94-557: Oberoi (also spelled as Uberoi, Oberai and Obhrai) is a surname used by the Punjabi Khatri caste of northern India. Notable people bearing the name Oberoi, who may or may not be associated with the Khatri caste, include: Punjabis Europe North America Oceania The Punjabis ( Punjabi : پنجابی ( Shahmukhi ) ; ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ( Gurmukhi ) ; romanised as Panjābī ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group associated with
188-452: A heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning "brotherhood") or tribes , with each person bound to a clan. With the passage of time, tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society. Traditionally, the Punjabi identity
282-679: A Presidential reference on Punjab Termination of Agreements Act, 2004 is pending before the Honorable Supreme Court . Hence, the further hearings of the Tribunal and its final report are now enjoined on the outcome of the Supreme Court hearing of the Presidential reference. The presently incomplete SYL link canal , to connect the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers to transfer Haryana's share of water,
376-416: A common territory, ethnicity and language, they are likely to be followers of one of several religions, most often Islam , Sikhism , Hinduism or Christianity . The term "Punjab" came into currency during the reign of Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts ( پنج , panj , 'five' and آب , āb , 'water') are cognates of
470-604: A counterclaim to the exclusive claims of Punjab, Haryana claims that a small part of Haryana state lying north in Panchkula district is part of the Sutlej river basin area in addition to Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in India. Thus Haryana claims to be a riparian state of the Indus river basin. Following the reorganisation of the state of Punjab in 1966, Haryana State was created. This was followed by
564-975: A decorative scarf. Over time the phulkari pattern has taken onto embellishments onto suits, dresses, accessories and more. You will see women wearing phulkari during important religious and cultural folk celebrations (i.e.: Vaisakhi, Lohri) and then in wedding celebrations such as the Jago. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, February 21). Punjab. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India Malhotra, A., & Mir, F. (2012). Punjab Reconsidered: History, culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press. Snehi, Y. (2013). Book review: Punjab reconsidered: History, culture and practice. Studies in History, 29(1), 155– 158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0257643013496694 Ravi River 30°35′N 71°49′E / 30.583°N 71.817°E / 30.583; 71.817 The Ravi River ( / ˈ r ɑː v i / )
658-459: A descendant of Prakrit. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhraṃśa , a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century CE and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to Nath Yogi era from 9th to 14th century CE. The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa , though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore. The Arabic and modern Persian influence in
752-557: A directive of the Government of India , planning for the development of the Ravi and Beas rivers was initiated concurrently with the treaty negotiations, which involved four riparian states of Punjab, PEPSU (this was merged with Punjab and subsequently Punjab was divided, and additionally the Haryana state was created), Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) within the ambit of
846-718: A gorge with a river bed slope of 183 feet per mile (34.7 m/km) and is mostly fed by snowmelt, as this region lies in a rain shadow . Two of its major tributaries, the Budhil and Nai or Dhona join 64 kilometres (40 mi) downstream from its source. The Budhil River rises in Lahul range of hills and is sourced from the Manimahesh Kailash Peak and the Manimahesh Lake , at an elevation of 4,080 metres (13,390 ft), and both are Hindu pilgrimage sites. The entire length of Budhil
940-471: A north-westerly course and is a perennial river. It is the smallest of the five Punjab rivers that rise from glacier fields at an elevation of 14,000 feet (4,300 m), on the southern side of the Mid Himalayas. It flows through Barabhangal, Bara Bansu, and Chamba districts . It flows in rapids in its initial reaches with boulders seen scattered in the bed of the river. The Ravi River in this reach flows in
1034-530: A notification by the Government of India dated 24 March 1976 allocating the surplus waters between Punjab and Haryana in due consideration of the powers conferred by Sub Section (I) of Section 78 of the Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 (31 of 1966). The allocation was challenged in the Supreme Court by Haryana. A tripartite agreement followed on 31 December 1981, based on the revised mean annual flows from
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#17328594239911128-726: A population of more than 80 million, they are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and the world's third-largest Islam-adhering ethnicity after Arabs and Bengalis . The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam , while a minority adhere to Shia Islam and other sects , including the Ahmadiyya community which originated in Punjab during the British Raj . In the Indian state of Punjab , Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% of
