparked the 1973 Oil Crisis , a period of high oil prices, which in turn forced higher prices throughout the American economy and slowed economic growth. The United States continued to face energy issues in
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6300-446: The Park administration were found guilty of bribery, related to the 2016 Park Geun-hye scandals . They illegally transferred money from the NIS budget to Park's presidential office without any approval or oversight from the National Assembly. This illegally obtained money was used by Park and her associates for private use and to pay bribes. On 14 December 2020, the National Assembly passed
6450-624: The Progressive Era . He was thus much more conservative than the dominant liberal wing of the party could accept. British historian Iwan Morgan argues: Carter successfully campaigned as a Washington "outsider" critical of both President Gerald Ford and the Democratic Congress; as president, he continued this theme. This refusal to play by the rules of Washington contributed to the Carter administration's difficult relationship with Congress. After
6600-523: The Second Republic of Korea . The original duties of the KCIA were to supervise and coordinate both international and domestic intelligence activities and criminal investigations by all government intelligence agencies, including that of the military. The agency’s broad powers allowed it to actively intervene in politics . Agents undergo years of training and checks before they are officially inducted and receive their first assignments. The agency took on
6750-615: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, he reversed his conciliatory policies towards the Soviet Union and began a period of military build-up and diplomatic pressure such as pulling out of the Moscow Olympics . The final fifteen months of Carter's presidential tenure were marked by several additional major crises, including the Iran hostage crisis and economic malaise. Ted Kennedy , a prominent liberal Democrat who protested Carter's opposition to
6900-661: The Supreme Court . Carter appointed 56 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals , and 203 judges to the United States district courts . Two of his circuit court appointees – Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg – were later promoted to the Supreme Court by Bill Clinton . Carter was the first president to make demographic diversity a key priority in the selection of judicial nominees. During Carter's presidency,
7050-524: The United States Department of Education . Carter appointed Shirley Mount Hufstedler , a liberal judge from California, as the first Secretary of Education. Carter also expanded the Head Start program with the addition of 43,000 children and families. During his tenure, education spending as a share of federal, non-defense spending was doubled. Carter opposed tax breaks for Protestant schools in
7200-489: The " Imperial Presidency ," and began taking action according to that promise on Inauguration Day, breaking with recent history and security protocols by walking from the Capitol to the White House in his inaugural parade. His first steps in the White House went further in this direction: Carter cut the size of the 500-member White House staff by one-third and reduced the perks for the president and cabinet members. He also fulfilled
7350-428: The "10.26 Incident" occurred—the assassination of Park Chung–hee by members of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency . Park's assassination removed the main impetus of the Yusin Regime. Although the military took power by consecutive coups (the 12.12 Coup d'état and the 5.18 Incident ) after Park's death, there was a general consensus that the Yusin Constitution was no longer viable. Ultimately, Park
7500-578: The 1970s, his administration enacted a national energy policy designed for long-term energy conservation and the development of alternative resources. In the short term, the country was beset by an energy crisis in 1979 which was overlapped by a recession in 1980. Carter sought reforms to the country's welfare, health care, and tax systems, but was largely unsuccessful, partly due to poor relations with Democrats in Congress . Carter reoriented U.S. foreign policy towards an emphasis on human rights . He continued
7650-593: The 1976 Democratic presidential nomination in December 1974 and swore "to never lie to the American people." As Democratic leaders such as 1968 nominee Hubert Humphrey , Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota, and Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts declined to enter the race, there was no clear favorite in the Democratic primaries . Mo Udall , Sargent Shriver , Birch Bayh , Fred R. Harris , Terry Sanford , Henry M. Jackson , Lloyd Bentsen , and George Wallace all sought
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#17328444405057800-401: The 1980–81 fiscal year. The national debt of the United States increased by about $ 280 billion, from $ 620 billion in early 1977 to $ 900 billion in late 1980. However, because economic growth outpaced the growth in nominal debt, the federal government's debt as a percentage of gross domestic product decreased slightly, from 33.6% in early 1977 to 31.8% in late 1980. In 1973,
7950-498: The 2009 and 2011 cyber attacks. The South Korean National Intelligence Service implemented the Security Verification Scheme in order to amplify the security of the national information communications network. The Security Verification Scheme is a system that verifies the safety of ' information security systems, network devices, and other IT products' used in government and public institutions. The NIS also established
8100-532: The 2016 South Korean political scandal and corruption surrounding Park Geun-hye's presidential role, two former NIS chiefs were arrested in November 2017. Nam Jae-joon and Lee Byung-kee were arrested for embezzlement and bribery, having illegally funded ₩4 billion won ($ 3.6 million) to Park and her presidential office. The money came directly from the NIS' budget without oversight from the National Assembly , though
8250-446: The ANSP also was known for its foreign intelligence gathering and analysis and for its investigation of offenses involving external subversion and military secrets. The National Unification Board and the ANSP (and the KCIA before it) were the primary sources of government analysis and policy direction for South Korea 's reunification strategy and contacts with North Korea . The intelligence service's pursuit of counterespionage cases
8400-824: The ANSP moved to a new headquarters site in Naegok-dong , southern Seoul , from its previous location on Namsan mountain , in Imun-dong , where it had been located for the past 34 years. Most specifics regarding the agency's organizational makeup remain classified by the Seoul government. A 1998 investigation by the Sisa Journal into the structure of the agency (then the ANSP) estimated that it employed some 60,000 employees across 39 headquarters and regionally-based departments, spending an estimated 700–800 billion South Korean won per year. In
8550-695: The ANSP to engage in "intelligence politics," the ANSP Information Coordination Committee was disbanded because of its history of unduly influencing other investigating authorities, such as the Office of the Prosecutor General . Additionally, the ANSP, responding to widespread criticism of its alleged human rights violations, set up a " watchdog " office to supervise its domestic investigations and to prevent agents from abusing their powers while interrogating suspects. The ANSP remained deeply involved in domestic politics, however, and
8700-423: The ANSP was reaffirmed. Legislation passed at the end of 1981 further redefined the ANSP's legally mandated functions to include the collection, compilation, and distribution of foreign and domestic information regarding public safety against communists and plots to overthrow the government. The maintenance of public safety with regard to documents, materials, facilities, and districts designated as secrets of
8850-443: The Carter administration include a guaranteed minimum income , a federal job guarantee for the unemployed, a negative income tax , and direct cash payments to aid recipients. In early 1977, Secretary Califano presented Carter with several options for welfare reform, all of which Carter rejected because they increased government spending. In August 1977, Carter proposed a major jobs program for welfare recipients capable of working and
9000-598: The Interior Cecil Andrus convinced Carter to withdraw over 100 million acres of public domain land in Alaska from commercial use by designating the land as conservation areas. The 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act doubled the amount of public land set aside for national parks and wildlife refuges. Business and conservative interests complained that economic growth would be hurt by these conservation efforts. Early in his term, Carter worked to fulfill
9150-498: The Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Other notable appointments included Charles Schultze as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers , former Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger as a presidential assistant on energy issues, federal judge Griffin Bell as Attorney General, and Patricia Roberts Harris , the first African-American woman to serve in the cabinet, as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Carter appointed several close associates from Georgia to staff
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#17328444405059300-531: The Korea Cryptographic Module Validation Program in 2005 which focuses on validating the security and implementing 'conformance of a CM for the protection of sensitive information' in both governmental and public institutions. One of the National Intelligence Service's core duties is to collect intelligence on North Korea . The primary goal of this activity is to provide the government with information to formulate inter-Korean strategies that both protect South Korea and lead towards future reunification . According to
9450-470: The Korean Counterintelligence Corps (KCIC), formed during the Korean War . The KCIA was founded on 13 June 1961 by Kim Jong-pil , who drew much of the organization's initial 3,000-strong membership from the KCIC. Kim, a Korean Military Academy graduate and nephew of Park Chung Hee by marriage, is also credited with masterminding the 1961 coup d’État that installed Park before he was elected president of Korea. President Park’s government extensively used
9600-531: The NIS could potentially get cut as it had shown its inefficiencies. In 2016, a prosecutors' investigation turned up evidence that the NIS has been effectively orchestrating the activities of conservative groups since the administration of former president Lee Myung-bak (2008–2013). The evidence shows that the NIS has been involved not only in political advertisements that conservative groups have run in newspapers but also in their plans to hold one-person protests and to hand out pamphlets: "An agent surnamed Park who
9750-545: The NIS responsibility for the: The election of Roh Moo-hyun to the South Korean presidency in 2003 brought more concerted efforts to reform the agency. Roh appointed Ko Young-koo , a former human rights lawyer , to the position of director , expressing a desire to find "someone who will set the agency straight". The anti- communist bureau of the agency was slated to be eliminated, and many domestic intelligence and surveillance activities were either abandoned or transferred to national police forces. In December 2008, it
9900-433: The NIS to violate some important human rights, such as the forcing of confessions, as well as conducting " anti-communist " investigations. This law allowed authorities to imprison someone for up to seven years for simply possessing a book relating to North Korean ideologies. The law also extended to punishing "anti-governmental organizations", allowing the NIS to punish civilians who spoke out against or had differing ideals to
10050-440: The NIS website, one of the key types of intelligence that the NIS works to gather are signs of possible North Korean provocations and potential security threats. Through surveilling these areas, they then construct measures to combat such risks. The NIS also monitors North Korea's political, military, diplomatic, economic and social developments in order to assess their impact on inter-Korean relations and therefore assist in providing