1222-566: A reserved area. The second tributary, the Nai, rises at Kali Debi pass, and flows for 48 kilometres (30 mi), with a bed slope of 366 feet per mile (69.3 m/km), from its source at Trilokinath to its confluence with the Ravi. This valley was also exploited for its forest wealth during the English period. Another major tributary that joins the Ravi River, just below Bharmour, the old capital of Chamba,
1316-408: A result of the population exchanges during partition, both parts of Punjab are now relatively homogeneous, as far as religion is concerned. Today the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow Islam with a small Christian minority, and less Sikh and Hindu populations, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either Sikhs or Hindus with a Muslim minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of Sikhism and
1410-475: A secondary source for pollution of the river water, even though some control over unauthorised discharges into the river have been checked. Hence, measures to check metal re-mobilization from sediments into the river flows need attention. The worst affected drainage is the Hadharaam drain, a tributary of the Ravi River. It is also a trans-border problem involving both India and Pakistan. A UNDP funded special programme
1504-409: A storage dam on the Ravi River was initially planned in 1912, envisaging a 61 metres (200 ft) high dam. A committee later conducted a survey of the area, but it was not until 1954 that geologists fully inspected the project area. In 1957, a storage Dam was proposed on the Ravi River for irrigation purposes only. The power generation aspect was not considered then. It was only in 1964 that the project
1598-480: Is the fifth- largest religion in the world . The Sikhs form a majority of close to 58% in the modern day Punjab, India . Gurmukhi is the writing script used by Sikhs and for scriptures of Sikhism . It is used in official documents in parts of India and elsewhere. The tenth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh (1666 – 1708) established the Khalsa Brotherhood, and set for them a code of conduct. Most of
1692-520: Is 11.52 million acre-feet (14.21 cubic kilometres) (MAF) out of which 6.971 MAF is available upstream of Madhopur headworks . Most of the water generated below the Madhopur headworks (4.549 MAF) is flowing into Pakistan from India. On the Ravi River, the earliest project built was the Madhopur Headworks , in 1902. It is a run-of-the river project (no storage envisaged) to divert flows through
1786-585: Is 110 million as noted in the 2017 Pakistan census, ethnic Punjabis comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population. With an estimated national population of 252 million in 2024, ethnic Punjabis thus number approximately 112.8 million in Pakistan; this makes Punjabis the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by population. Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Sunni population with Shia , Ahmadiyya and Christian minorities. The Punjabi-speaking people make up 2.74% of India's population as of 2011. The total number of Indian Punjabis
1880-528: Is 72 kilometres (45 mi) where it has a bed slope of 314 feet per mile (59.5 m/km). It flows through the ancient capital of Bharmwar, now known as Bharmour in Himachal Pradesh. During 1858–1860, the Raja of Bharmour had considered the Budhil valley as an excellent source of Deodar trees for supply to the British Raj . However, a part of the forest surrounding the temple was considered sacred and declared
1974-548: Is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan . It is one of five rivers associated with the Punjab region . Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi and two other rivers ( Sutlej and Beas River ) were allocated to India. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project was developed in Pakistan, which transfers waters from western rivers of the Indus system to replenish
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#17328594239912068-522: Is another small tributary that rises from the subsidiary hill ranges of the Pir Panjal Range east of Bharmour. The valley formed by this stream is U-shaped with a river bed scattered with boulders and glacial morainic deposits. The main Ravi River flows through the base of Dalhousie hill, past the Chamba town. It is at an elevation of 856 metres (2,807 ft) (where a long wooden bridge existed to cross
2162-503: Is now stuck in a dispute in the Supreme Court of India due to objections by Punjab. Punjab is contemplating to construct 206 MW Shahpurkandi dam project hydro electric project on the Ravi River between Ranjitsagar dam and Madhopur head works. This stretch of the river is forming boundary between J & K state and Punjab state. Since Punjab had unilaterally exited from the earlier water sharing agreements, J & K state refused
2256-562: Is on its eastern bank. After passing through Lahore the river takes a turn at Kamalia and then debouches into the Chenab River, south of the town of Ahmadpur Sial. On its western bank is the town of Shahdara Bagh with the Tomb of Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan . According to satellite imagery studies carried out over a period of 20 years (between 1972–1973 and 1991–1993), the river coursing along
2350-524: Is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. While Punjabis share