10200-603: The NIS. Lee denied most other corruption charges but refused to state what the ₩106 million won was used for, with many claiming that it contributed to North Korea-related activities. The National Intelligence Service in Korea is responsible for overseeing national cybersecurity policy and defending against cyber threats, including distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attacks. The NIS also investigates any cyber intrusions and conducts information analyses on cyber threats. The NIS' responsibility to protect networks against cyber threats has become increasingly more important following
10350-489: The Navy. He signed several significant bills to protect the environment, such as the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 , which regulates strip mining. In 1980 Carter signed into law a bill that established Superfund , a federal program designed to clean up mining or factory sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Other environmental laws signed by Carter addressed energy conservation, federal mine safety standards, and control of pesticides. Secretary of
10500-399: The New Hampshire primary, which he also won. Carter's subsequent victory over Wallace in the Florida and North Carolina primaries eliminated Carter's main rival in the South. With a victory over Jackson in the Pennsylvania primary, Carter established himself as the clear front-runner. Despite the late entrance of Senator Frank Church and Governor Jerry Brown into the race, Carter clinched
10650-407: The Prosecutor General , Korean National Police , and the Ministry of Justice had stationed their agents in the National Assembly of Korea to collect information on the activities of politicians. In May 1988, however, overt ANSP agents, along with agents of other intelligence agencies, were withdrawn from the National Assembly building. The ANSP's budget was not made public, nor apparently
10800-508: The Senate passed a series of watered-down energy bills that included few of Carter's proposals. Negotiations with Congress dragged on into 1978, but Carter signed the National Energy Act in November 1978. Many of Carter's original proposals were not included in the legislation, but the act deregulated natural gas and encouraged energy conservation and the development of renewable energy through tax credits. Another energy shortage hit
10950-646: The South, a position that alienated some on the Religious Right . He also helped defeat the Moynihan-Packwood Bill, which called for tuition tax credits for parents to use for nonpublic school education. Carter took a stance in support of decriminalization of cannabis, citing the legislation passed in Oregon in 1973 . In a 1977 address to Congress, Carter submitted that penalties for cannabis use should not outweigh
11100-456: The Treasury, Benjamin Civiletti took office as Attorney General, and Charles Duncan Jr. became Secretary of Energy. After Vance resigned in 1980, Carter appointed Edmund Muskie , a well-respected Senator with whom Carter had developed friendly relations, to serve as Secretary of State. Among presidents who served at least one full term, Carter is the only one who never made an appointment to
11250-471: The United Nations, Andrew Young , was the first African American to hold a high-level diplomatic post. Along with Carter, he sought to change U.S. policy towards Africa, emphasizing human rights concerns over Cold War issues. In 1978, Carter became the first sitting president to make an official state visit to sub-Saharan Africa , a reflection of the region's new importance under the Carter administration's foreign policy. Unlike his predecessors, Carter took
11400-560: The United States in 1979, forcing millions of frustrated motorists into long waits at gasoline stations. In response, Carter asked Congress to deregulate the price of domestic oil. At the time, domestic oil prices were not set by the world market, but rather by the complex price controls of the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA). Oil companies strongly favored the deregulation of prices, since it would increase their profits, but some members of Congress worried that deregulation would contribute to inflation. In late April and early May
11550-477: The White House and cabinet in mid-1979. Five cabinet secretaries left office, including Blumenthal, Bell, and Joseph Califano , the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Jordan was selected as the president's first chief of staff, while Alonzo L. McDonald , formerly of McKinsey & Company , became the White House staff director. Federal Reserve Chairman G. William Miller replaced Blumenthal as Secretary of
11700-465: The accusation of 'violating laws on foreign exchange transactions'. In May 2006, the current National Intelligence Service director, Park Jie-won , was also sentenced to three years imprisonment for his participation in the scandal, but was released in February 2007 and pardoned in December of that year. In 2003, the scandal surrounding public eavesdropping and the illegal interception of phone calls took place under Kim Dae-jung 's government. The act
11850-460: The actual harms of cannabis consumption. Carter retained pro-decriminalization advisor Robert DuPont , and appointed pro-decriminalization British physician Peter Bourne as his drug advisor (or "drug czar") to head up his newly formed Office of Drug Abuse Policy . However, law enforcement, conservative politicians, and grassroots parents' groups opposed this measure, and the War on Drugs continued. At
12000-576: The administration refuse to recognize the new Cambodian government due to its support by the Soviet Union. Despite human rights concerns, Carter continued U.S. support for Joseph Mobutu of Zaire , who defeated Angolan -backed insurgents in conflicts known as Shaba I and Shaba II . His administration also generally refrained from criticizing human rights abuses in the Philippines, Indonesia, South Korea, Iran, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and North Yemen . Ford and Nixon had sought to reach agreement on
12150-401: The affair. In 1979, the agency's director , Kim Jae-kyu , assassinated President Park Chung Hee during a dinner. In the aftermath, the KCIA was purged , with Kim and five others being executed, and temporarily lost much of its power. The new director, Chun Doo-hwan , used his tenure from April to July 1980 to expand his power base beyond the military, and the organization was renamed
12300-428: The aftermath of the tumultuous 1960s. Above all, Carter attacked the political system, defining himself as an "outsider" who would reform Washington in the post-Watergate era. In response, Ford attacked Carter's supposed "fuzziness", arguing that Carter had taken vague stances on major issues. Carter and President Ford faced off in three televised debates during the 1976 election, the first such debates since 1960. Ford
12450-520: The amendment of the constitution. Under the Third Republic 's constitution, the president was limited to two terms in office. However, the National Assembly, dominated by Park's Democratic Republican Party , amended the Constitution in 1969 to allow a third term. He was re-elected in the 1971 presidential election . The 8th general election was held on May 5, 1971. Park's Democratic Republican Party took 113 seats out of 204. However, it didn't reach
12600-527: The assassinations of major leaders in the 1960s, the Vietnam War , and the Watergate scandal. Though most of his other top advisers urged him to continue to focus on inflation and the energy crisis, Carter seized on Caddell's notion that the major crisis facing the country was a crisis of confidence. On July 15, Carter delivered a nationally televised speech in which he called for long-term limits on oil imports and
12750-915: The beginning of "phase two" of his anti-inflation campaign on national television. He appointed Alfred E. Kahn as the Chairman of the Council on Wage and Price Stability (COWPS), and COWPS announced price targets for industries and implemented other policies designed to lower inflation. The 1979 energy crisis ended a period of growth; both inflation and interest rates rose, while economic growth, job creation, and consumer confidence declined sharply. The relatively loose monetary policy adopted by Federal Reserve Board Chairman G. William Miller , had already contributed to somewhat higher inflation, rising from 5.8% in 1976 to 7.7% in 1978. The sudden doubling of crude oil prices by OPEC forced inflation to double-digit levels, averaging 11.3% in 1979 and 13.5% in 1980. Following
12900-446: The coast of a Japanese resort town. The KCIA's virtually unlimited and completely unchecked power to arrest and detain any person on any charge created a climate of extreme fear and repression. The frequent detention and torture of students, dissidents , opposition figures, communists, reporters , or anyone perceived to be critical of the government was symptomatic of the Park presidency and
13050-582: The collection of information on anyone violating the National Security Law. This new amendment will prohibit the involvement of the NIS in domestic politics following their attempt to influence the 2012 elections with a slanderous campaign against candidate Moon Jae-in . Effective from 1 January 2024, the amendment will now transfer the power to investigate domestic concerns to the national police service. In June 2018, three former NIS directors (Lee Byung-kee, Lee Byung-ho, and Nam Jae-joon) who served in
13200-539: The compilation and distribution of information on other agencies' activities designed to maintain public safety also were undertaken by the ANSP. By 1983 the ANSP had rebounded and again was the preeminent foreign and domestic intelligence organization. Nevertheless, the ANSP's domestic powers were indeed curtailed under the Sixth Republic . Prior to the change, the ANSP had free access to all government offices and files. The ANSP, Defense Security Command , Office of
13350-521: The concept that was to become AirLand Battle , Carter and his administration approved the initial outlays for the A-10 , AH-64 , HIMARS , Bradley IFV , M109 Paladin , Patriot missile , M1 Abrams , and the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk . Carter believed that previous administrations had erred in allowing the Cold War concerns and Realpolitik to dominate foreign policy. His administration placed
13500-657: The conciliatory late Cold War policies of his predecessors, normalizing relations with China and pursuing further Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviet Union . In an effort to end the Arab–Israeli conflict , he helped arrange the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . Through the Torrijos–Carter Treaties , Carter guaranteed the eventual transfer of the Panama Canal to Panama. Denouncing
13650-431: The conference's power to appoint one-third of legislators was exercised by the president, guaranteeing him a parliamentary majority and control over parliament. Combined with his broad powers to rule by decree and curtail constitutional freedoms, the Yusin Constitution endowed the president with nearly all governing power in the nation. Park justified his creation of a legal dictatorship by arguing that South Korea's economy
13800-539: The confidentiality of the financing dictates that the NIS not be obligated to disclose all expenditures. As Park Geun-hye's predecessor, the Lee Myung-bak administration was under suspicion of involvement with the 2012 Public Opinion Manipulation scandal with the National Intelligence Service. On 15 March 2018, Lee also admitted to receiving ₩106 million won ($ 100,000) of money originally allocated to
13950-539: The development of synthetic fuels . But he also stated, "all the legislation in the world can't fix what's wrong with America. What is lacking is confidence and a sense of community." The speech, named A Crisis of Confidence , came to be known as his "malaise" speech, although Carter never used the word in the speech. The initial reaction to Carter's speech was generally positive, but Carter erred by forcing out several cabinet members, including Secretary of Energy Schlesinger, later in July. Nonetheless, Congress approved
14100-500: The election through means such as social media, as ordered by the NIS. This led to former spy chief Won Sei-hoon 's three-year imprisonment in 2015 in connection to the case. Park Geun-hye was later charged on 31 March 2017, and again on 17 April of that year for the abuse of power, bribery, coercion, and leaking of government secrets. Similar manipulations were revealed to have taken place in 2011 and earlier in 2012, with surveillance being placed on other opposing politicians. Following