2444-1018: Is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora , particularly in Canada , the United States, and the United Kingdom . In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet , based on the Perso-Arabic script ; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet , based on the Indic scripts . Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone . Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश , 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech') From 600 BCE, Sanskrit
2538-454: Is the Seul River from the northern direction. The valley formed by the river was also exploited for its rich timber trees. However, the valley has large terraces, which are very fertile and known as "the garden of Chamba". Crops grown here supply grains to the capital region and to Dalhousie town and its surrounding areas. One more major tributary that joins the Ravi River near Basohli (J&K)
2632-681: Is the Seva. This river was also exploited for its forest resources, (controlled by the then Raja of Chamba) originating from the Jammu region. The valley is also formed by another major tributary that joins the Seul River, the Baira-Nalla. Its sub-basin is in the Chamba district, located above Tissa. Baira drains the southern slopes of the Pir Panjal Range . The valley has an elevation variation between 5,321 and 2,693 metres (17,457 and 8,835 ft). Tant Gari
2726-464: Is unknown due to the fact that ethnicity is not recorded in the Census of India . Sikhs are largely concentrated in the modern-day state of Punjab forming 57.7% of the population with Hindus forming 38.5%. Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi -speaking Punjabi Hindus . The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not
2820-584: The British Raj . The vast majority were converted from the Hindu Chura communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent Mazhabi Sikhs ; under the influence of enthusiastic army officers and Christian missionaries. Large numbers of Mazhabi Sikhs were also converted in the Moradabad district and the Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh . Rohilkhand saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into
2914-502: The Indian subcontinent , comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India . The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts. The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers. While the total population of Punjab
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3008-478: The Indus Waters Treaty , signed by India and Pakistan. Within India, the river is under the jurisdiction of the riparian states of Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, and Himachal, and non-riparian states of Haryana, and Rajasthan, but the management is presided by the Supreme Court of India and the Ravi Beas Tribunal, set up in 1986 for the purpose. The annual flow in India up to the final crossing point in Pakistan
3102-560: The Methodist Church . Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among high caste Sikh families, and as a result, they responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions. Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilisation , dating back to 3000 BCE. Agriculture has been
3196-488: The Phulkari . The phulkari is folk embroidery that was typically inclusive of work in floral patterns but has taken on a larger aspect of including geometrical shapes, symbols and motifs relevant to the culture. This pattern has been worn by women for hundreds of years in very vibrant colours. The pattern is typically stitched with woven silk and colourful thread. The phulkari pattern is adorned onto dupattas/chunis, better known as
3290-488: The Punjab region , comprising areas of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan . They generally speak Standard Punjabi or various Punjabi dialects on both sides. Majority of the overall Punjabi population adheres to Islam with significant minorities practicing Sikhism and Hinduism and smaller minorities practicing Christianity . However, the religious demographics significantly vary when viewed from Pakistani and Indian sides, respectively, with over 95 percent of
3384-571: The Sanskrit words, पञ्च , pañca , 'five' and अप् , áp , 'water', of the same meaning. The word pañjāb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Sutlej , and Beas . All are tributaries of the Indus River , the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata , which calls one of
3478-517: The Upper Bari Doab Canal (also known as Central Bari Doab Canal) to provide irrigation in the command area of the then unified India. Government of India has assessed the pre-partition use in India (Punjab) at 1.821 cubic kilometres (1,476,000 acre⋅ft). Prior to partition, it irrigated 335,000 hectares of land in Gurdaspur , Amritsar and Lahore districts. The hydropower potential of
3572-589: The Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti , developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward. Later, the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab. Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion. There
3666-471: The colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterising the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region. Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records. Shortly prior to the Partition of India , Punjab Province (British India) had a slight majority Muslim population at about 53.2% in 1941, which