14250-551: The election, the President demanded the power to reorganize the executive branch, alienating powerful Democrats like Speaker Tip O'Neill and Jack Brooks . During the Nixon administration , Congress had passed a series of reforms that removed power from the president, and most members of Congress were unwilling to restore that power even with a Democrat now in office. Unreturned phone calls, verbal insults, and an unwillingness to trade political favors soured many on Capitol Hill and affected
14400-426: The establishment of a universal national health insurance (NHI) system. Though most Americans had health insurance through Medicare , Medicaid , or private plans, approximately ten percent of the population did not have coverage in 1977. The establishment of an NHI plan was the top priority of organized labor and many liberal Democrats, but Carter had concerns about cost, as well as the inflationary impact, of such
14550-483: The eventual creation of Zimbabwe . The more assertive human rights policy championed by Derian and State Department Policy Planning Director Anthony Lake was somewhat blunted by the opposition of Brzezinski. Policy disputes reached their most contentious point during the 1979 fall of Pol Pot 's genocidal regime of Democratic Kampuchea following the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia , when Brzezinski prevailed in having
14700-498: The final act did not include a provision authorizing the federal government to act as an employer of last resort in order to provide for full employment . Carter also sought tax reform in order to create a simpler, more progressive taxation system. He proposed taxing capital gains as ordinary income, eliminating tax shelters, limiting itemized tax deductions, and increasing the standard deduction . Carter's taxation proposals were rejected by Congress, and no major tax reform bill
14850-463: The first female Hispanic district court judge, Carmen Consuelo Cerezo . Federal Judicial Center data shows that Carter appointed more women (41) and people of color (57) than had been appointed by all past presidents combined (10 women and 35 people of color). President Carter was not a product of the New Deal traditions of liberal Northern Democrats. Instead he traced his ideological background to
15000-496: The first months of his presidency. Democrats in Congress were displeased with his moralistic, executive-oriented, rational approach to decision-making and his reluctance to accept standard congressional methods of compromise, patronage, and log-rolling. A few months after his term started, Carter issued a "hit list" of 19 projects that he claimed were " pork barrel " spending. He said that he would veto any legislation that contained projects on this list. Congress responded by passing
15150-495: The following years, and during the winter of 1976–1977 natural gas shortages forced the closure of many schools and factories, leading to the temporary layoffs of hundreds of thousands of workers. By 1977, energy policy was one of the greatest challenges facing the United States. Oil imports had increased 65% annually since 1973, and the U.S. consumed over twice as much energy, per capita, as other developed countries . Upon taking office, Carter asked James Schlesinger to develop
15300-526: The government context to help create effective policy. Ultimately, the NIS also claims to 'support [the] establishment of a unified Korea led by the Republic of Korea'. While protecting the South from North Korean aggression, the NIS also states that one of its main goals is to simultaneously preserve international relations in order to 'support [the] creation of a unified Korea under liberal democracy'. Carter Administration Jimmy Carter 's tenure as
15450-400: The government, breaching their right to the freedom of speech . Due to the continuous threat from North Korea, there are concerns that amending this law would further exacerbate this issue. Despite this amendment, there are still major concerns that the NIS will continue to breach human rights. Even though the amendment forbids the NIS from conducting criminal investigations, it still allows
15600-428: The growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation... Jimmy Carter In July 1979, as the energy crisis continued, Carter met with a series of business, government, labor, academic, and religious leaders in an effort to overhaul his administration's policies. His pollster, Pat Caddell , told him that the American people faced a crisis of confidence stemming from
15750-526: The hack was found dead in an apparent suicide. In his note, he said that the agency didn't spy on civilians or on political reactions related to 2012's presidential election. In 1999, it was officially renamed the National Intelligence Service . According to its official publications, the NIS is divided into three directorates: International affairs , Domestic affairs , and North Korean affairs . Its current officially stated mission assigns
15900-493: The intelligence service to suppress and disrupt anti-government or pro– North Korean or other pro-communist movements, including the widespread student protests on university campuses and the activities of overseas Koreans. The KCIA developed a reputation for interfering in domestic politics and international affairs beyond its jurisdiction. The KCIA’s original charter, the Act Concerning Protection of Military Secrets,
16050-479: The late 1970s and the 1980s. Many of the leading officials in the Carter administration, including Carter himself, were members of the Trilateral Commission, which de-emphasized the Cold War. The Trilateral Commission instead advocated a foreign policy focused on aid to Third World countries and improved relations with Western Europe and Japan. The central tension of the Carter administration's foreign policy
16200-413: The malaise accompanying it coincided with Carter's 1980 re-election campaign, and contributed to his unexpectedly severe loss to Ronald Reagan . Not until March 1981 did GDP and employment totals regain pre-recession levels. During the 1976 presidential campaign, Carter proposed a health care reform plan that included key features of a bipartisan bill, sponsored by Senator Ted Kennedy, that provided for
16350-410: The minimum condition to pass a constitutional amendment. It required the concurrence of two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly. Therefore, Park couldn't amend the constitution through the lawful procedure. In 1969, with a one-time amendment of the constitution, the incumbent president–Park–was allowed to run for a third consecutive term. In December 1971, shortly after winning
16500-527: The name Agency for National Security Planning ( ANSP ; Korean : 국가안전기획부, 안기부 ; Hanja : 國家安全企劃部, 安企部 ) in 1981, as part of a series of reforms instituted by the Fifth Republic of Korea under President Chun Doo-hwan . Besides trying to acquire intelligence on North Korea and suppress South Korean activists, the ANSP, like its predecessor, was heavily involved in activities outside its sphere, including domestic politics and promoting
16650-454: The nomination on the final day of the primaries. The 1976 Democratic National Convention proceeded harmoniously and, after interviewing several candidates, Carter chose Mondale as his running mate. The selection of Mondale was well received by many liberal Democrats, many of whom had been skeptical of Carter. The Republicans experienced a contested convention that ultimately nominated incumbent President Gerald Ford , who had succeeded to
16800-504: The nomination, and many of these candidates were better known than Carter. Carter sought to appeal to various groups in the party; his advocacy for cutting defense spending and reining in the CIA appealed to liberals, while his emphasis on eliminating government waste appealed to conservatives. Carter won the most votes of any candidate in the Iowa caucus , and he dominated media coverage in advance of
16950-460: The number of female circuit court judges increased from one to twelve, the number of non-white male circuit judges increased from six to thirteen, the number of female district court judges increased from four to 32, and the number of non-white male district court judges increased from 23 to 55. Carter appointed the first female African-American circuit court judge, Amalya Lyle Kearse , the first Hispanic circuit court judge, Reynaldo Guerra Garza , and
17100-493: The only evidence and the executed are now generally considered to have been innocent. Despite this repression, the resistance to the Yusin Regime continued and caused serious social unrest. The Yusin Regime was criticized internationally for human rights abuse. The American Carter Administration warned that United States military forces might be withdrawn from South Korea unless Park eased off his dictatorship. On October 26, 1979,
17250-462: The policy of affirmative action , and his administration submitted an amicus curiae brief to the Supreme Court while it heard the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke . The Supreme Court's holding, delivered in 1978, upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action but vetoed the use of racial quotas in college admissions. First Lady Rosalynn Carter publicly campaigned for
17400-600: The popular vote and 297 electoral votes , while Ford won 48% of the popular vote and 240 electoral votes. The 1976 presidential election represents the lone Democratic presidential election victory between the elections of 1964 and 1992 . Carter fared particularly well in the Northeast and the South, while Ford swept the West and won much of the Midwest. In the concurrent congressional elections , Democrats increased their majorities in both
17550-800: The post elevated to that of Assistant Secretary of State . Derian established the United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices , published annually since 1977. Latin America was central to Carter's new focus on human rights. The Carter administration ended support to the historically U.S.-backed Somoza regime in Nicaragua and directed aid to the new Sandinista National Liberation Front government that assumed power after Somoza's overthrow. Carter also cut back or terminated military aid to Augusto Pinochet of Chile , Ernesto Geisel of Brazil, and Jorge Rafael Videla of Argentina, all of whom he criticized for human rights violations. Carter's ambassador to
17700-521: The presidency in 1974 after the resignation of Richard Nixon due to the latter's involvement in the Watergate scandal . With the Republicans badly divided, and with Ford facing questions over his competence as president, polls taken in August 1976 showed Carter with a 15-point lead. In the general election campaign, Carter continued to promote a centrist agenda, seeking to define new Democratic positions in
17850-439: The president and one-third of parliament. The presidential term was extended to six years, with no constitutional restrictions on the number of terms one could serve–effectively making Park president for life. It also allowed the president to declare "emergency measures," (긴급조치권, Gingeup Jochi ), which allowed the president to promulgate laws without ratification by the National Assembly and suspend civil liberties. In practice,
18000-445: The president remarked, "will guarantee that from 1980 to the year 2030, the social security funds will be sound". Carter supported many of the goals of the environmentalist movement, and appointed prominent environmentalists to high positions. As president his rhetoric strongly supported environmentalism, with a certain softness regarding his acceptance of nuclear energy – he had been trained in nuclear energy with atomic submarines in
18150-525: The president's ability to enact his agenda. In many cases, these failures of communication stemmed not from intentional neglect, but rather from poor organization of the administration's congressional liaison functions. President Carter attempted to woo O'Neill, Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd , and other members of Congress through personal engagement, but he was generally unable to rally support for his programs through these meetings. Carter also erred in focusing on too many priorities at once, especially in
18300-572: The presidential election held in December 2012, NIS committed a serious crime by secretly helping Park Geun-hye 's campaign, according to the Korean police investigation report. Korean prosecutors are re-investigating this incident which could void the result of last year's presidential election. Former NIS chief Won Sei-hoon is awaiting trial on multiple charges including presidential election fraud. In 2015, Hacking Team's breached data showed that NIS purchased spyware from Hacking Team. An agent related to