3760-482: The 1947 partition, millions of Punjabi Hindus (including Hindkowan Hindus and Saraiki Hindus ) migrated from West Punjab and North-West Frontier Province , of which many ultimately settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 per cent of Delhi's population; based on 2011 official census counts, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 people. Following
3854-715: The Ancient Greeks. Part of the Battle of the Ten Kings was fought on a river, which according to Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) refers to the Ravi river at Punjab . The Ravi River, a transboundary river of India and Pakistan, is an integral part of the Indus River Basin and forms the headwaters of the Indus basin. The waters of the Ravi River drain into the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) through the Indus River in Pakistan. The river rises in
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3948-726: The Bara Bhangal, Kangra District in Himachal Pradesh , India. The river drains a total catchment area of 14,442 square kilometres (5,576 sq mi) in India after flowing for a length of 720 kilometres (450 mi). Flowing westward, it is hemmed by the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, forming a triangular zone. The Ravi River originates in the Himalayas in the Multhan tehsil of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It follows
4042-646: The Chamar and are traditionally linked to leather-related occupations. Proto- Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practised by the Punjabi people. The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of Indra . The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC, while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between
4136-559: The Chamera-II of 300 MW capacity in the upstream of Chamera-I commissioned in 2004. The major multipurpose project ( irrigation , hydropower , flood control , development of fisheries , tourism and so forth) built on the river is the Ranjit Sagar Dam (also known as Thein dam as it is in Thein village). The left bank is in Punjab and the right bank is in Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on
4230-518: The India–Pakistan border meanders substantially in the alluvial plains of the Amritsar, Pathankot, and Gurdaspur districts of Punjab. This has resulted in successive damage in India as a result of the river changing its course towards India. The reason attributed to this change in the course of the river is massive river training structures/bunds constructed by Pakistan in its part of the river, close to
4324-725: The Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab together with three eastern rivers: the Sutlej , the Beas, and the Ravi. To establish the ownership of these waters, Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan on 1 April 1960, under the monitoring of the World Bank. The treaty, under Article 5.1, envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum, and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank (eastern side) in Pakistan. According to this treaty, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej, which constitute
4418-525: The New York and New Jersey region). In the 1970s, a large wave of emigration of Punjabis (predominately from Pakistan) began to the Middle East, in places such as the UAE , Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . There are also large communities in East Africa including the countries of Kenya , Uganda and Tanzania . Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including Malaysia , Philippines , Thailand , Singapore and Hong Kong. Of recent times many Punjabis have also moved to Italy. Among
4512-411: The Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of warfare, as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land. Warrior culture typically elevates the value of
4606-409: The Punjabi population from Pakistan being Muslim , with a small minority of Christians and Hindus and an even smaller minority of Sikhs . Over 57 percent of the population of the Indian state of Punjab is Sikh and over 38 percent Hindu with a small minority of Muslims and Christians. The ethnonym is derived from the term Punjab (Five rivers) in Persian to describe the geographic region of
4700-411: The Ravi River from Lahore Siphon to Baloki headworks indicates heavy contamination of the water and sediment with Cd, Cr, Pt, and Cu. Recent reports suggest that the river stands as the most contaminated globally, with pharmaceutical residues such as paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, and medications for epilepsy and diabetes detected in its waters. The river sediments are highly contaminated and have become
4794-426: The Ravi River system has been assessed at 2294 MW, of which only 1638 MW has been harnessed cumulatively, thus leaving 656 MW wasted opportunity. The hydropower potential developed since the 1980s is through the installation of the Baira Suil Hydroelectric Power Project of 198 MW capacity, the Chamera-I of 540 MW capacity commissioned in 1994, the Ranjitsagar Multipurpose Project of 600 MW capacity completed in 1999 and
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#17328594239914888-424: The Ravi River). It flows into the south-west, near Dalhousie , and then cuts a gorge in the Dhauladhar Range, before entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur and Pathankot . It then flows along the Indo–Pak border for 80 kilometres (50 mi) before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River . The total length of the river is about 725 kilometres (450 mi). The Ujh River is another major tributary of