18450-463: The proposed tax. I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy ... I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in
18600-605: The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment , and the president supported the extension of the ratification period for that amendment. Carter presided over the deregulation of several industries, which proponents hoped would help revive the sluggish economy. The Airline Deregulation Act (1978) abolished the Civil Aeronautics Board over six years, provided for the free entry of airlines into new routes, and opened air fares up to competition. Carter also signed
18750-532: The ruling and opposition parties to strip the ANSP of its power to investigate pro–North Korean activity (a crime under the National Security Act ), the ANSP continued enforcing this aspect of the law rather than limiting itself to countering internal and external attempts to overthrow the government. The ANSP continued to pick up radical students and dissident leaders for questioning without explanation. Aside from its controversial internal security mission,
18900-488: The same time, cannabis consumption in the United States reached historically high levels. Carter was the first president to address the topic of gay rights, and his administration was the first to meet with a group of gay rights activists. Carter opposed the Briggs Initiative , a California ballot measure that would have banned gays and supporters of gay rights from being public school teachers. Carter supported
19050-430: The state was the purview of the ANSP, as was the investigation of crimes of insurrection and foreign aggression, crimes of rebellion, aiding and abetting the enemy, disclosure of military secrets, and crimes provided for in the Act Concerning Protection of Military Secrets and the National Security Act . The investigation of crimes related to duties of intelligence personnel, the supervision of information collection, and
19200-498: The subsequent administration. In another departure from its original charter, the KCIA's assumptive role as political machine extraordinaire and domination of the country's political life began to take on even more bizarre forms such as exercising a free hand in drafting the South Korean constitution and acting as a political fundraiser for the incumbent party. In addition to its presumptive intelligence and secret police role, which
19350-400: The two Democratic leaders. In June 1979, Carter proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to provide private catastrophic health insurance. The plan would also extend Medicaid to the very poor without dependent minor children, and would add catastrophic coverage to Medicare . Kennedy rejected the plan as insufficient. In November 1979, Senator Russell B. Long led
19500-587: The workplace. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) programs and women's programs were also strengthened, and "common sense priorities" led to focus on major health problems. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, passed in 1978, prohibited companies or organizations from discriminating against pregnant employees while providing protection in the areas of childbirth and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth. The National Consumer Cooperative Bank Act of 1978 sought to put funds aside for low-interest loans to start cooperatives. Minimum wage coverage
19650-600: Was a project of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science . Although foreign policy was not his highest priority at first, a series of worsening crises made it increasingly the focus of attention regarding the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Iran, and the global energy crisis. His handling of the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis made him very unpopular at home and lowered his historical stature as measured by historians. Carter took office during
19800-711: Was alleged by the official media arm of North Korea, the Korean Central News Agency , that a NIS-trained North Korean citizen had been apprehended as part of a plot to assassinate Kim Jong-il , the North Korean leader. Both the NIS and the South Korean government denied any involvement. The NIS officially admitted in 2011 that it wiretapped Gmail accounts of South Korean citizens in the South Korean Constitutional Court . The 2012 budget for
19950-512: Was also held in high regard. In 1994, the ANSP had a significant revision of its charter, which effectively limited its activities, following an agreement between Korea's ruling and opposition parties. As a result, an "Information Committee" in the National Assembly was established to lay a foundation for the agency's removal from the political scene and an assumption of political neutrality. The ANSP also began to develop procedures and mechanisms to thwart international crime and terrorism. In 1995,
20100-589: Was completed in October 27 by the emergency State Council . The event was named after Japan's 1868 Meiji Restoration . Park Chung Hee, a former officer in the Japanese-controlled Manchukuo Imperial Army , admired Japanese politics, and called his self–coup Yusin (or Yushin), the Korean pronunciation of the Japanese word Ishin (restoration). The new administration established after the coup
20250-493: Was designed to facilitate the construction of power plants. Nonetheless, Kaufman and Kaufman write that policies enacted under Carter represented the "most sweeping energy legislation in the nation's history." Carter's policies contributed to a decrease in per capita energy consumption, which dropped by 10 percent from 1979 to 1983. Oil imports, which had reached a record 2.4 billion barrels in 1977 (50% of supply), declined by half from 1979 to 1983. Carter took office during
20400-526: Was designed to oversee the coordination of activities related to counterespionage and national security, but a majority of its activities and budget were devoted to things unrelated to its original charter. In 1968, KCIA agents kidnapped 17 Koreans living in West Germany . They were transported back to Seoul, where they were tortured and brought up on charges of having violated the National Security Law by engaging in pro-Northern activities. The victims became