4982-399: The Ravi River. Its source is in the Kailash mountains at an elevation of 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), close to the Bhaderwah Mountains in the Jammu district. After flowing for 100 kilometres (62 mi), it joins Ravi at Nainkot in Pakistan. As the Ravi flows past Lahore in Pakistan (26 kilometres (16 mi) below Amritsar in India) it is called "The river of Lahore" since that city
5076-513: The SCs nationally, official data show. Of more than 35 designated Scheduled Castes in the state, the Mazhabis, the Ravidasias/Ramdasias, the Ad Dharmis, the Valmikis, and the Bazigars together make up around 87 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population. The Ravidasia Hindus/Ad-Dharmi and the Ramdasia Sikhs together constitute 34.93 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population and 11.15 per cent of Punjab Population. Ramdasia , Ad-Dharmi and Ravidassias are subgroups of
5170-432: The Shiromani Akali Dal, on 24 July 1985. This accord stipulated that The farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan will continue to get water not less than what they are using from the Ravi Beas system as on 1.7.1985. Waters used for consumptive purposes will also remain unaffected. Quantum of usage claimed shall be verified by the Tribunal referred to in paragraph 9.2 below. 9.2 The claim of Punjab and Haryana regarding
5264-403: The above accord, Ravi & Beas Waters Tribunal (RBWT) came to be set up in April 1986, in pursuance of paragraphs 9.1 & 9.2 of Punjab Settlement (Rajiv-Longowal Accord, 1985) inter-alia to adjudicate the claims of Punjab and Haryana in Ravi-Beas waters. The Terms of Reference were set and also the time for submission of the report. The Tribunal submitted its report on 30 January 1987. However,
5358-429: The already developed Bhakra Nangal Dam project on the Sutlej River. A review of the flows in the two river systems revealed that prior to the partition of the country and up to the time of the signing of the Indus Treaty, 3.86 cubic kilometres (3,130,000 acre⋅ft) of water was used by major irrigation systems such as the Upper Bari Doab Canal System (1959) and the Lower Bari Doab Canal System (1915). The unused flow in
5452-408: The community's honour ( izzat ), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis. Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language natively spoken by the Punjabi people. Punjabi is the most popular first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census , and the 11th most popular in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the 2011 census . The language
5546-423: The descent of the citizens. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the ethnic makeup of Delhi and other Indian states. Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christians. Most of the East Punjab 's Muslims left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in Qadian , and Malerkotla . The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of
5640-406: The eastern rivers, are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan. However, a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilisation of waters of Jhelum, Chenab, and the Indus itself, allocated to it under the treaty. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of
5734-500: The flow series of 1921–60 assessed as 25.36 cubic kilometres (20,560,000 acre⋅ft)—including preparation use of 3.86 cubic kilometres (3,130,000 acre⋅ft) and transit losses in the Madhopur Beas Link of 260,000 acre-feet (0.32 km )—vis-a-vis the figure of 19.55 cubic kilometres (15,850,000 acre⋅ft) assessed in earlier allocation, which was based on the flow series of 1921–45. The revised assessed surplus supplies of 17,170,000 acre-feet (21.18 km ) (from flow and storage)
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#17328594239915828-400: The historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent . Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi. So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still
5922-414: The large scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the 2017 Census , there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population. Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of
6016-408: The lower reaches are in Pakistan. Following the partition of India in August 1947, a dispute arose between India and Pakistan on sharing of the waters of the Indus River Basin . The dispute was resolved with the intervention of the World Bank and a treaty was signed in 1960 on sharing of the Indus waters between India and Pakistan. The Indus system of rivers comprises the three Western rivers in
6110-422: The main stem of the Ravi River, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) upstream of Madhopur Headworks (built during pre-partition time). The project is an outcome of the development plan conceived for the use of the waters of three eastern rivers allocated to India under the Indus Treaty, namely the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, for irrigation, hydropower generation and other consumptive uses. A proposal for building
6204-426: The major castes and tribes of West Punjab (Pakistan) are the Jats , Rajputs , Arains , Gujjars and Awans . Prior to the partition in 1947 , major communities of West Punjab also included the Khatris , Aroras and Brahmins . While in East Punjab (India), Jats are almost 20 per cent of East Punjab's population. The Scheduled Castes constitute almost 32 per cent of its total population and 4.3 per cent of
6298-416: The major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership. The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan". Besides being known for agriculture and trade,
6392-429: The modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule; initially, conversions to Christianity came from the "upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious", including "high caste" Hindu families, as well as Muslim families. However, other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from the Chuhra group. The Churas were largely converted to Christianity in North India during
6486-411: The movement Ahmadiyya . Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India. Forming the majority of the Punjabi ethnicity in the greater Punjab region , Punjabi Muslims write the Punjabi language under the Perso-Arabic script known as Shahmukhi . With
6580-413: The northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, where five rivers Beas , Chenab , Jhelum , Ravi , and Sutlej merge into the Indus River , in addition of the now-vanished Ghaggar . The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. Historically, the Punjabi people were
6674-477: The old course of the river. The shift in the course of the river is reported to be 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) towards India. In the transboundary Ravi River flowing from India to Pakistan, in urban areas of Lahore the pollution levels in the river discharge are reportedly very high, which is attributed to careless disposal of large amount of industrial and agricultural wastewater and faulty drainage systems in both countries. A 72-kilometre (45 mi) stretch of
6768-463: The population respectively, while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as Lahore . Punjabi Hindus in India use Nāgarī script to write the Hindi and Punjabi languages. Sikhism from Sikh , meaning a "disciple", or a "learner", is a monotheistic religion originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in
6862-430: The portion of the Ravi River lying in that country. Many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation , hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India. According to ancient history traced to Vedas , the Ravi River was known as Irāvatī ( Sanskrit : इरावती ). The Ravi was known as Purushni or Irawati to Indians in Vedic times and as Hydraotes ( Ancient Greek : 'ϒδραώτης ) and Hyarotis (Ὑαρῶτις) to
6956-515: The primary official language), and influenced the language as well. Punjabis also speak several languages and dialects related to Punjabi, such as the Pothwari spoken in the Pothohar region of Northern Pakistani Punjab Kaintha The Kaintha, a traditional necklace which is usually made out of gold or steel, is an integral element of Punjabi clothing. It is adorned with a pendant that stands out from
7050-616: The project construction. Also J & K state is going ahead with the construction of Ravi canal originating from Basantpur to irrigate 54,000 hectares (133,000 acres) of land in Jammu region. This canal would draw river water by pumping the water released downstream from the Rangitsagar reservoir for which J & K state is not required to take consent from Punjab as it is not bound by earlier river water sharing agreements. Transfer of surplus water from one basin to another, termed as interbasin water transfer has been effectively implemented on
7144-434: The region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson , in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab , all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951. As
7238-505: The regions in ancient Bharat Panchanada ( Sanskrit : पञ्चनद , romanized : pañca-nada , lit. 'five rivers'). The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía ( Greek : Πενταποταμία ), which has the same meaning as the Persian word. Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia , specifically in the northern part of
7332-468: The report was contested as Rajasthan also moved an application "seeking explanation and guidance regarding the report of this Ravi Beas waters Tribunal, 1987". The Tribunal is further examining the matter. It is yet to submit its further report to the Government on the pleas submitted by the party States and the Central Government also seeking explanation/guidance on its earlier report. In the meantime,
7426-597: The rest of the necklace, which is accompanied by matching color schemes as well as yarn in the back to hold the piece together. It is worn with the Shalwar Kameez alongside a shawl, chunni, or vest. Men and women alike traditionally wear the Kaintha to the Mayian and Jaggo ceremonies. It is also commonly worn while performing the traditional Bhangra and Giddha dances Phulkari A traditional element of Punjabi clothing has been
7520-412: The river basin, which has a large number of terraces between Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges , is attributed to the truly Himalayan characteristics of the river reflecting the " cis-Himalayan tectonic ; structural, lithological and climatic conditions. Obviously it is different from the antecedent Indus and Sutlej". The upper reaches of the main Indus River and its tributaries lie in India whereas