20550-546: Was elected as the Governor of Georgia in 1970, and during his four years in office he earned a reputation as a progressive , racially moderate Southern governor. Observing George McGovern 's success in the 1972 Democratic primaries , Carter came to believe that he could win the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination by running as an outsider unconnected to establishment politicians in Washington. Carter declared his candidacy for
20700-410: Was enacted. In 1979 Carter opened the first White House Conference on Library and Information Services stating that "libraries must be strengthened and the public made more aware of their potential: Libraries can be community resources for the consumer and small business on matters such as energy and marketing and technological innovation." The White House Conference on Library and Information Services
20850-538: Was extended to farmworkers, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act Amendments of 1978 increased the upper age limit on coverage against age discrimination in non-federal employment and in the private sector from 65 to 70 as a means of extending safeguards against age discrimination. In addition, the purchase requirement for food stamps was abolished and the first-ever national youth employment law
21000-404: Was generally viewed as the winner of the first debate, but he made a major gaffe in the second debate when he stated there was "no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe ." The gaffe put an end to Ford's late momentum, and Carter helped his own campaign with a strong performance in the third debate. Polls taken just before election day showed a very close race. Carter won the election with 50.1% of
21150-478: Was it made available in any useful manner to the National Assembly in closed sessions. In July 1989, pressured by opposition parties and public opinion, the ANSP was subjected to inspection and audit by the National Assembly for the first time in eighteen years, with the ANSP removing its agents from the chambers of the Seoul Criminal Court and the Supreme Court . In another move to limit the potential for
21300-505: Was later admitted to being true and to have taken place until March 2002, shortly before the end of Kim's term. The National Intelligence Service claimed that Kim Dae-jung was not informed of the illegal activities taking place. In 2012, Park Geun-hye 's presidential election was revealed to have been manipulated by members of the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in order to ensure that a conservative candidate came into power. Agents were accused of manipulating public opinions surrounding
21450-508: Was not fully prepared to relinquish its power. In April 1990, for example, ruling Democratic Liberal Party (DLP) co-leader Kim Young-sam complained that he and members of his faction within the DLP had been subjected to "intelligence maneuvering in politics" that included wiretapping , surveillance , and financial investigations. Despite an agreement in September 1989 by the chief policymakers of
21600-510: Was on the NIS's psychological warfare team supported and supervised right-wing conservative organizations and right-wing youth organizations." On 13 December 2020, the National Security Law was amended. This law, adopted in 1948, was designed to protect the country from North Korean threats. It stated that South Korean citizens could not praise, sympathise, correspond or aid North Koreans. However, this law has been said to have allowed
21750-405: Was ostensibly authorized by its original charter, it also became, by default, through a network of agents at home and abroad, the de facto attorney general and inspector general of the South Korean government. Domestically, the KCIA made itself the philanthropical arm of the government by being an avid supporter of the arts , promoter of tourism, and purveyor of national culture. The KCIA
21900-503: Was passed during Carter's presidency. Amid growing public fear that the social security system was in danger of bankruptcy within a few years, Carter signed the Social Security Financing Amendments Act in December 1977, which corrected a flaw that had been introduced into the benefit formula by earlier legislation in 1972, raised Social Security taxes and reduced Social Security benefits. "Now this legislation",
22050-636: Was reflected in the division between Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who sought improved relations with the Soviet Union and the Third World, and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, who favored confrontation with the Soviet Union on a range of issues. After the disappointment of the Vietnam War a re-focus of the US Army on the Warsaw Pact problem found that technology and teamwork both were in dire need to be upgraded. Guided by General Donn A. Starry and
22200-674: Was succeeded by Chun Doo-hwan , who promulgated the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, which officially replaced the Yusin Constitution in 1980. This new constitution was somewhat less authoritarian than the Yusin Constitution, although it was still patterned after it and concentrated immense powers into the office of president. National Intelligence Service (South Korea) The National Intelligence Service ( NIS ; Korean : 국가정보원, 국정원 ; Hanja : 國家情報院, 國情院 ; RR : Gukga Jeongbowon, Gukjeongwon ; MR : Kukka Chŏngbowŏn, Kukchŏngwŏn )
22350-563: Was too weak to allow Western-style liberal democracy. Rather, he argued that the country needed a "Korean-style democracy" with a strong, unchallenged presidency in order to remain stable. The Yusin Regime was soon challenged by activists from groups such as college students, artists, religious leaders, and the opposition. Park suppressed these protests by force. In the People's Revolutionary Party Incident , eight persons were executed for treason. Their confessions, which were extracted by torture, were
22500-512: Was used to secure the Inter-Korean Summit. This was perceived by the general public as a bribe and a method of buying the summit, consequently leading to a public scandal in 2003. It was also rumoured that this large sum of money was the reason that Kim was awarded the 2002 Global Peace Prize for his ' Sunshine Policy ' of that year. The scandal ultimately led to the arrest of former National Intelligence Service director Lim Dong-won , under
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