7614-574: The rivers rather than sharing of their waters. Under this treaty, the two countries also agreed to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, the treaty envisaged the creation of the Permanent Indus Commission , with a commissioner appointed by each country. The Indus Waters Treaty is the only international treaty that has been implemented over the last 60 years with due diligence and sincerity by both India and Pakistan, in spite of many wars fought between
7708-422: The sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib , include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service , striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all , and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. Being one of the youngest amongst the major world religions, with 25-28 million adherents worldwide, Sikhism
7802-444: The shares in their remaining waters shall be referred for adjudication to a Tribunal to be presided over by Supreme Court Judge. The decision of this Tribunal will be rendered within six months and would be binding on both parties. All legal and constitutional steps in this respect to be taken expeditiously; 9.3 The construction of Sutlej Yamuna Link (S.Y.L.) canal shall continue. The canal shall be completed by August 1986. Following
7896-446: The state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the Doaba region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, Pathankot , Jalandhar , Hoshiarpur , Fazilka and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts. Punjabi Hindus also form around 32 percent of Indian State Haryana 's population and are very much influential in the state politics. During
7990-448: The two countries (the treaty was not revoked either by India or Pakistan during the 1965 or the 1971 war). Even prior to the partition of India in August 1947, India had developed projects on the river Ravi and Beas River system. When the treaty was under debate, India had taken advance action to develop the three rivers, which were eventually allocated to it under the treaty. According to
8084-508: The two river systems was assessed at 19.22 cubic kilometres (15,580,000 acre⋅ft), which was planned to be developed by the four states of J&K, PEPSU, Punjab and Rajasthan . However, with the merger of PEPSU with Punjab and subsequent bifurcation of Punjab into two states, a dispute arose on the allocation of Ravi and Beas waters for which a tribunal was set up under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act . As
8178-412: The western rivers Jhelum, Chenab, and Indus but with some stipulations for the development of projects on these rivers in India. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the eastern rivers. Since 31 March 1970, after the 10-year moratorium, India has secured full rights for use of the waters of the three rivers allocated to it. The treaty resulted in partitioning of
8272-567: The world. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the United States , including independence activists who formed the Ghadar Party . The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India. The most populous areas being London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow. In Canada (specifically Vancouver , Toronto , and Calgary ) and the United States, (specifically California's Central Valley as well as
8366-470: Was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century. The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region. The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith. A number of Punjabis during
8460-446: Was advocated as official language and Prakrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit (Sanskrit: प्राकृत , prākṛta ) collectively. Paishachi , Shauraseni and Gandhari were Prakrit languages, which were spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from one of these Prakrits. Later in northern India, these Prakrits gave rise to their own Apabhraṃśa ,
8554-469: Was allocated as: Share of Punjab 4.22 million acre-ft (MAF); Share of Haryana 3.50 MAF; Share of Rajasthan 8.60 MAF; Quantity earmarked for Delhi Water supply 0.20 MAF; Share of Jammu & Kashmir 0.65MAF with some specific provisions. However, the legality of this agreement was challenged by Punjab. This was followed by the Punjab accord signed by the then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi and Sant Harchand Singh Longowal , President of
8648-413: Was an increase from the previous years. Due to the partition of 1947 , a rapid shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across the Punjab region owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to mass migration and population exchange but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots that occurred across
8742-508: Was conceived for multipurpose development and submitted to Government of India for approval. Finally, in April 1982, the project was approved for construction by the Government of India. The project, as built now, has a 160-metre (520 ft) high earth gravel shell dam with a gross irrigation potential of 348,000 hectares (860,000 acres) of land and power generation of 600 MW (4 units of 150 MW capacity each). The geomorpohological setting of
8836-404: Was launched in 2006 to address the issue in both countries. The northern portion surrounding the Ravi is the lifeline of many different flora, notably deodar , walnut , holly oak , mulberry , alder , edible pine , Himalayan cypress , chinar , Daphne papyracea , north Indian rosewood , olive , and Toxicodendron acuminatum . The waters of the Ravi River are allocated to India under
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